3160 Human Rights Notes

8/18/2019 3160 Human Rights Notes

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Culture, Power, and Human Rights: Changing Modern World

begin to have questions on human rights - laws

earliest laws: ten ommandments, moral tenets o! buddhism, levitius, ode o! hammurabi,

sharia law, et

wh"# so there$s order, %rotetion, rei%roit", ethis, %eae ' but war is still there( all o! theseare things we thin) o! in onte*t in basi human rights

laws were !ormed b o! question o! ivili+ation - %%l were living together - need to have odes o!

ondut

but not ever"one is a iti+en - need %ro%ert" - women were %ro%ert"( slaves . %ro%ert"( even i!

"ou were !ree, i! "ou didn$t have movable %ro%ert" "ou might move in and out o! slaver", sell

ursel! into slaver" to %a" o!! debts( slaves also ta)en in times o! war

laws were di!!erent !or elites than not elites

how do we treat one another# is there a di!!erene in status#

the eduated, elites wrote the laws - %rotet themselves

have a highl" s)illed, eduated grou% o! %eo%le writing the laws - the" are still sometimes valid

toda" - written a long time ago b" a v small grou% o! %eo%le

also had leisurel" time to write laws

written long time ago, beome a basis, shared aross time and %lae

move - %h"siall" - %eo%le move, evangeli+e

these ome into udhr - even w/ ontem%orar" onte*t - inter%ret di!! - even tho some don$t want

to

religion is im%ortant - o!!ers basi one%ts

religious laws: earl" as%ets o! modern human rights in religion

%rogressive ustie - hammurabi$s ode

hinduism and buddhism - de!ense o! eos"stems and environment

on!uianism - mass eduationhristianit" and islam - human solidarit"

gree)s and romans - rational thought

questions o! tolerane and eonomi ustie

siene and religion

earl" enlightenment:

reall" a global %henomenon - not ust western/euro

atholi in!luene

esuits - earl" sientists, botan", biolog"

rational thought

muslim - s%reading thru sil) road - s%o)e arabi

great debates: who has a soul# &a)a who is human' uan gin0s de se%ulveda " bartolom0 de las asas - ounil o! indies in s%ain - debate whether

native amerians have souls

debates: also about a!rians, asians, et( about their humanit"

%rinting and literature:

ohannes gutenberg

earl" %rinting in muh o! asia - have %a%er, writing utensils - omes aross sil) road


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%rinting %ress - more aessible, more irulate ideas

sienti!i revolution 1-13

inreased litera", sharing o! ideas

as)ing di!! questions

a%%roah, e*%erimentation, observation &a)a sienti!i method'

galileo galileisienti!i world in southern euro%e

inertia and motion

shi!t !rom south to north

o%ernius 4 galileo - shows s%read o! ideas - im%ortant b galileo had %atronage - gets in

trouble, silened( he had in!luene( %art o! earl" sienti!i ommunities that were !unded b"

elites(

sienti!i ommunit" in mediterranean is also silened, a!raid b o! what ha%%ened to galileo -

begin to move to other %laes - north

isaa newton &152-1323'

shi!t o! sienti!i thin)ing to north

establishment o! sienti!i ommunities - england, german", !rane

islam, ulture, and siene

interest in euro%e and world

tuli%s in !ashion

siene - sharing ideas, movement

taqi al-din muhammad ibn ma ru! al-6hami al 7sadi &1825-98' was a renowned tur)ish

%ol"math, a sientist, astronom", engineer, inventor

earl" aviator: he+ar!en ahmed elebi

muslims also stud"ing !light, other sienti!i one%ts, sharing ideas

ideas moving through time and %lae

e*hange o! siene and ideas: boo)s and %rinting%rinting

laws

art arhiteture

botan"

biolog"

all these things being irulated - greater e*%osure to ideas

how was rational thought a%%lied to %olitis#

1( what is rational thought#2( how was the sienti!i method a%%lied to %olitis and soiet"#

who were the thin)ers#

thomas hobbes 18-153152 - on iti+enshi%

1581 - leviathan, or the matter, !orm, and %ower o! a ommonwealth elesiastial and ivil

one%t o! a soial ontrat - %eo%le e*hange ertain !reedoms !or organi+ation

ohn lo)e

essa" onerning human understanding

tabula rasa - blan) slate - born w/o good or bad nature - earl" nature/nurture


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!ather o! em%iriism

li!e, libert", and %ro%ert"

!ranois-marie arouet - voltaire

a satirist, used humor and wit to demand ivil liberties

!reedom o! religion

right to !air trialritii+ed the hurh

questions o! !reedom and law, questions about torture o! riminals

oming out o! religious wars - ritii+e religion

Rousseau: 6oial Contrat &1352'

slaver" right o! slaver" is invalid, illegitimate, absurd, and meaningless

war - origin o! slaver" - also unust, more a!!ets %eo%le rather than elites

!reedom/libert"

soial ontrat

iti+ens should at olletivel" to de!ine their own laws

%ubli/%rivate %erson, general/s%ei!i good

equalit" - all %ledge under same onditions, should all have same rights - b the" enter the

soial ontrat

women are not equal in his views - not a !eminist - still see women as %ro%ert"

utilitarianism, overall good - basi om%onents o! human rights

;hursda": histor" o! human rights, aademi artiles,

2/ questions:

has the


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read !or the argument in the te*ts( should be at the beginning( how is the argument develo%ed#

what is the evidene#

who is it %ublished b" - aademi sholarl" %ress# wh" would u are i! it$s sholarl"# aura",

has been reviewed b" other e*%erts - %eer review( does it add to the bod" o! )nowledge#

ta)e notes - need itations - evidene

8s: hange over time, ontinuit", om%le*it", ausation, ontingen"historial onsiousness: !ats, sequene &%eriodi+ation - era, order', om%le*it" &not ever"thing

is sim%le as it a%%ears', inter%retation

historial )nowledge vs historial thin)ing

om%le*it" in histor"

how do historians onsider om%le*it"# what about ausation#

wh" is this ha%%ening, how an we hange soial strutures around them#

historial writing

how does the historian use !ats# itations

what is sequene and how do historians use it#

move be"ond time and %lae, so%e, sale, one%ts, themes

who what when where wh"

how to im%rove: %ratie, )now how to develo% an argument, stud" the ra!t, write and write

o!ten, %eer review

de baets tweet: historians rights are %roteted under the


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in these salons, men and a !ew women would gather and tal) about these ideas

also ha%%ening in latin ameria, where the"$re )nown as tertulia

reading wor)s o! the enlightenment, whih o!ten hallenged traditional %ower strutures,

questions %owers o! )ings, use o! torture &inquisition - ontrolling native %o%ulation'

these also have to be literate %eo%le - boo)s at this time ver" e*%ensive

how did the ommon %erson get e*%osed to these ideas# ournalists %la" a %ivotal role

voltaire, diderot, et write small brie! %iees li)e essa"s and %am%hlets !or a broader audiene

%rinting %ress - obviousl" - original boo)s were beauti!ul, heav" %a%er - but it evolves over time

in %laes suh as the amerias - ideas li)e Rousseau - being brought into me*io, vene+uela,

!renh olonies &santo domingo, et' - %riests and nuns were tra!!i)ing in those boo)s

were being smuggled in - beause no one would ins%et belongings o! a %riest or nun

would translate the boo)s, initiall" %ublished in e*er%ts i! it was long on a ver" ine*%ensive t"%e

o! %a%er that ould be easil" irulated

wor) in ollab w ournalists, ould ta)e ideas, ondense, and %ublish in news%a%ers

!or a %erson who was illiterate - %ubli readings

news%a%er bo"s in n", boston, me*io it" - not literate, would be told what to "ell about what

was in the %a%er - sensational things, but ma"be revolutionar" radial ideas

!r hidalgo - in!luened b" enlightenment, questioned all as%ets o! religion, when native %eo%le

don$t have souls, questions verait" o! things li)e virgin birth, %riests eliba" - had a %artner,

hildren, translated boo)s, )e%t being demoted and moved around

as %unishment, sent to v rural town - organi+es essentiall" a ommune to reate sel!-su!!iien",

and introdues them to the enlightenment instead o! hurh a%%roved homil"

questions o! %ro%ert" - wh"#

slaver"

%ro%ert" owners have right to vote - have land, moveable %ro%ert" - mone", an"thing that an

be bought and soldde o! inde%endene, bill o! rights - who is a iti+en %artiall" based on %ro%ert"

is iti+enshi% now based on %ro%ert"# no

see: a%%liations !or mississi%%i and georgia on registration

questions almost im%ossible to answerD

questions o! how violene is ta)en are o!, how rimes are %unished

torture begins to be debated

guillotine - invented as humane wa" to )ill someone, but beame a torture devie

i! a %erson ommitted a rime, the !amil" would not be held res%onsible !or the rime - i! the one

who ommitted the rime is a minor# not legall" res%onsible but sometimes shamed in media

i! rime had been ommitted over 8 "ears ago, though - %arents held res%onsible, !aed dire

legal and soial onsequenesthese things are being hanged at this time - in!luenes our urrent legal s"stem

question about torture and death %enalt"

still debated toda"

wh" did it evolve - e"e !or an e"e, to these enlightenment era hanges

legal s"stem hanges to %resum%tion o! innoene &til %roven guilt"'

in the %ast, been de!ined on basis o! lass, ethniit", immigration status


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reali+e torture ma"be isn$t the best wa" o! getting in!ormation# in!o gotten under torture or

duress ethiall" wrong and also inaurate

what does it mean !or state to allow torture

question o! ust war - !ollow geneva onventions

loo) at these writers, %hiloso%hers to understand what is behind


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series o! wars w british, series o! !amines in !rane in 13s, !inanial di%s - v earl" modern

eonom", but it$s hanging, an$t build eonom" when !ighting multi%le wars - but govts haven$t

learned that &still'

)ing needs more mone", s%ending li)e a lunati on things li)e sil), !eathers, aoutrements o!

wealth that euro%eans wanted - had to all the third estate - meeting o! %eo%le - all

re%resentation - ommonersommoners not all tied to land at this %oint - merhants, writers, ournalists, arts, arhitets, not

om%rised o! those who wor) on !arms all the time - growing intelletual lass/middling sort,

eon mobile

1st estate nobilit" 2nd lerg"

still !amines, !ood riots

storming o! bastille on ul 1 139 mar)s beginning

estate general - 1st 2nd @rd estate - nobilit" an$t ontrol it b o! enlightenment ideas

@rd estate demands greater re%resentation and the" gain it, %ass more radial laws, have %%l

!irst and 2nd estate who oin w @rd estate

oin in reating !renh delaration o! the rights o! man and iti+en &139'

more radial - who is a iti+en# ever"one who$s born has natural rights - women gained rights

&ta)en awa" b" na%oleon' - usuall" gain during time o! u%heaval, lose them in time o! %eaeG

slaver" - had been illegal but not so in their olonies(

reates huge u%heaval - %eo%le v o%%osed - i! ever"one is equal hurts nobilit", ta* %oliies mean

that ta*es olleted among masses who ould %a", %a" in %ro%ortion to their means - something

li)e 3-38 o! their inome - nobilit" and lerg" did not %a" ta*es %reviousl"( nobilit" gained

mone" o!! ta*es o! their land, %roeeds o! labor o! others, ta*es !rom merhants - never wor)ed

- so now would have to wor) !or a living# livelihood om%letel" hanges - the" !lee and wor) to

overthrow the revolution

lose ontrol, ivil war, )illing eo - na%oleon is able to delare himsel! as well as with other

generals in a militar" ou% - are !renh iti+ensi! u are a !renh iti+en and things are haoti - i! govt ine!!etive - right to rebel

na%oleon embraes this right - embrae enlightenment ideas to gain %ower - see themselves in

%osition

na%oleon eventuall" in %ower, em%eror, roll ba) man" things

!reedom o! religion will remain in !rane, reogni+e laws are im%ortant n have to have legal

strutures in %lae - some !rom de o! rights o! man bring into na%oleoni ode - equalit" &not !or

all' et(

e%itomi+es some as%ets o! this de but he will be in %ower !or along time - na%oleoni ode -

elite ode o! laws that will in!luene rules around world - %art based on delaration

na%oleoni ode - still e*ist in louisiana - %arishes not ounties, struture o! eduation until

reentl"!ormer !renh olonies, anada, also - ertain things embodied there - language used to go

against olonial %owers

laws based on ombo o!


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most o! euro%e, n a!ria, under na%oleoni rule, !unds things on questions o! language o! ulture

- institutes on eg"%tolog"

ultimatel" de!eated I waterloo but he begins to have e*hange o! ideas and in!o that is v

im%ortant

resistane that the" enounter !rom na%oleon is brutal, so the" are brutal in return

!or olonies in st dominique - b o! what is ha%%ening in !rane, us, e*hange o! ideas stillontinuing - revolution in st dominique - 2nd revolution o! inde%endene in ameria, 1st in latin

ameria - tremendous im%liations - elites in %laes suh as me*io, ban travel and loo) !or

materials smuggled !rom there

when simon bolivar was !ored out o! ountr", s%ent e*ile in st dominique, reeived su%%ort !rom

haitian leadershi%

oming via not ust traveling to


9/21

arguing about how %eo%le treat one another, dignit", rights, see earliest trials about rimes

against humanit"

slave trade - initiall" trades not about human argo - loo)ing !or s%ies, gold, et(

%ortuguese marr" into trading !amilies

as e*%loration ontinues, s%anish %ortuguese in a rae w eah other, loo)ing !or new routes,

s%anish olumbus est hold in ameriasolumbus not onl" loo)ing !or e*%loration but also route to india, to be able to establish a olon"

will also bring some things with him

e*: grass, trees, ever"thing loo)s di!!, not indigenous( bring animals, seeds, diseases(

had been trading diseases in asia, a!ria, euro%e !or man" "ears - build u% a resistane here(

did not intentionall" bring disease aross as !orm o! biologial war!are, would not bring someone

over w ative ase o! small%o* - %otential "ou would not survive(

annihilation o! indigenous %o%ulation(

haiti, uba, !urther down to south ameria

hernan ortes - %ort o! veraru+ - have slaves with them( entered me*io - didn$t have

%ermission, hased out, but on the ne*t shi% that omes a!ter him months later there was an

ative ase o! small%o*( as the" gain %ower there will move !urther south

questions o! onquest - euro%ean onquest - but there are a!rian slaves w the euro%eans(

also disover things li)e silver, rih agriulture, as indigenous %o% is d"ing(

largest no o! slaves atuall" brought to bra+il

other ountries atuall" about equal to their %o%ulation, aribbean, south ameria

great debates: abolition, bartolome de las asas natives having a soul

these debates ha%%ening as the" are d"ing o! disease

questions about souls o! a!rian slaves emerge, but not at the level o! whih was ha%%ening w

natives de las asas

s%anish do learn biologial war!are - learn at siege o! a+te it" - as the" la" siege - small%o*

has invaded - are ata%ulting diseased bodies out o! the it" and s%anish throw them ba) in -reognition o! disease et

slave trade emerges during %arts o! amerias to re%lae atal"smi deline o! indigenous

%o%ulation( sometimes resist !orm ommunities u% and down oast o! amerias, ongoing

rebellions against %ower(

banning slave trade:

denmar) 19@

great britain 193


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banning o! slave trade in earl" 19s

ourt ases:

more in!o the slave trade and origin of human rights laws enn" martine+

rimes against humanit": sierra leone, uba, bra+il - slaves were using the ourt s"stem to

hallenge their masters - these were usuall" urban slaves &not rl" %lantation slaves et, in bra+il

%lantations would have diret line to it" loations - their slaves would wor) e*ternall" as well asin the house, e*ternal wor)er gets a small %ortion o! mone" earned'( ases brought be!ore

ourts in whih slave who was wor)ing w/in s"stem was bringing the master to ourt

initiall" urban slaves wanting to bu" their !reedom( might be granted, then wants to bu" wi!e -

hallenged, master sa"s no, brought to ourt

minimal amount o! inde%endene - in urban area ould !orge allianes w other slaves, !orm

brotherhoods/!raternal organi+ations, able to begin to sue and question the %lantation s"stem(

mi*ed ommissions - international law

begin to get !irst international human rights laws &uba' b starting to move aross borders

didn$t want this )ind o! in!o irulating - began to ontrol it

abolition

abolition o! slaver"

191: all bla) anadians delared !ree

192 me*io abolishes slaver"

192 om%romise o! 192 us %rohibits slaver" north o! @5, @

1921 gran olombia

1958


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slave soiet" in bra+il that he ould ontrol( maor om%anies using slave labor, !oring %eo%le

to wor) !or v little %a"( se* tra!!i)ing as well as labor tra!!i)ing - !ored to sell imitation bags

aross the world(

wh" are these %eo%le being tra!!i)ed# !or e*: %%l tra!!i)ed to sell bags - all selling same bags,

!rom same %art o! world( bags being made b" v %oorl" om%ensated labor in third world ountr"(

indentured servant struture( ommodit" hain( human rights question within ommodit" hain#i! slaver" was abolished how did it ontinue in muh o! the world#

historiall" thin)ing about atlanti slave trade - thin) o! what is oming !rom one ountr" and

going to another - %eo%le %art o! ommodit" hain - historiall" things the" were ma)ing

&tobao, o!!ee, sugar, otton' were lu*ur" items( an question di!! levels o! slaver"( i! we loo)

at modern ommodit" hain ome to some o! same onlusions(

wh" and how are %eo%le still enslaved#

between 18 and 138 human beings tra!!i)ed into the


12/21

women and islami law:

right to hoose husband

limits on %ol"gam"

groom to %a" wi!e a dowr"

women inherit and ontrol %ro%ert"

veiling and seluding - s%read o! islam

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Marh 15th tri% - :8 7M

NNNNreading - dra!t memo !or thursda" - who what when where wh" - element in ms word !or

memo writing - read abdul maid, thomas e!!erson, monroe, s%eeh on uba &%rotor', tedd"

roosevelt, woodrow wilson, google them( researh time, %lae, signi!iane and rebut the

argument %resented in one o! the douments( no more than two %ages, single s%aed &better !or

one %age'( understand essene o! argument, here$s what the" sa", argue against them, %i)

ust LEA !or memo( hallenge it as i! at that time, not %resent da" - historiall"( address to dr(

are" or to the %erson "ou$re writing about(

olonialism, im%erialism, and human rights &slides %assed out'

urrent da" %olitis: im%erialism &!oreign %oli"' - %residential andidates ignoring onstitutional

wa" o! delaring war &onl" ongress an delare war'

Ouestions:

What is an em%ire#

a ruling authoritative bod", establishes olonies, ta)es over other ountries( 19s -

reestablishing em%ire beause o! resoures that the oloni+er would reeive

o!!ee, sugar, s%ies, gold/silver, d"es, te*tiles, sil), materials needed to !uel industriali+ation -

ta)e raw materials, ta)e them ba) to our ountries, and then send them ba) out( undermine

long term labor standards( %rior to industriali+ation goods %rodued in the house, b" hand, or b"s)illed wor)ers( merhants at the to% - trade, bu" and sell( bla)smith - wea%ons( higher status

than other traders/laborers( otton, et - allow ountries to industriali+e(

What is 6oial =arwinism#

survival o! the !ittest - those aumulating wealth and able to ontrat out

euro%ean em%ires

euro%ean ountries begin to have olonies

sramble to get territories - ertain areas highl" desired but di!!iult to %enetrate b o! %ower

strutures there, et - have to rel" on more eonomi wa"s o! ontrol

ontrol o! ountries does not mean the" ontrol entire %o%ulation - ongoing resistane, !ighting

wars

how did euro%ean em%ires emerge#anal"+e: when the whites ame to our ountr", we had the land and the" had the bible, now we

have the bible and the" have the land - a!rian %roverb

laim to bring ivili+ation through religion, but their goals hange and end u% ust ta)ing over

land

not doing an"thing to hel% the in!rastruture o! ountr" - not building shools - i! eduated ould

revolt


13/21

soial darwinism ha%%ens internall" !irst

english are !ighting !or "ears against irish, sottish, et %ereived as barbarians

reated onstruts o! the other internall" - soial darwinism allows this language to be elevated

2nd image !ighting over hina - wh"# land mass, aess to oean, evolving ountr" reating

new tehnolog"/ideas( in), %a%er, biodiversit"

undermine great strutures - literar", eonomi, et - in asia - in order to reate in!luene - needto get hina to ae%t something

a%an wants materials, biodiversit", natural resoures !rom hina, as well as loation

a%an$s energ" nowada"s all nulear - no oal, natural gas, oil

a%an beoming an emerging em%ire, whereas hina will be de!eated

@rd image - arving u% hina li)e a %ie, hina de%ited as monstrous, stu) in old wa"s

th - %rini%al varieties o! man)ind - to% two rows all !aing white man in the middle, not so at

bottom( su%%osed to be a %ositive image, sienti!i raism( showing %eo%le !rom all over the

world( no women(

8th - unle sam leturing lassroom -


14/21

%roblems in the north - unstable !ood soure, growing %o%ulation, wanting more territor"(

s%anish olonies in me*io not widel" %o%ulated( beginning in 19s united states reali+es there

is a %roblem !or it to e*%and - mani!est destin"(

monroe dotrine - no euro%eans oming in but also mani!est destin" - e*%ansion - alread" been

e*%loring - me*io was blo)ing( inde%endent in 1921 but eonomiall" ravaged( #s o! soial

darwinism - about %o, laborers, %oor( use ideas against %eo%le living in entral ameriamani!est destin": wh"# loo) at slides

atholis ould move into area

ideas beome instrumental - move west, to te*as - land was hea%(


15/21

how does wor) and labor in!orm human rights#

what inventions stimulated the industrial revolution#

new tehnologies

195s - entral %ai!i railroad - over 12 hinese laborers, more than o! its wor) !ore -

but the" onl" %hotogra%hed auasian wor)!ore to reate illusion that %o weren$t wor)ing

marr" %erson who would om%lement "our wor) - men and women wor)ed together( hildrenalso wor)ed alongside %arents( lots o! hild labor in n"

what ha%%ens to individuals labor in wa)e o! industrial revolution - what hanges it#

assembl" line, new tehnologies, individual labor loses its value, !ewer s)illed as%ets o! labor -

less artisanal wor)( benevolent as%et o! sweatsho%s, te*tile mills - "oung women wor) to build

u% dowr" - but atuall" eno"ed ma)ing mone"( hanges - don$t have to %rovide housing,

eduation, et - waste o! mone" - an harge them !or things li)e thread that the" need !or wor)(

ma)e them bu" their own su%%lies( %ut own ost o! %rodution onto wor)er( lower overhead b"

%a)ing man" o! them into small s%aes to %rodue more goods( ost low - %ro!its higher(

south - otton, tobao

rail lines going !or trade/movement o! raw goods - %orts( all built b" slaves, %o labor( !or

%ur%ose o! trade - movement o! goods and also %eo%le - onl" those who ould a!!ord so v !ew(

hange ideas o! mobilit"

tal) about marh o! %rogress - see artoon

seen as great o%%ortunit", old wa"s disa%%ear( but wouldn$t be eas"(

also siene !ition - seen as %ositive

wealth - maintaining level o! %ro!it - some beome v wealth"

%eo%le who ma)e mone" thru these new businesses in


16/21

starting to see elevation o! ertain s)ill sets( earl" human rights writing !ous on: slaver", %light

o! slaves and wor)ing lass(

%eo%le learn things w/in ountr" and then bring them in - %light o! wor)ing lass language

omes in with industrial revolution - have massive amts o! %eo%le moving !rom one %lae to

another( !or e* in


17/21

bra+il, india !atories#

@/1

Fou an$t den" that WWKK was a massive turning %oint in global histor"( Kt had an im%at on the

entire world and it is ver" im%ortant that high shool students toda" learn about this histor"(

6tudents o!ten learn about the Holoaust and all the atroities that were ommitted towards theBewish %eo%le but the" never learn the logi i! there is an" behind it( ;hese douments,

olleted b" lorene Mendheim, a Bewish woman who lived in the


18/21

Kndustrial revolution has ensured there$s a growing industr" !or arms and militarism - beomes

an issue w/in question o! human rights( medial %ro!ession is %ioneered b o! war - ever" time

there is a war we see medial )nowledge/teh e*%and(

;hin)ing about it - we$re at a ver" similar %oint in time 1 "ears later - another %ivotal %oint rn -

tehnologies, ommuniation, ongoing war, eonomi issues, #s o! human rights - %olitiians,

mediaelgium Congo: modern slaver"

1998-19

irst genoide in the 2th entur"

Ting leo%old sees o%%ortunit" in the Congo( elgium whih was ma)ing big tehnologial

advanes gets a huge %art o! 7!ria in the Congo - wanted rubber !or %ur%ose o!

industriali+ation( egin to e*trat the rubber and did this b" !ore( Were able b o! the

introdution o! the mahine gun( needed ra%id !ire ammunition( 7s the" !ored %%l into slaver", i!

the" ran or ated out the" hobbled them - ut o!! a limb, sha)le %eo%le together b" the legs, or

brea) their an)les( Commonl" done( A*trating massive amounts o! rubber( Km%ortant !or

onve"er belts/!ator" mahiner", tires, shoes( 7lso e*trating %reious metals and other things

!rom belgian ongo(

7ll o! this was going to euro%e - !irst genoide: labor and industr"( 6a"ig it$s a trade relationshi%

but a trade ler) noties - lots o! shi%s are oming in but none are going out arr"ing goods -

something is wrong( Ting leo%old sa"ing he$s abolitionist, sa"ing he$s eduating and ivili+ing

natives, building %alaes, nowada"s still great arhiteture - but he did this thru !ored labor(

Maor human rights event - movies, boo)s %ublished, and then it was !orgotten in elgium( Ting

eo%old$s Qhost %ublished about 12 "ears ago renewed the disussion, about slaver" and

human rights( ound even belgians had !orgotten about this histor"

irst genoide o! 2th entur" even tho term not invented "et - but there are massive

slaughters(

eomes massive embarrassment !or belgians 199s to 19 - thousands o! ongolesemurdered b o! new wea%ons !or %ur%ose o! e*trating rubber

Woman question

Uer" ative in movement in ongo - antil"nhing( 7lso !or su!!rage

Women and em%lo"ment

6u!!rage

Knternational meetings

orming soial wor) organi+ations

Women are in the labor !ore - elite business owners who do li)e women to wor) - others as)

what does this mean - sa!et" issues

Qaining greater aess to eduation

Aastern euro%e going to western euro%e !or AduationOua)er olleges, other


19/21

Women who !it within one%t o! modern govt, but others muh more radial, on side o!

wor)ers, %olitiall" identi!" with ommunism/soialism and %ai!ism( Kn the


20/21

amerian nursing organi+ations who are not ae%ted as %art o! %ro!ession in EA go and serve

in war hos%itals( Women will drive ambulanes(

egin to e*%eriment with biologial war!are:


21/21

o! as%et o! war and devastation - have %hotogra%h" that$s more easil" s%read - more

aessible - in!luenes the %eae movement

6ee novels li)e all quiet on the western !ront - %s"hologial im%at on trenh war!are -

shellsho), P;6= - written b" a german - boo) was banned in german"

7lso see boo) b" woman not so quiet

Win international awards in !rane

3160 Human Rights Notes

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