32 Infertility Rone - UK HealthCare CECentral · 5/5/2010 2 Optimal Fertility Intercourse every...
Transcript of 32 Infertility Rone - UK HealthCare CECentral · 5/5/2010 2 Optimal Fertility Intercourse every...
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Infertility
Br yan K . Rone , M.D.Un ive r s i t y o f Kentucky
Obs te t r i c s and Gyneco l og y
May 5 , 2 0 1 0
I HAVE NO F INANC IAL INTEREST IN ANY OF THE PRODUCTS MENT IONED IN MY PRESENTAT ION
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
I AM RECE IV ING COMPENSAT ION FOR PART IC IPAT ION IN THE CONT INU ING EDUCAT ION
COURSE
Objectives
Define infertility Discuss normal human fertility Discuss diagnosis and treatment of the causes of infertility
Infertility Definition
12 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy
> 35 y/o: > 6 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy
Normal Human Fertility
Cycle Number of couples in cycleNumber ofpregnancies
Per cyclerate of
pregnancy (%)
1 200 59 30
2 137 41 30
• 85% of couples will become pregnant within 12 months
• 7% of remaining couples will become
3 95 16 17
4 78 12 15
5 66 14 21
6 52 4 8
7 48 5 10
8 43 3 7
9 40 2 5
10 38 1 3
11 37 2 5
12 35 1 3
Fertility & Sterility1996; 65:503
Zinaman, MJ, Clegg, ED, Brown, CC, et al. Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss.
ppregnant over the next 36 months
Normal Menstrual Cycle
Day 1 = First day of bleeding
Ovulation occurs on days 12 16 for most women12‐16 for most women
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Optimal Fertility
Intercourse every other day from Day 10‐20 BMI between 19‐30 No sexual position is better than another Stop smokingp g Exercise:
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Uterine Abnormalities Infertility Evaluation
History
Exam
Intercourse Sperm Ovaries Tubes
Diagnostic Studies Tubes Uterus
Infertility Evaluation: History
Intercourse Timing, Frequency, Technique, Psychosocial barriers
Sperm Erection, Ejaculation, Previous pregnancy, Undescended testicle,
Scrotal massO i Ovaries Menstrual history, Pelvic pain
Tubes Hx of STD/PID, Pelvic pain, Surgical hx, Smoking, Other cilliary
disorders Uterus Menstrual hx, Dysmenorrhea, Pelvic Pain, Surgical hx,
Infertility Evaluation: Exam
Intercourse Confirm normal female anatomy
Sperm Perform male genital exam, look for testicular masses, varicocele
Ovaries Identify any focal tenderness or an ovarian mass
Tubes Identify any areas of focal tenderness or mass
Uterus Identify any uterine irregularities or masses
Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies
Intercourse Patient prepared chart
Sperm Semen analysis
Semen Analysis
Semen volume: 0.50‐1.0ml
Sperm concentration: >15 million/mL
Sperm motility: >40% motile
Sperm morphology: >4% normal
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Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies
Intercourse Patient prepared chart
Sperm Semen analysis
Ovaries Anovulation labs (TSH, Prolactin, FSH), Ovarian Reserve, Day
21‐Progesterone, Ultrasound, Laparoscopy
Tests for Ovarian Reserve
Use for women > 35 years old Tests for sufficient ovarian function Day 3 FSH/E2 FSH 20,
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Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies
Intercourse Patient prepared chart
Sperm Semen analysis
Ovaries Anovulation labs (TSH, Prolactin, FSH), Ovarian Reserve, Day 21‐
Progesterone, Ultrasound, Laparoscopy Tubes HSG, Laparoscopy
Uterus HSG, Hysteroscopy, 3D Ultrasound, SHG, MRI, Hysteroscopy,
Laparoscopy
Uterine Evaluation: HSG and SHG
Uterine Evaluation: 3D Ultrasound and MRIUterine Evaluation: Hysteroscopy and
Laparoscopy
Infertility Causes
Intercourse Timing, Frequency
Sperm Absent, low sperm count, abnormal motility and morphology
Ovaries Anovulation, endometriosis, maternal age, premature failure
Tubes PID, endometriosis, surgical adhesions, abnormal motility
Uterus Mullerian abnormalities, fibroids, synechia
Infertility Treatment
Intercourse Review optimal timing and frequency Discuss any cultural, religious, or personal barriers to intercourse
S Sperm Azoospermia: Treat underlying cause, testicular aspiration Low sperm count/Abnormal morphology/Low Motility
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) Sperm Bank In vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection
IVF with ICSI
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IVF with ICSI Infertility Treatment
Ovaries Anovulation: Treat underlying cause, Clomid, Gonadotropins Endometriosis: Laparoscopic ablation Maternal age:
Clomid Gonadotropins IUI IVF if passes Day 3 FSH Clomid, Gonadotropins, IUI, IVF if passes Day 3 FSH If fails Day 3 FSH, discuss donor egg (fresh or frozen) IVF
Premature ovarian failure: Donor egg IVF
Clomid for Induction of Ovulation
clomiphene citrate Indications: Anovulation, Oligomenorrhea, Unexplained infertility Selective estrogen receptor modulator Estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist depending on target tissue Hypothalamus:
Blocks estrogen receptors Prevents negative feedback from ovarian estrogen production End result: Increased FSH/LH production by pituitary
Uterus: Estrogen antagonist at doses > 100mg Thins endometrial tissue Thickens cervical mucous
Clomid for Induction of Ovulation
Protocol Await menses or induce a progesterone withdraw bleed (Provera
20mg for 10 days) Cycle Day 1 = First day of bleeding Cycle Day 5‐9 take Clomid 50mg daily Cycle day 10‐20 have intercourse every other day Cycle day 21 obtain a Day 21 Progesterone to assess ovulation
statusHome ovulation predictor kits are an acceptable alternative
Cycle day 28‐35: Await menses…..if no bleeding by day 35 then take a pregnancy test. If negative, then induce withdraw bleed and repeat cycle
Clomid for Induction of Ovulation
Protocol If Day 21 progesterone >3 patient ovulated on current dose,
continue up to 6 months If no ovulation, then increase Clomid by 50 mg/day
Maximal dose is 250mg/daya a dose s 50 g/day FDA approves up to 100mg/day ACOG recommends maximum of 150mg/day
Clomid for Induction of Ovulation
Precautions Side Effects
Hot flashes, N/V, Abd distention, Abd pain, Breast tenderness
Multiples Twins: 7% Triplets: 0.5%
Ovarian cancer Uncertain association with Clomid use for > 12 cycles and epithelial ovarian cancer
Recommend no more than 6 Clomid cycles
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Infertility Treatment
Tubes PID: Prevention, prompt treatment (preferably non‐surgical) if
diagnosed, lysis of adhesions, drainage of hydrosalpinx Endometriosis: Laparoscopic ablation Surgical adhesions: Lysis of adhesions, use of adhesion Surgical adhesions: Lysis of adhesions, use of adhesion
prevention materials Abnormal motility: IVF
If infertility persists after treatment, then IVF.
Infertility Treatment
Uterus Mullerian abnormalities
Septum: Hysteroscopy resection Didelphys: Usually unable to take only one out
Fibroids: Surgical removal Fibroids: Surgical removal Synechia: Hysteroscopic resection
Infertility Referral
Comfort level and scope of practice
Uncertain diagnosis
Diagnostic modalities are not in scope of practice
Treatment modalities are not in scope of practice
Treatment failure
Infertility Cost
Initial consultation $100‐$150
HSG $500‐$1000
Ultrasound $100‐$200
Sperm $200‐$500/sample
IUI $500‐$1000/cycle
IVF $10,000‐$15,000/cycle $100 $200
Clomid $4
Semen Analysis $200
Laparoscopy $3000‐$5000
Hysteroscopy $2000‐$3000
$10,000 $15,000/cycle IVF with ICSI $15,000‐$20,000/cycle
IVF with fresh donor egg $25,000‐$30,000/cycle
Adoption $25,000‐$30,000
?? Questions ??
Waimea CanyonKauaʹi, Hawaii