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Making earth little softer
Earthsoft Foundation of GuidanceEdge-Aggressive-Reliable-Trust-Honesty-Soft-Obedient-Fun-Transparent
Making earth little softer
Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance (EFG) has uploaded following presentations at http://myefg.in/downloads.aspxBe mentor using your education, knowledge & experience to contribute for a social cause & do conduct free training seeking help of existing platforms. Kindly share with your friends•Motivation for higher study, Planning for study, Education guidance, Career guidance, Career available after SSC & HSC•Personality development – 3 files •How to prepare resume, Tips to attend interview successfully•Religion related –To understand basic religion, Do & Don’t tips•Health related - Be vegetarian, Be healthy, Manage health•Corporate - Project management, Assertiveness, Ownership, Effective communication, Leadership, Be entrepreneur•Finance - To avoid speculation in stock market•Social - Women empowerment, Choosing life partner, conflict resolution, stop ragging, stop alcohol, snakebite treatment
About us
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• Earth as water planet• The Hydrologic Cycle• Water usage & its distribution• Water & sanitation• Data – Globally• Water – an issue• Global Scarcity & challenges
Index
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Index
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Earth as water planet• Earth is often referred to as `the water planet'. • Without water, life could not exist• Earth is unique due to its abundant water - in
oceans, rivers, ponds, atmosphere, glaciers, fresh water/ground water
• Ocean Water : Most of the water on Earth, 97% to be exact, is salt water found in the oceans.
• Due to salt content, it can not be used. Process of removal of salt is very expensive.
• Groundwater: Freshwater is stored in underground aquifers. Water that enters an aquifer remains for an average of 1,400 years!
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What kinds are there?
Availability
Water is essential to life on earth• 97% of the water is salt water, and
is found in the oceans of the world.• 3% of the water is fresh water on
which we depend.
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Significance of water• Water is the main constituent of ecosystem & is
the basis of known life forms, including humans• It was the basis of the origin of life on our planet• Water is an integral part of life on this planet. • It is an odorless, tasteless, substance• It is essential to civil, agricultural & industrial use• Thus it is main constituent of the universe
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Three forms of Water• Solids: When water becomes very cold and
freezes it changes from a liquid to a solid state. It has a definite form and shape.
• Liquids: When water takes the shape of its container it is in a liquid form.
• Gases: When water is seen in a vapor form and has no definite size or shape it is in a gas form.
These 3 forms are interchangeable
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Importance of water• Organisms are composed 70%-95% of water• Transport medium for food, oxygen, and other
things needed by cells• Cellular medium within which biochemical
reactions can occur• Supportive external environment for aquatic
organisms
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A precious natural resource• We use water for drinking, irrigation, industrial
purposes and energy production. Water use• Agriculture and energy production - 80%• Industry and public use - 20%Usage• As a nourisher of plant, animal & human life• A bearer of food & drinks• A prime element of industrial processes• A medium for transportation
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A precious natural resource
Transports oxygen & nutrients
Prevents clogging of arteries & brain cells
Main lubricant in the joint spaces
Reduces the effects of aging
Prevents memory loss
Regulates body temperature
Human BodyHuman Body - - - - WaterWater75%
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A precious natural resourceHuman BodyHuman Body - - - - WaterWater75%
Muscles75 % water
Muscles75 % water
Brain Cells85 % waterBrain Cells85 % water
Bones25 % water
Bones25 % water
Blood82 % water
Blood82 % water
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Daily use of waterFresh water is used as
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How much water do we use?• The kitchen consumes 10% of total household
for cooking, cleaning, washing or drinking. • 15-20% of all water consumed in laundry• Nearly 50% in the bathroom, 20% of that water
is flushed down the toilet.• A slowly dripping tap can waste 20,000 liters in a
year• Evaporation is a major loss from swimming pool. • A lot of water is used in washing cars, bikes,
cycles and garages.• 20% Grey water is typically water from baths,
showers, hand basins and washing machines.
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CondensationThe Clouds form
Evaporation vapor rises
Transpiration
The movement through plants
PrecipitationThe rain falls
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• Saltwater evaporates from sun's energy producing fresh water in clouds
• Water vapor cools and condenses to precipitation over oceans and land.
• Runoff forms fresh water lakes, streams, ponds, groundwater, and is held in soil & plants
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• Surface water is water collected on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean
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• Two main processes: precipitation & evaporation
• Powered by energy from the sun • Hydrologic cycle purifies water
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Ocean
Evaporation Evapo-transpiration
runoff
Water Supply
Discharge treated water
Salt Water IntrusionAquifer
InfiltrationRecharge
Evaporation
Extraction
Precipitation
PrecipitationEvaporation/ETSurface WaterGroundwater
Soil moistureInfiltration (Art)Extraction Return flow
Treate water Aquifer intrusion
Soil moisture
Soil moisture
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The Hydrologic Cycle
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Ground Water• Ground water is located beneath the ground
surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
• A unit of rock is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water
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Evaporation and transpiration
Evaporation
Stream
InfiltrationWater tableInfiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Lake
Well requiring a pump
Flowingartesian well
Runoff
Precipitation
ConfinedRecharge Area
Aquifer
Less permeable materialsuch as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
Ground Water
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Water world
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•Two thirds of our planet is covered by water.
•97.5% of the water is saltwater.
•The majority of freshwater is beyond our reach, locked into polar snow and ice.
•Two thirds of our planet is covered by water.
•97.5% of the water is saltwater.
•The majority of freshwater is beyond our reach, locked into polar snow and ice.
Water world
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Water world
• Less than 3% of the world’s water is fresh – the rest is seawater and undrinkable.• Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen, locked up in Antarctica, Arctic & glaciers, and not available to man.• Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5% for all of man’s and ecosystem’s fresh water needs.
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• Only about 2.5% of Earth's water is fresh.• ~ 2% of the Earth's water is in solid form, found
in ice caps and glaciers.• One percent of all the Earth's water in a form
useable to humans and land animals. • This fresh water is found in lakes, rivers,
streams, ponds, in the ground & as vapor in the atmosphere
• India has 16 % of the world’s population and 4% of its fresh water resources.
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The earth's water supply• Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface.• The amount of fresh water accounts for 2.6%,
which is vital for all forms of life.• 97.2% of the Earth's water supply is salt water.• Only 2.8% is fresh water!• 97.200% salt water in the oceans• 02.014% ice caps and glaciers• 00.600% groundwater• 00.009% surface water• 00.005% soil moisture• 00.001% atmospheric moisture
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Salt & freshwater relationship
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Distribution of global water
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Oceans 97%
Atmosphere 0.01%
Rivers, Lakes, & Inland Seas 0.141%
Soil Moisture 0.0012%
Ground Water 0.4 – 1.7%
Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.725%
Distribution-Water reservoirs
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22%
8%
70%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Water uses
% o
f to
tal
wat
er u
sed
World water usage
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• 66% of the human body is made up of water
• We should drink at least 1½ litres of water a day.
• At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20%
• 66% of the human body is made up of water
• We should drink at least 1½ litres of water a day.
• At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20%
Human need
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Water Resources - Rainfall• Annual average rainfall : 105 cm
• Largest in the world for a country
• River area = 3288000 km2
• Surface flow : 1880 km3 /700 km3 for beneficial use
• Ground water : 600 Km3/420 km3 usable
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Water Bodies• River & Canals : 7420 Km
• Reservoir : 0.52 Lakh hectares
• Tanks, Lakes & ponds : 6.91 Lakh hectares
• Brackish Water : 0.56 Lakh hectares
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Water Resources - Rainfall
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Water Resources - Rainfall• India’s total annual replinishable underground
fresh water is 433 BCM (km^3)• 344 BCM through natural from rainfall• 89 BCM from canal irrigation system
• There are 12 major river basins, the largest is Gangetic Plain Aquifer with replinishable ground water at 206 BCM or 48%.
• India has been reasonably rich in Ground water and is one of the main reason of sustenance its variety of life species
• http://www.indiastat.com/meteorologicaldata/22/rainfall/238/stats.aspx
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Ground water• Total potential : 431 km3 per year
• Drinking & Industrial purposes (16% of total potential)
• 68% is still remaining untapped
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Water consumed In 1990• Fresh water (rain & snow) - 4,000 BCM, Most of
which returns to the seas via rivers. • Surface and ground water - 1,869 BCM. Of this,
40 % is not available.
Groundwater Consumption
• 92% - Agricultural• 5% - Industrial • 3% - Domestic.
Groundwater Consumption
• 92% - Agricultural• 5% - Industrial • 3% - Domestic.
Surface water Consumption
• 89% - Agricultural• 2% - Industrial• 9% - Domestic.
Surface water Consumption
• 89% - Agricultural• 2% - Industrial• 9% - Domestic.
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Water consumed In 1990• 25 BCM of water for domestic
• 460 BCM of water for agricultural
• 40 BCM of water for industrial (10 BCM as process water + 30 BCM as cooling water)
• Total 525 BCM (km3)
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Water Resources - Rainfall 2010 2025 2050
WATER (BCM) Low H Low H Low High
Irrigation 543 557 561 611 628 807
Domestic 42 43 55 62 90 111
Industries 37 37 67 67 81 81
Power 18 19 31 33 70 70
Inland Navigation 7 7 10 10 15 15
Flood Control Not available
Afforestation Not available
Environment /Ecology 5 5 10 10 20 20
Evaporation Losses 42 42 50 50 76 76
Total (BCM) 694 710 784 843 980 1180
• Water Demand is rising, to grow 34% in next 25 years
• Domestic/Industry mix demand growing faster than Irrigation
• Ground water represents about 46% in Agriculture Supply and 80% of Domestic Supply. And its Growing
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 2 3 4 5
De
ma
nd
, B
CM
Use
Water Demand for Different Uses
1990
2025
2050
Irrigation Domestic
Industry Power
Others
Water demand
BCM – Billion cubic meter
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Use of Water Resources
Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff
Agriculture Agriculture
Industry Industry
Domestic Domestic
Power plants Power plants
United States
Industry 11%Public 10%
Powercooling
38%
Agriculture38%
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Water Consumption
# Country Average Usage per day
1 Kenya 10 litres (3 gallons)
2 Canadian 326 litres (86 gallons)
3 American person 500 litres (132 gallons)
4 India 53 litres (14 gallons)
5 Japan 292 litres (77 gallons)
6 Switzerland 405 litres (107 gallons)
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Water Usage
# Task Av. use in gallon
1 To make four car tires 2072
2 1 pound of plastic 24
3 To refine 1barrel of crude oil 1851
4 To produce 1 pound of potato 60
5 To produce 1 pound of wheat 108
6 To produce 1 pound soybean 240
7 To produce 1 pound of beef 12009
8 To produce 1 kg Sugarcane 800
9 Cotton per kg of fabric 7672
10 To produce 1 kg of Rice 13251 Gallon = 3.78 Lit
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Uses of waterFive Designated Best uses of water bodiesClass Designated Best Use
A Used for drinking without any treatment but with disinfections
B Used for outdoor bathing
C Used for drinking with treatment
D Used for propagation of wild life and fisheries
E Used for irrigation, Cooling and controlled waste disposal
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Water UsabilityClass Designated best use pH DO
(mg/L)BOD
(mg/L)MPN/
100 mlA Drinking without
treatment, but chlorination6.5 –8.5
6 or more
2 or less
50
B Outdoor Bathing 6.5 –8.5
5 or more
3 or less
500
C Drinking with treatment 6.5 –8.5
4 or more
3 or less
5000
D Propagation of wild life, fisheries
6.5 –8.5
4 or more
NA NA
E Irrigation, Industrial cooling & controlled waste disposal
6.0 –8.5
NA NA NA
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Drinking Water Quality Indian Standards for Drinking Water Quality
S No Characteristics Acceptable Cause for Rejection
1 Turbidity (NTU) 1 10
2 TDS (mg/L) 500 2000
3 Nitrates (mg/L) 45 45
4 E Coli Must not be detectable
5 Chromium (mg/L)
0.05 0.05
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Drinking Water Quality
Industrialization&
Technology
Industrialization&
Technology
LeadLead
MercuryMercury
Agri-PollutionAgri-Pollution
Drugs &
Shampoo
Drugs &
Shampoo
ChlorineChlorine ArsenicArsenic
FluorideFluoride
AluminumAluminum
Tap Water
RustRust
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Water for Food–1 liter/calorie
Description Liters of Water
Daily Drinking Water 2 – 5 Liters of Water
Daily Household Use 20 – 500 Liters of Water
1kg of Grain 500 to 2,000 Liters of Evapotranspiration (ET)
Livestock products (meat, milk)
5,000 to 15,000 Liters of ET
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Sectoral water consumption is increasing due to increased demand
Demand will double in the next 40 years
Water consumption
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Highest Rain fallMawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest & second wettest place on Earth
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Highest Rain fallMawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest & second wettest place on EarthCountry India
State Meghalaya
District East Khasi Hills
Elevation 1,484 m (4,869 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total 14,816
• Density 397/km2 (1,030/sq mi)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Precipitation 11,777 millimetres (463.7 in)
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Water use in India
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Water use in India
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Chemical Formula• What is the chemical formula of water?• The density of water is 1000 kg per m3• It is measured in cubic foot, gallon (3.7854 lit),
liter, quart (0.9463 lit), cup, etc
Hydrogen
HydrogenOxygen
H2O
Liquid measuring device
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Water pH
7.2 - death7.2 - death7.4 – normal7.4 – normal
blood pHblood pH
pH potential of Hydrogen ions is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity “Without enough water, body goes acidic, goes
into fat storing.”
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Water pH
pH Color Chart
4.5 6.5 7.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
NeutralFor clean
water
ACIDIC ALKALINE
SicknessSickness HealthHealthpH of better quality of
mineral water – 8.5 to 9.5
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Water & Earth• What % of the Earth is made up of water?• What % of water is Salt, Fresh, and Frozen?• The Earth is made up of
approximately 70% water.• 97% of that water is salt
water. Very little is water that we use to drink & cook• 2% of water is frozen.• 1% of water is fresh water
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Water & Body• What % of our body is made up of water?• Human body is made
up of ~ 60-70% water• Medical source
documents that men have 60% and women have 50% water.
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Water & Blood• What percentage of blood is water?• 92% of 55% which is 50.6%• It is composed of blood cells suspended in a
liquid called blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume
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Function of Water in body• Identify main functions of water in the body’s
metabolic process.• It delivers oxygen and nutrients to different parts• It removes toxins and waste from the body• Water also has other functions:• Regulates body temperature through
perspiration• Reduces friction between joints and facilitates
movement• Acts as a cushion between organs to protect• Facilitates normal functions of body processes.
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Water & Body• In what way the body lose water & How much?• A person can live without food for weeks but life
cannot last more than few days without water . • Human body is 60-70 % water. We take water
with food and drink, and lose it in urine, in sweat, and in our breath (as water vapor)
• A person loses 1.89-2.83 lit of water every day as a result of their normal body functions
• This much loss means if a person doesn't get any fluids for about three days, they will die.
• 6-9 quarts (5.678-8.517 l) of water loss would cause death.
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Water & Body• Percentage of overall water loss occurs when:
• Thirst is perceived.• Strength and endurance decrease.• Delirium and blurred vision become a problem
and you can not move.• A person dies.
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Water & Body• In one day the person loses between 2 to 3
quarts of water through their urine, sweat, and normal breathing. If a person doesn't replace that lost water, then dehydration begins to occur.
• At 1-2% dehydration, thirst is perceived. (.6-.9 quarts)
• At 5% dehydration, a person becomes hot and tired, and strength and endurance decrease. (1.5-2.25 quarts)
• At 10% dehydration, delirium & blurred vision become a problem, can not move. (3-4.5 quarts)
• At 12-20% dehydration, a person dies (6-9 q)
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Other Water Facts• 1.2 billion people lack access to safe water,• ~one-sixth of the world's population lack access
to adequate sanitation services.• 6,000 die every day from diseases associated
with unsafe water, poor sanitation & hygiene.• Unsafe water & sanitation cause an estimated
80 % of all diseases in the developing world.• Women and girls tend to suffer the most as a
result of the lack of sanitation facilities.• One flush of a Western toilet uses as much
water as the person in the developing world uses for washing, drinking, cleaning & cooking.
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Water facts..Continued• Water use has grown at twice the rate of
population during the past century. • The Middle East, North Africa and South Asia
are chronically short of water.• In developing countries, as much as 90 percent
of waste water is discharged without treatment.• Over pumping groundwater for drinking water
and irrigation has caused water levels to decline by tens of meters in many regions, forcing people to use low-quality water for drinking.
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Water facts..Continued• Losses of water through leakage, illegal hook-
ups and waste amount to about 50 percent of water for drinking and 60 percent of water for irrigation in developing countries.
• Floods affected more than 75 percent of all people impacted by natural disasters during the 1990s and caused over 33 percent of the total estimated costs of natural disasters.
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Problems using Groundwater
Water table lowering Water table lowering
Depletion Depletion
Subsidence Subsidence
Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intrusion
Chemical contamination Chemical contamination
Reduced stream flows Reduced stream flows
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Water and sanitation• Investments in safe drinking water and improved
sanitation show an improvement in human health and economic productivity.
• Each person needs 20 to 50 liters of water free of harmful chemical and microbial contaminants each day for drinking and hygiene.
• It’s a challenge to providing this basic service to large segments of the human population.
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Water - Globally
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Learning Objectives• To understand that water is a global issue and
not just within certain countries• That lack of water is not the only issue in water
insecurity and stress• Access to sanitation is linked to poverty• Development can hinder water quality, access
and supply
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Human water needs• In the US usage in gallons/person/day• A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for
hydration• Personal use - 188• Additional 657 used for irrigation, industrial use • Total per capita use is about 2000
gal/person/day• If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the
usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp (teaspoon)• US has highest per capita water withdrawal,
followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan
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Distribution
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Global water situation• Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people
lack safe drinking water• At least 5 million deaths per year can be
attributed to waterborne diseases. • With over 70 percent of the planet covered by
oceans, people have long acted as if these water bodies could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes.
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A very personal look at water• What happens to water before you drink it?• What happens to water after you dispose of it?• Approximately 57% of Canadians are served by
wastewater treatment plants, compared with 74% of Americans, 86.5% of Germans, and 99% of Swedes.
• Approximately 99% of Swedes are served by wastewater treatment plants
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• The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years.
• 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population.
• The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years.
• 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population.
Clean water
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The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population won’t have reliable, clean water.
The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population won’t have reliable, clean water.
Water future
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Water Resources• Over the last century• Human population has increased 3x• Global water withdrawal has increased 7x• Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x• About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have
easy access to safe water• Most water resources are owned & managed
by governments as publicly owned resources
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Water issueCharacteristic of Water Issues• Water is an issue of many sectors such as
industry, environment, agriculture, etc• It is the fundamental issue related to the human
security and social and economic development• The strong leadership and commitment of the
national leaders are essential.
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Global Water Issue 2.6 billion
not have access to proper sanitation facilities (JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006)
1.1 billion
not have access to proper drinking water facilities (JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006)
3.8 million
People die each year of water related diseases(UN World Water Dev, 2006)
7 billion People in 60 countries will be facing water shortage by the middle of 21st century (UN World Water Development 2003)
2 billion will suffer from food damage stemming from population increase & climate change by the middle of the 21st century (UNU-EHS 2004)
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Water Issues in Asia-PacificWater Supply and Sanitation
660 million people live without access to safe drinking water. 1.9 billion people live without access to basic sanitation.
Water-related DisasterThe region accounted for 80% of the world’s total deaths due to water-related disasters (2001-2005).
Water and Food80% of water used for agriculture in the region.60% of the world’s population lives in the region.
1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005
8,153
43,167
39,689
62,273
3,3632,946
13,80813,432
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Num
ber
of
people
kill
ed
(5-y
ear
avera
ge)
year
Number of people killed by water-related disaster
other regionsAsia-Pacific
60 %
80 %
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Too Little Water
Dry climate Dry climate
Drought Drought
Desiccation Desiccation
Water stress Water stress
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million
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Interesting fact
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Water consumption/ countries
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Water consumption/use
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Global Water Crisis
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source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html
Access to Safe drinking water
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Improved Drinking Water Sources
Unimproved Drinking Water Sources
-Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard
-Public tap/standpipe
-Tubewell/borehole
-Protected dug well
-Protected spring
-Rainwater collection
-Unprotected dug well
-Unprotected spring
-Cart with small tank/drum
-Bottled water
-Tanker-truch
-Surface water (river, dm, lake, etc)
Access to Safe drinking water
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source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html
Access to improved Sanitation
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Improved Sanitation Facilities
Unimproved Sanitation Facilities
-Flush or pour-flush to piped sewer system, septic tank and pit latrine
-Ventilated improved pit latrine
-Pit latrine with slab
-Composting toilet
-Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere
-Pit latrine without slab or open pit
-Bucket
-Hanging toilet / latrine
-No facilities or bush or field
Access to improved Sanitation
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Scarcity
1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity
We already inhabit a water scarce world
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Most hungry and poor people live where water challenges pose a constraint to food production
Hunger Goal Indicator: Prevalence of undernourished in developing countries, percentage 2001/2002 (UNstat, 2005)
The semi-arid and arid tropics: 840 million malnourished people remaining
Challenge
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Water InsecurityWhere do you feel there are areas in the world that have issues of water Insecurity
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Water Security Crisis• 2nd world water forum in 2000 deemed water a
key issue• Health, welfare and livelihoods depend on
secure supplies• Demand and misuse are high• World water forum
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Asia and Pacific• 1/3 of pop’n lacks access to clean drinking water• 500,000 infant related deaths through diarrhoea• Levels of bacteria from human sources is 10x
higher than recommended levels• Agriculture accounts for 90% of freshwater
withdrawals in S. Asia• Aquifer depletion in Asia has reduced water
availability per capita by over half• Withdrawals in W. Africa far exceed natural
replacement levels
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Africa• 25 out of the 57 countries will face either water
stress or scarcity by 2025• Over 300 million lack access to clean water• Sub Saharan Africa this is much worse with over
51% without safe water and 41% without adequate sanitation
• Agriculture accounts for 88% of all groundwater removed and has no protection
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Europe and Central Asia• Lack of access to clean water in E. Europe and
Central Asia• Over half of all European cities over-exploit their
groundwater reserves• Declining water quality in countries with
groundwater pollution (Aral Sea) – the Med and Scandinavian Lakes
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Latin America & Caribbean• Groundwater contamination and depletion from
industrial, agriculture and mining waste• Poor sanitation on 2% of sewage is treated in
Latin America• Economic Scarcity with conflict over access and
use
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North America• Aquifer depletion in increasing due to urban
pop’n growth, develp’t of industry and agriculture (Cotton in Texas)
• Water pollution from agricultural runoff has contaminated some surface waters. (Salton Sea)
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Is that the whole world??
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What can be done about this?
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Emerging pattern• The balance between human demand and
availability is precarious• Access to clean water is not always guaranteed
when it should be a fundamental right• Pop’n growth especially in the third world mean
prospects are not good.• UN's world water development report
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Millennium Development Goals• In 2000 had a target to halve by 2015 the
proportion of people without access to sustainable water supplies
• By 2005 only 12% of developing countries had managed to do this
• In some LEDC’s fresh and waste water aren’t even separated. (Cholera and dysentery)
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How water is used• In the western US, irrigation makes up 85% of
all water use• 50% to grow food for livestock• 35% to grow crops
• Not sustainable…cost of water is heavily subsidized by the federal government
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Key Areas-Direct Operations• Virtually all business organizations utilize water
in the production of their goods & services, the extent of use varies
• For instance, water-infrastructure companies play a direct role in working with governments and municipalities to manage water and wastewater systems.
• In other cases, water is a primary ingredient in an organization’s final product. Water is also crucial in the manufacturing or development process of many companies. In still others, water is a primary resource in the supply chain.
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Key Areas-Direct Operations• In areas of water stress, rapid industrialization
place significant demands on water resources.• Therefore, we pledge to undertake the following
actions as appropriate & during the period1.Conduct a comprehensive water-use
assessment (audits) to understand the extent to which the company uses water in the direct production of goods and services.
2.Set targets for operations related to water conservation and waste-water treatment, framed in a corporate cleaner production and consumption strategy.
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Key Areas-Direct Operations3. Seek to invest in and use new technologies to
achieve these goals.4. Raise awareness of water sustainability within
corporate culture.5. Include water sustainability considerations in
business decision-making – e.g., facility-siting, due diligence, and production processes.
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Benefit of saving• Everyone will also get enough water to use• Save water, reduce electricity & water bills, also
reduce maintenance efforts, time & cost• Water harvesting• Utilise Grey water• Water efficient garden• Using water efficient products
• No waiting or running behind tankers• Save water and protect our environment
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Benefit of saving• Covering the swimming pool
• Lowers the pool temperature• Decreases evaporation• Prevents debris falling on the pool surface• Reduce sunlight penetration, reduce amount
of chemicals needed to keep the pool clean. • By covering your vehicles when not in use, use
less water & efforts for washing• Water efficient gardens use plants that attract
native birds, makes it more enjoyable• A water efficient garden directs water to where it
is needed, so no problem with runoff or erosion.
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Benefit of saving• Conserving water saves money allowing
marketing edge in a very competitive industry.• Protecting valuable water resources maintains
competitive advantage. • Enhance relationships with staff, customers and
the local community • Enhance organization’s reputation as an
environmentally responsible employer • Save on energy bills by reducing hot water
usage
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Benefit of saving• More water available for local streams,
wetlands, and their natural inhabitants• Reducing impact on local water supplies and
systems• Reduced pumping need reduces energy costs• Decreased infrastructure requirements such as
maintenance and upgrades of equipment• Reduced environmental risks associated with
wastewater• Preparation of company for future water
restriction and increased water prices
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Benefit of saving• Water recycling and runoff management allows
further use of water for free• Increase productivity- efficient water use leads
to greater returns per hectare.• Improve whole farm efficiency and sustainability.• Prevent deep drainage from over-watering.• Saving money through reduced water costs and
more effective use of fertilizers• Lower energy requirements for pumping less
water reduces costs.• Decreases demand on local water supply.• Allow farmers to maximize irrigated area
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Benefit of saving• Increased savings through reduced water and
pumping costs• Reduced fertilizer application• Lower energy requirements for pumping• Reduced amount of drainage water and surface
runoff• Additional water for expansion or trading • Less impact on environment
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What have we learnt• There is no life without water• Extremely small % of fresh & usable water is
available for human being out of total stock• That water is a global issue and not just within
certain countries• That lack of water is not the only issue, but also
water insecurity and water stress• Access to sanitation is linked to poverty• Development can hinder water quality, access
and supply• Using water carefully could minimize the
scarcity
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References • www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive
Director,Jankalyana• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management
Institute• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)• Water Pollution By DiGiT• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman• Water Pollution by Home• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution• pppst.com• kangenforall.com