3 OF THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

PRESENTATION BY : KIARA THOMAS

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that primarily consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymph. The tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus are all part of the lymphatic system. There are 600 to 700 lymph nodes in the human body that filter the lymph before it returns to the circulatory system.(according to live science.com)

• Adenoiditis, autoimmune disease and GVHD are all apart of the lymphatic and immune system

ADENOIDITIS

Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids. Adenoids are masses of lymph tissue that help the body fight infection. Adenoids are found in the pharynx (throat) just behind the nose. Along with the tonsils, adenoids are the first line of defense in your throat.

SYMPTOMS / CAUSES OF ADENOIDITIS

• Other symptoms of adenoiditis related to nasal congestion include:

• •breathing through the mouth.

• •speaking with a nasal sound, as if you are speaking with a pinched nose.

• •difficulty sleeping.

• •snoring or sleep apnea (a condition where you stop breathing for a short amount of time during sleep)

• Adenoiditis can be caused by a bacterial infection, such as Streptococcus, or by viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (among others).

PREVENTION OF ADENOIDITIS

• Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to cure your infection. The use of antibiotics often proves successful in treating inflamed adenoidal tissue. Surgery to remove your adenoids may also be an option. Surgery is used to remove adenoids that:

• •do not get better with antibiotics

• •have recurring infections

• •exist alongside an underlying health issue, such as cancer or a tumor of the throat and neck

• •cause breathing and swallowing problems

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

• An illness that occurs when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization within the body that is designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, including infectious agents. Patients with autoimmune diseases frequently have unusual antibodies circulating in their blood that target their own body tissues.

SYMPTOMS / CAUSES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

• Symptoms will vary based on the type and location of the faulty immune response. Common symptoms include:

• •Fatigue

• •Fever

• •General ill-feeling (malaise)

• •Joint pain

• •Rash

AUTO IMMUNE EXAMPLES

• Examples of autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile (type 1) diabetes, polymyositis, scleroderma, Addison disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis.

PREVENTION OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

• The goals of treatment are to:

• •Reduce symptoms

• •Control the autoimmune process

• •Maintain the body's ability to fight disease

• The treatments your doctor suggests will depend on your disease and symptoms. Types of treatments include:

• •Supplements to replace a substance that the body lacks, such as thyroid hormone, vitamin B12, or insulin, due to the autoimmune disease

• •Blood transfusions if blood is affected

• •Physical therapy to help with movement if the bones, joints, or muscles are affected

• There is no known Cure

GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE

• Is a complication of bone marrow transplants in which T cells in the donor bone marrow graft go on the offensive and attack the host's tissues. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is seen most often in cases where the blood marrow donor is unrelated to the patient or when the donor is related to the patient, but not a perfect match. There are two forms of GVHD: an early form called acute GVHD that occurs soon after the transplant when the white cells are on the rise, and a late form called chronic GVHD.

SYMPTOMS OF GVHD

• Acute GVHD typically occurs within the first three months after a transplant and can affect the skin, liver, stomach, and/or intestines. The earliest sign is usually a rash on the hand, feet, and face which may spread and look like a sunburn. Severe problems with acute GVHD may include blisters on the skin, watery or bloody diarrhea with cramping, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) reflecting liver involvement.

PREVENTION

• Prevention of severe GVHD includes elutriation (T-cell depletion), a technique in which the donor bone marrow is largely depleted of the T-cells that cause GVHD. Most patients also receive immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and methotrexate. Significant GVHD is usually treated with steroids and sometimes a drug called anti-thymocyte globulin.