32 Infertility Rone - UK HealthCare CECentral · 5/5/2010 2 Optimal Fertility Intercourse every...

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5/5/2010 1 Infertility Bryan K. Rone, M.D. University of Kentucky Obstetrics and Gynecology May 5, 2010 I HAVE NO FINANCIAL INTEREST IN ANY OF THE PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN MY PRESENTATION FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE I AM RECEIVING COMPENSATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN THE CONTINUING EDUCATION COURSE Objectives Define infertility Discuss normal human fertility Discuss diagnosis and treatment of the causes of infertility Infertility Definition < 35 y/o: >12 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy > 35 y/o: > 6 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy Normal Human Fertility Cycle Number of couples in cycle Number of pregnancies Per cycle rate of pregnancy (%) 1 200 59 30 2 137 41 30 85% of couples will become pregnant within 12 months 7% of remaining couples will become 3 95 16 17 4 78 12 15 5 66 14 21 6 52 4 8 7 48 5 10 8 43 3 7 9 40 2 5 10 38 1 3 11 37 2 5 12 35 1 3 Fertility & Sterility 1996; 65:503 Zinaman, MJ, Clegg, ED, Brown, CC, et al. Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss. pregnant over the next 36 months Normal Menstrual Cycle Day 1 = First day of bleeding Ovulation occurs on days 12 16 for most women 1216 for most women

Transcript of 32 Infertility Rone - UK HealthCare CECentral · 5/5/2010 2 Optimal Fertility Intercourse every...

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    Infertility

    Br yan  K .  Rone ,  M.D.Un ive r s i t y  o f  Kentucky

    Obs te t r i c s  and  Gyneco l og y

    May   5 ,   2 0 1 0

    I  HAVE  NO  F INANC IAL   INTEREST   IN  ANY  OF  THE  PRODUCTS  MENT IONED   IN  MY  PRESENTAT ION

    FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

    I  AM  RECE IV ING  COMPENSAT ION  FOR  PART IC IPAT ION   IN  THE  CONT INU ING  EDUCAT ION  

    COURSE

    Objectives

    Define infertility Discuss normal human fertility Discuss diagnosis and treatment of the causes of infertility

    Infertility Definition

    12 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy

    > 35 y/o:  > 6 months of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy

    Normal Human Fertility

    Cycle Number of couples in cycleNumber ofpregnancies

    Per cyclerate of 

    pregnancy (%)

    1 200 59 30

    2 137 41 30

    • 85% of couples will become pregnant within 12 months

    • 7% of remaining couples will become 

    3 95 16 17

    4 78 12 15

    5 66 14 21

    6 52 4 8

    7 48 5 10

    8 43 3 7

    9 40 2 5

    10 38 1 3

    11 37 2 5

    12 35 1 3

    Fertility & Sterility1996; 65:503

    Zinaman, MJ, Clegg, ED, Brown, CC, et al. Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss.

    ppregnant over the next 36 months

    Normal Menstrual Cycle

    Day 1 = First day of bleeding

    Ovulation occurs on days 12 16 for most women12‐16 for most women

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    Optimal Fertility

    Intercourse every other day from Day 10‐20 BMI between 19‐30 No sexual position is better than another Stop smokingp g Exercise:  

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    Uterine Abnormalities Infertility Evaluation

    History

    Exam

    Intercourse Sperm Ovaries Tubes

    Diagnostic Studies Tubes Uterus

    Infertility Evaluation: History

    Intercourse Timing, Frequency, Technique, Psychosocial barriers

    Sperm Erection, Ejaculation, Previous pregnancy, Undescended testicle, 

    Scrotal massO i Ovaries Menstrual history, Pelvic pain

    Tubes Hx of STD/PID, Pelvic pain, Surgical hx, Smoking, Other cilliary

    disorders Uterus Menstrual hx, Dysmenorrhea, Pelvic Pain, Surgical hx, 

    Infertility Evaluation: Exam

    Intercourse Confirm normal female anatomy

    Sperm Perform male genital exam, look for testicular masses, varicocele

    Ovaries Identify any focal tenderness or an ovarian mass

    Tubes Identify any areas of focal tenderness or mass

    Uterus Identify any uterine irregularities or masses

    Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies

    Intercourse Patient prepared chart

    Sperm Semen analysis

    Semen Analysis

    Semen volume:  0.50‐1.0ml

    Sperm concentration:  >15 million/mL

    Sperm motility:  >40% motile

    Sperm morphology: >4% normal

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    Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies

    Intercourse Patient prepared chart

    Sperm Semen analysis

    Ovaries Anovulation labs (TSH, Prolactin, FSH), Ovarian Reserve, Day 

    21‐Progesterone, Ultrasound, Laparoscopy

    Tests for Ovarian Reserve

    Use for women > 35 years old Tests for sufficient ovarian function Day 3 FSH/E2 FSH 20,  

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    Infertility Evaluation: Diagnostic Studies

    Intercourse Patient prepared chart

    Sperm Semen analysis

    Ovaries Anovulation labs (TSH, Prolactin, FSH), Ovarian Reserve, Day 21‐

    Progesterone, Ultrasound, Laparoscopy Tubes HSG, Laparoscopy

    Uterus HSG, Hysteroscopy, 3D Ultrasound, SHG, MRI, Hysteroscopy, 

    Laparoscopy

    Uterine Evaluation: HSG and SHG

    Uterine Evaluation: 3D Ultrasound and MRIUterine Evaluation: Hysteroscopy and 

    Laparoscopy

    Infertility Causes

    Intercourse Timing, Frequency

    Sperm Absent, low sperm count, abnormal motility and morphology

    Ovaries Anovulation, endometriosis, maternal age, premature failure

    Tubes PID, endometriosis, surgical adhesions, abnormal motility

    Uterus Mullerian abnormalities, fibroids, synechia

    Infertility Treatment

    Intercourse Review optimal timing and frequency Discuss any cultural, religious, or personal barriers to intercourse

    S Sperm Azoospermia: Treat underlying cause, testicular aspiration Low sperm count/Abnormal morphology/Low Motility

    Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) Sperm Bank In vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection

    IVF with ICSI

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    IVF with ICSI Infertility Treatment

    Ovaries Anovulation:  Treat underlying cause, Clomid, Gonadotropins Endometriosis:  Laparoscopic ablation Maternal age: 

    Clomid  Gonadotropins  IUI  IVF if passes Day 3 FSH Clomid, Gonadotropins, IUI, IVF if passes Day 3 FSH If fails Day 3 FSH, discuss donor egg (fresh or frozen) IVF

    Premature ovarian failure:  Donor egg IVF

    Clomid for Induction of Ovulation

    clomiphene citrate Indications:  Anovulation, Oligomenorrhea, Unexplained infertility Selective estrogen receptor modulator Estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist depending on target tissue Hypothalamus: 

    Blocks estrogen receptors Prevents negative feedback from ovarian estrogen production End result:  Increased FSH/LH production by pituitary

    Uterus: Estrogen antagonist at doses > 100mg Thins endometrial tissue Thickens cervical mucous

    Clomid for Induction of Ovulation

    Protocol Await menses or induce a progesterone withdraw bleed (Provera

    20mg for 10 days) Cycle Day 1 = First day of bleeding Cycle Day 5‐9  take Clomid 50mg daily Cycle day 10‐20 have intercourse every other day Cycle day 21 obtain a Day 21 Progesterone to assess ovulation 

    statusHome ovulation predictor kits are an acceptable alternative

    Cycle day 28‐35:  Await menses…..if no bleeding by day 35 then take a pregnancy test.  If negative, then induce withdraw bleed and repeat cycle

    Clomid for Induction of Ovulation

    Protocol If Day 21 progesterone >3 patient ovulated on current dose, 

    continue up to 6 months If no ovulation, then increase Clomid by 50 mg/day

    Maximal dose is 250mg/daya a dose s 50 g/day FDA approves up to 100mg/day ACOG recommends maximum of 150mg/day

    Clomid for Induction of Ovulation

    Precautions Side Effects

    Hot flashes, N/V, Abd distention, Abd pain, Breast tenderness

    Multiples Twins:  7% Triplets:  0.5%

    Ovarian cancer Uncertain association with Clomid use for > 12 cycles and epithelial ovarian cancer

    Recommend no more than 6 Clomid cycles

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    Infertility Treatment

    Tubes PID:  Prevention, prompt treatment (preferably non‐surgical) if 

    diagnosed, lysis of adhesions, drainage of hydrosalpinx Endometriosis: Laparoscopic ablation Surgical adhesions:  Lysis of adhesions, use of adhesion  Surgical adhesions:  Lysis of adhesions, use of adhesion 

    prevention materials  Abnormal motility: IVF

    If infertility persists after treatment, then IVF.

    Infertility Treatment

    Uterus Mullerian abnormalities

    Septum:  Hysteroscopy resection Didelphys:  Usually unable to take only one out

    Fibroids: Surgical removal Fibroids: Surgical removal Synechia:  Hysteroscopic resection

    Infertility Referral

    Comfort level and scope of practice

    Uncertain diagnosis

    Diagnostic modalities are not in scope of practice

    Treatment modalities are not in scope of practice

    Treatment failure

    Infertility Cost

    Initial consultation  $100‐$150

    HSG $500‐$1000

    Ultrasound $100‐$200

    Sperm  $200‐$500/sample

    IUI $500‐$1000/cycle

    IVF $10,000‐$15,000/cycle $100 $200

    Clomid $4

    Semen Analysis $200

    Laparoscopy $3000‐$5000

    Hysteroscopy  $2000‐$3000

    $10,000 $15,000/cycle IVF with ICSI $15,000‐$20,000/cycle

    IVF with fresh donor egg $25,000‐$30,000/cycle

    Adoption $25,000‐$30,000

    ??    Questions    ??

    Waimea CanyonKauaʹi, Hawaii