33 part 5-earthsoft-water - pollutants

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About us


• Water pollutants• Types of water pollution• Types of water pollutants• Contamination• Pollutants generation• Pollutants:Landfills Leachates• Pollutants control

Index


Water pollutants• Water is one of the most precious gift of nature

without this no life could survive on earth.

• Water is combination of hydrogen and oxygen.

• Normally water is never pure in chemical sense.

• Water pollutants are natural and man made.


Types of water pollution• Inorganic Pollutants• Organic Pollutants• Biologic Pollutants


Types of water pollutants

Basis of decomposition Basis of medium

Biodegradable Air

Non-Biodegradable Water

Soil

Basis of occurrence Basis of existence

Primary Pollutants Quantitative

Secondary Pollutants Qualitative


Classes of Water pollutants• Pathogens : Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa,

Parasitic Worms, Colliform Bacteria Used As Indicators Of Water Quality

• Oxygen Demanding Wastes : Organics That Are Decomposed By Bacteria And That Use A Lot Of O2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Decreases, And BOD Increases

• Water Soluble Inorganic Chemicals : Acids, Salts, Toxic Metal Compounds Like Mercury, And Lead.


Classes of Water pollutants• Inorganic Plant Nutrients : Water Soluble

Phosphates, Nitrates => Algal Blooms, Decreased Dissolved O2, Increased BOD, Methemoglobinemia (="blue baby syndrome")

• Organic Chemicals - Oil, Gas, Plastics, Pesticides, Cleaning Solvents, Detergents, Etc.

• Sediment & Suspended Mater - Insoluble Soil Particulates & Other Solids. Clouds The Water, Decreasing Photosynthesis, Carries Pesticides And Disrupts Aquatic Food Webs.


Classes of Water pollutants• Radioactive Isotopes - Are Biologically Amplified

To Higher Concentrations In The Food Chain. Ionizing Radiation & Birth Defects, Cancer.

• Warmed Water - From Power Plants, Decreases DO And Increases Susceptibility To Diseases And Parasites And Toxic Wastes.

• Alien Species - Zebra Mussels, Asiatic Catfish, Sea Lamprey, etc. Out compete Native Species And Ultimately Decrease Biodiversity


Drinking Water Quality

Industrialization&

Technology

Industrialization&

Technology

LeadLead

MercuryMercury

Agri-PollutionAgri-Pollution

Drugs &

Shampoo

Drugs &

Shampoo

ChlorineChlorine ArsenicArsenic

FluorideFluoride

AluminumAluminum

Tap Water

RustRust


Contamination


Contamination• One or more organic chemicals contaminate

about 45% of municipal groundwater supplies in the US

• About 26000 industrial waste ponds in US do not have liners

• Leaking undergraound storage tanks• Nitrates, fluoride, arsenic


Water pollutants (degradable) • Domestic sewage • Fertilizers • Some industrial wastes


Water pollutants• Sewage/waste water;• Fertilizers/Pesticides;• Alien species• Global Warming• Atmospheric Deposition;• Pathogens; from untreated sewage, storm

drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms• Petroleum;• Radioactive substances; • Heat;• Siltation/sediments;


Water pollutants• Salinization- Increased salinization and salt

runoff from irrigated farms causes salinization of major rivers.;

• Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water;

• Suspended particles like sediments


Water pollutants• Warm water from cooling towers (thermal

pollution) • Floating debris • Garbage • Foam • These physical pollutants interfere mainly with

the usability and/or aesthetic appeal of the water. In certain cases, thermal pollution can kill fish.


Water pollutants• Industrial Effluents - This waste water may

contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful bacteria.

• Mining and Agricultural Wastes Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quantities of acid water.

• Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies.

• Sewage Disposal and Domestic WastesSewage as well as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute rivers and dams.


Pollutants : Unsewered Towns• Wastewaters and pollutants from unsewered

Towns

• 22% of wastewater (Class I cities) and 14% of wastewater (Class II cities) is collected through sewerage.

• Most cities / towns do not have sewerage system.


Pollutant – Sewage & sullage• Sewage, sullage and pollutants from Urban

Areas

• Only 40 – 50% of population of major metro cities are served by sewer systems.

• Sewers often leak


Pollutants : Industrial• Industrial pollutants from cottage / small scale

industries

• 3 million SME in the country

• Causes significant water pollution


The toxic industrial waste • Industries release toxic waste heavy metals

(mercury as a fungicide; lead used in batteries), Hydrocarbons & Chromium, in rivers and seas

• The metal oxides and other products of the pharmaceutical industry.

• Hydrocarbons toxic (used to make insecticides - DDT or processing of plastics and paints)


Pollutants : Industrial• Industrial pollutants from large industries

• Installed Treatment and disposal

• Treated effluents having some pollutants get leached and causes pollution.

• Waste dumping, ash-ponds, sludge-pits, etc.


Water pollutants• Major water pollutants :• Pesticides and biocides like BHC, DDT,

Alluminium phosphide, chlor benzilate, lindane, nicotine sulphate which are highly pollutant so such pesticide are restricted in India.


Water pollutants• Cadmium and its compounds are used in

various industry they are cadmium acetate, cadmium sulphide, cadmium oxide, cadmium carbonate etc.

• The sulphate, chloride and acetate of cadmium are soluble in water which leads toxicity.

• Floride is universally present in varing amount in soil and water atmosphere, vegetation and animal tissue.

• Toxic substance like cyanide, phenol, heavy metals like mercury, lead, arsenic cause damage to flora and fauna


Water pollutants-Heavy metal• They are present in all the phase of

environment-air, water and land• Metal pollutant is include copper, lead, zinc,

chromium, nickel, cadmium, mercury and selenium.

• Lead is one of the heavy metal pollutant of both atmosphere and ocean, which is mainly derived from vehicle burning fuel.

• Mercury is the another very toxic pollutant


Water pollutants• These pollutants enter waterways through

untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage.

• Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.


Water pollutants : Detergents• Stories about particular pollutant forms:

Detergents• The nitrates in fertilizers promote excessive

growth of algae and larger aquatic plants, causing offensive algae blooms and driving out sport fish.

• Phosphates are often thought to culprit, nitrogen is the “limiting factor” in most aquatic systems.


Pollutant : Thermal pollution• 26% of all water in U.S. is affected by this• Up to a point of adding heated water, you can

get thermal enrichmentAdding more heat, You get • Thermal pollution


Non-persistent (degradable)• These compounds can be broken down by

chemical reactions or by natural bacteria into simple, non-polluting substances such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

• if the pollution load is high, this process can lead to low oxygen levels and eutrophication.

• This damage is reversible.


Persistent Water pollutants• Some pesticides (e.g., DDT, dieldrin) • Some leachate components from landfill sites

(municipal, industrial) • Petroleum and petroleum products • PCBs, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs) • Radioactive materials such as strontium-90,

cesium-137, radium-226, and uranium • Metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium


Persistent Water pollutants• This is the most rapidly growing type of pollution • This includes substances that degrade very

slowly or cannot be broken down at all; • They may remain in the aquatic environment for

years or longer periods of time. • The damage they cause is either irreversible or

repairable only over decades or centuries


Pollutant : Detergents• The nitrates in fertilizers promote excessive

growth of algae and larger aquatic plants, causing offensive algae blooms and driving out sport fish.

• Phosphates are often thought to culprit, nitrogen is the “limiting factor” in most aquatic systems.


Pollutant : Sediments• The largest form of water pollution • Erosion is source – we’ve sped up rate of

erosion, e.g. during urban construction can lose up to 43 tons of topsoil/acre/year

• Natural rates of erosion: leads to aquatic succession


Organic Pollutants• Three classes of compounds• Pesticides and Herbicides• Materials for common household and industrial

use• Materials for industrial use


Inorganic Pollutants• Examples:• Pb in gasoline• Radionuclides• Phosphorus, nitrogen (Great Lakes)• Other heavy metals


Inorganic Pollutants• 3 groups• 1) Produce no heavlth effects until a threshold

concentration is exceeded—e.g., NO3 –ook at , 50mg/liter; at higher levels: methaemoglobinaemia

• 2) No threshold—e.g.—genotoxic substances: some natural and synthetic organic compounds, microorganic compunds, some pesticides, arsenic

• 3) Essential to diets: F, I, Se—absence causes problems, but too much also causes problems


Inorganic trace contaminants• Mercury—methyl Hg and dimethyl Hg in fish—

probably most significant path to humans—Minamata Bay, Japan, 1950’s

• Rhine River drains 185,000 sq km—heavily polluted by 1970’s

• Lead—toxicity has been known for a long time• 1859 book• Tetraethyl lead—anti-knowck additive for gas,

1930-1966


Radionuclides• Bikini Atoll in South Pacific: > 20 tests, 1946-

1958• Inhabitants evacuated before 1946 tests; their

descendents are still exiled• Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons is now

banned• National labs…now trying to clean up (Hanford)


Phosphates and Nitrates• Phosphates—mostly a result of sewage outflow

and phosphate detergents• Additional phosphate grows excess algae…

oxygen depletion, Lake Erie…1972 phosphate management plant…$7.6 billion

• Nitrates—sewage and fertilizers


Pesticides• Pesticides are one of the most significant

causes of water pollution.• Farmers spraying large crop fields with chemical

pesticides• The lawn products that everyday residents apply

to their home lawns results in a higher pollution per square foot than the farms

• In-ability to remove specific pesticide contaminants in the water purification process


Scale of Pesticide Use in US• Since 1959: 50-fold increase in pesticide use• Most present pesticides are 10-100 x more toxic

than those used in 1050’s • About 25% of pesticide use in US is in houses,

gardens, lawns, parks, swimming pools, and golf courses

• Average lawn receives 10x more pesticides than equivalent area of cropland

• 2.4 million tons of pesticides are used per year• 600 active chemicals mixes with 1200 solvents,

‘inactive’ ingredients• About 25000 commercial pesticide products


Pesticides• Each year about 250,000 people are admitted to

hospitals and/or emergency rooms with pesticide poisoning

• Broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum• Persistence


Pesticides• Chlorinated hydrocarbons• DDT, heptachlor, etc—2-15 years• Organophosphates• Malathion, methyl parathion—1-2 weeks• Carbamates• Carbaryl, maneb, aldicarb—days to weeks• Pyrethroids• Pemethrin, decamethrin—days to weeks


Herbicides• Contact• Triazines—e.g. atrazine, paraquat (interfere with

photosynthesis)• Systemic—phenoxy compounds, N compounds,

Alar, glyphosate (create excess growth hormones)

• Soil sterilants• trifluralin, dalapon (kill soil microorganisms)


Pollutants generation• Chloride (Tanneries)

• Fluorides (Fertilizer – Phosphate)

• Sulphide (Oil refineries)

• Total Wastewater generation from industries is 10,125 MLD


Pollutants:Landfills Leachates• They are strong polluters

• BOD (200 mg/L), COD (340 mg/L) and TS (900 mg/L)


Pollutants : Handling• Pollutants in leakages and due to accidents

during transportation, storage or handling• Contribution from this is growing


Washover from Cattle-farms• Washover from Cattle-farms and Animal

Husbandry• No adequate, arrangements for collection,

treatment and proper disposal of liquid wastes


Pollutants : Agricultural• Pollutants in Agricultural Drainage waters

• High in salts

• Intensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides

• Contribute significant loads of salts, nutrients, chemicals, etc.


Deposition of Air Pollutants• Acid rain cause water pollution

• Heavy metal deposition from air emissions on to water


Thank You


References • www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive

Director,Jankalyana• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management

Institute• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)• Water Pollution By DiGiT• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman• Water Pollution by Home• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution• pppst.com• kangenforall.com

33 part 5-earthsoft-water - pollutants

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