UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, DEPARTMENT OF LAW,PUNE, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.

Comparative Study of Canadian and Australian citation Methodology.

A Longish Term Paper (L.T.P) Presented by,TUSSHAR BORADE,LLM student 2013-14.University Of Pune.

Under supervision and guidance of, Prof. Dr. T.S.N. Sastry, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF PUNE.

Submitted in November 2013.For internal assessment as a L.T.P, in fulfilment of the requirementsFor the degree of LLM,[In the subject of Research Methodology]

Special Thanks to Prof. Dr. Mrs. Durgambini Patel.

Contents1. Introduction31.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:41.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:51.3 HYPOTHESIS:51.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:52. Evolution of Citation methodology53. Comparative analysis63.1. MODE OF CITATION FOR BOOKS63.1.1CITING BOOKS UNDER CANADIAN UNIFORM STYLE63.1.2UNDER AUSTRALIAN STYLE OF CITATION METHODOLOGY83.2CITING LEGISLATION103.2.1Under Canadian Citation Methodology103.2.2Under Australian Methodology113.3CITING cases or decisions of courts123.3.1Under Canadian Citation Methodology123.3.2Under Australian Citation Methodology133.4CITING JOURNAL ARTICLES143.4.1Under Canadian Citation Methodology143.4.2Under Australian Citation Methodology153.5CITING NEWSPAPERS163.5.1Under Canadian Citation Methodology163.5.2Under Australian Citation Methodology163.6CITING GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS163.6.1Under Canadian Citation Methodology173.6.2Under Australian Citation Methodology173.7CITING ONLINE MATERIALS193.7.1Canadian Methodology.193.7.2Australian Methodology.193.8BIBLIOGRAPHIES203.8.1Canadian Methodology203.8.2Australian Methodology203.9words used or Grammar213.9.1Canadian method213.9.2Australian methodology214.Summary235.Conclusion246.Bibliography256.1 Books Referred:256.2 Websites Accessed:25

Title: Comparative Study of Canadian and Australian Citation Methodology.

1. Introduction

Legal research relies very heavily on citation. An Accurate citation provides a road map that directs the reader to where to locate the law. As with an actual road map, users of citations depend on their accuracy. Inaccurate or incomplete citations will result in people taking a detour from their goal and wasting time in their legal research.Citations are frozen footprints on the landscape of scholarly achievement; footprints which bear witness to the passage of ideas. From footprints it is possible to deduce direction; from the configuration and depth of the imprints it should be possible to construct a picture of those who have passed by, whilst the distribution and variety furnish clues as to whether the advance was orderly and purposive. So it is with citations in respect of the growth and development of scientific knowledge; they give substantive expression to the process of innovation, and, if properly marshalled, can provide the researcher with an analytical tool of seductive power and versatility.[footnoteRef:1] [1: Blaise Cronin -The Citation Process-The Role And Significance Of Citations In Scientific Communication. Taylor Graham, p-5 Oxford Great Britain 1984.]

In spite of the uncertainties associated with the nature of the citation relationship, citations are attractive subjects of study because they are both unobtrusive and readily available. Unlike data obtained by interview and questionnaire, citations are unobtrusive measures that do not require the cooperation of a respondent and that do not themselves contaminate the response (i.e., they are nonreactive).[footnoteRef:2] [2: Webb, Eugene J.. et al. Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences.p-9, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.]

A citation represents a relationship between the cited and citing documents. The nature of this relationship is somewhat difficult to characterize, however, due to the many reasons authors cite, such as the fifteen enumerated by Garfield: 1. Paying homage to pioneers2. Giving credit for related work (homage to peers) 3. Identifying methodology, equipment, etc. 4. Providing background reading 5. Correcting ones own work 6. Correcting the work of others 7. Criticizing previous work 8. Substantiating claims 9. Alerting to forthcoming work 10. Providing leads to poorly disseminated, poorly indexed, or uncited work11. Authenticating data and classes of fact-physical constants, etc. 12. Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed 13. Identifying original publications or other work describing an eponymic concept or term... 14. Disclaiming work or ideas of others (negative claims) 15. Disputing priority claims of others (negative homage)[footnoteRef:3] [3: Can Citation Indexing Be Automated? In Statistical Association Methods for Mechanized Documentation (NBS Misc. Pub. 269), edited by Mary E. Stevens, et al., p. 189. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1965 ]

1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:The Significance of this LTP is that the researcher has gone a step further to compare and study Australian and Canadian citation methodology, which will help in understanding the similarities and differences between the Australian and Canadian citation methodology, the Grammar i.e the use of words how varied and different these two are. The Citation methodology followed in Canada and Australia, so this will help a rsearcher who wishes to write a paper and wants to follow either of the two methodologies.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:In this LTP the researcher has examined the citation methodology of Australia and Canada and tries to bring out certain difference and similarities that one has to keep in mind while writing a paper.1.3 HYPOTHESIS:The difference between Australian and Canadian Citation Methodology and the similarities with respect to the rules of citing and use of words in citation.1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The Researcher has implemented Doctrinal Research methodology in this LTP, he has also made an attempt to examine the data collected from Various Journals, books and articles written by eminent jurists. Through the doctrinal and analytical comparative method of research, In this LTP the researcher uses comparative tool of weighing two citation methodologies, i.e Australian and Canadian citation methodology.2. Evolution of Citation methodology

With the increase in research every institute started coming up with its own style of citation methodology. There are several Citation methodology developed by several institutes and Universities across the globe.

3. Comparative analysis3.1 . MODE OF CITATION FOR BOOKS3.1.1 CITING BOOKS UNDER CANADIAN UNIFORM STYLEIn the Canadian Uniform Citation Methodology, for citing a particular book there are Mandatory elements: title, date, source and url.Citation structure and punctuation is as follows:Last name, First name Middle initial. Title of Work. Format. City: Publishing Company, date. From Rice University, Collection. http:// Example: Evans, Augusta J. Inez: a Tale of the Alamo. Books. New York: John Bradburn, 1864. From Rice University.Chicago Style which is also heavily relied upon by the Uniform Canadian Citation Methodology, [footnoteRef:4] [4: http://library.osu.ed/sites/guides/chicagogd.php last accessed on 07-11-2013 at 1400 hrs]

Let us peruse the Chicago Citation Format: in the (/Chicago Manual of Style, /15th ed., sections 17.270, 17.76).Its structure of which can be read as follows-1. Authors last name, first name, middle initial. 2. Title of document (in italics). 3. Format (letter, manuscript, pamphlet). 4. Publisher city: publishing company, copyright date. (If given). 5. Source (From Library of Congress in normal font), Collection name with dates (in italics). 6. Medium (software requirement needed to access source). 7. URL (use bibliographic record URL or shorter digital id if available at bottom of bibloigraphy record). 8. Accessed date (in parenthesis).

This Canadian uniform Citation Methodology also relies upon Library of Congress (LC) Provide by AF: most relevant for citing digitized mass material was at the LC's American Memory website has a page devoted to citations for digitized versions of materials.[footnoteRef:5] [5: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/start/cite/index.html last acesssed on 8-11-2013 at 1455 hrs]

It has examples by format of material such as photograph, text, newspaper, etc. mentioning original repository and collection by name but it does not go so far as to name the specific box/folder/item location

3.1.1.1 For a Book with a single author: For citing books written by a single author the format: Author (as name appears on front page), Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year). Illustration: LW Sumner, The Hateful and the Obscene: Studies in the Limits of Free Expression (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004).3.1.1.2 Book with three authors: For citing a book with three authors then, the format: authors are separated by a comma and the & symbol: Illustration: Patrick Fitzgerald, Barry Wright & Vincent Kazmierski, Looking at Law: Canadas Legal System, 6th ed (Toronto: LexisNexis, 2010). 3.1.1.3 Book with more than three authorsFor citing a book with more than three authors, the format: Books with more than three authors include only the first authors name and et al.Illustration: CJC Sampford et al, Retrospectivity and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).3.1.1.4 Article in an edited collection: For citing an article in an edited collection, the format: Author of article (as name appears on front page), Title of Article in Editor (as name appears on title page) Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year).For e.g: Cathy Caruth, The Claims of the Dead: History, Haunted Property and the Law in Austin Sarat et al, eds, Laws Madness (Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2003) 119. [footnoteRef:6] [6: Canadian Universal Citation Methodology located from Maxwell MacOdrum Library site http://www.neads.ca/en/about/projects/atam/atam_report_final_en.pdf, last accesed on 08-11-2013 at 18470hrs.]

3.1.2 UNDER AUSTRALIAN STYLE OF CITATION METHODOLOGYAustralian Citataion methodology shall be dealt in here in under so that the differences can be studied between Canadian and Australian Citataion Methodology.3.1.2.1 Citing books with single AuthorGeneral Rule in here is that the name of the author should appear in as follows:Authors Name comes first, the title, then the Publication Details and the Pin point the Page number.For eg. Malcolm N Shaw, International Law, (Cambridge University Press, 6th ed, 2008) 111. Further the Australian Citation also provides for following rules in depth which are as follows:1. Initials should be separated by space and full stops should not be used.2. Authors titles adhere to all titles should be omitted except for sir,dame and peerage titles.3. Use of Punctuation should be as, with respect to, full stops should not be used after initials or in abbreviations.3.1.2.2 If Authored by Government DepartmentNames of bodies as in if a publication is authored by a body or a government department or a non governmental organization, then the name of the body should appear as the author If a subdivision of a body or an individual writing on behalf of a body is the author, both the name of the subdivision or individual and the body should be included in the form as :individual / subdivision , name of body. Where multiple subdivisions exist, only the most specific sub division should be included ( unless it creates ambiguity.Illustration Climate Smart 2050 Queensland climate change Strategy 2007: A Law Carbon Future (2007).3.1.2.3 Names of Multiple Authors. Where there are two or three authors, the names of all authors should be included and the word and should separate the names of the last two authors. All surnames should be included in above n referencesWhere there are more than three authors, the name of the author appearing first on the source should be included, followed by et al. The first listed authors surname and et al should be included in above n references.Illustration: D S Finn, The Fiduciary Principle in T G Youdan (ed), Equity, Fiduciaries And Trusts (Carswel, 1990) 1, 4. [Not: Davis Finn, The Fiduciary Principle]3.1.2.4 For EditorsThe name of the editor of a book should appear in the sme manner as an authors name and should be followed by (ed) for one editor or (eds) for multiple editors.Illustrations: 1.R G Frey (ed), Utility and Rights (Basil Blackwell, 1985).2.Jayson W Neyers, Erika Chamberlian, G A Pitel (eds), Emerging Issues in Tort Law (Hart Publishing, 2007)3.1.2.5 Title of the book-The title should appear in Italics. Where there is no punctuation on the title page separating the title from a subtitle, a colon or an em-dash should be inserted. So far as Title of the book is considered It should be always in Italics No full stops should be used after initials or in abbreviations and capitalization should be as : when words appear at the beginning of a sentence, title or heading; or are proper nouns. Where it is important to expression or meaning, other words may be capitalized and the first word in a title or heading and sub title and subheading and all words in title except articles ( the, a, an) conjunctions ( and , but) and prepositions ( on with before)Eg Dino Rest, Law and justice in Space Law Foundations of Law ( oxford university Press, 2nd ed, 2008)[footnoteRef:7] [7: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, Third Edition, p 89-97. ch-5. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc, Melbourne 2010.]

3.2 CITING LEGISLATION 3.2.1 Under Canadian Citation Methodology Following are the instructions on citing legislation.Bills: Laws are first presented for consideration by the legislature in the form of Bills. These Bills must be debated and finally approved by the legislature and receive royal assent before becoming enforceable statutes.

Federal Bills: Bill C-32, An Act to Amend the Copyright Act, 2d Sess, 35th Parl, 1997, cl 15(1)(a). Federal Bills Format: Bill Number, Title, Session, Legislature, Year, Clause Pinpoint. Provincial Bills: Bill 139, An Act to Make April 21 Climate Change Awareness Day, 2d Sess, 38th Leg, Ontario, 2006, cl 3. Provincial Bills Format: Bill Number, Title, Session, Legislature, Provincial Jurisdiction, Year, Clause Pinpoint.

Statutes: Once a bill has received the necessary legislative approval and royal assent it becomes a statute. Statutes are first collected in Annual Volumes. Periodically, all the statutes in a particular jurisdiction (including all amendments) are collected in a collection of statutes known as the Revised Statutes.

Annual Volume: Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, SC 2000, c 5. Revised Statutes: Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 319. Statutes Format: Title, Statute Volume and Jurisdiction Year, (session or supplement), Chapter, Section Pinpoint.Electronic versions: Federal and provincial governments now publish their statutes electronically on government websites. Be sure to check whether the electronic or the paper versions of the statutes are the official versions.[footnoteRef:8] [8: Chapter 2 of the McGill Guide.: Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation]

3.2.2 Under Australian Methodology Legislative Materials include statutes i.e. the acts passed the Parliament.The rule is as follows for citing a Legislative Material- Title comes first, then the year then jurisdiction and pin point at the last.For e.g. Crimes Act,1958,(vic), s 3A citation of Australian Act of Parliament should commence with short title of the Act with Italics. Statutes of Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory were previously referred to as ordinances. However, these ordinances became known as Acts after the ACT (in 1988), for Australian Capital Territory and for the Northern Territory- NT(in 1978) attained self-government.The year in which Act was originally passed should appear in italics following the title. The year should be included whether or not the Act includes it in the short title.E.g. Metaphysical Activities Act 1999 (Tas). And Not as Metaphysical Activities Act 1999 (Tas).After Year comes the jurisdiction, an abbreviated form of the Jurisdiction in which the Act was passed. The Jurisdiction should not be italicised.When Constitution of Australia is being cited then depending upon which constitution is citied the following rule shall apply. The Constitution of Commonwealth of Australia may be cited as the Australian Constitution, the Commonwealth Constitution, or simply the Constitution if there is no ambiguity as to which constitution is cited. Wherever necessary, the Australian constitution may be referred also to within its enacting legislation as:For e.g. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1990 (Imp) 60 & 61 Vict, c 12,s10 AustralianConstitutions55(i).Constitution Act 1902 (NSW) s 5;Bills should be cited in the same manner as Acts, except the title and year should not be Italicised. Clause and sub-clause are usually he appropriate pin point designations.For e.g. Corporation Amendment Bill (no 1) 2006 (cth) cl 5.[footnoteRef:9] [9: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, third edition, p 64-79. ch-3. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010.]

3.3 CITING cases or decisions of courts3.3.1 Under Canadian Citation Methodology While citing a case under Canadian Citation Methodology the Case Format is as follows::Format:Style of Cause (Year of Decision) Neutral Citation, [Year of Reporter] Volume, reporter (Series if any) Page (Court if required), Pinpoint Citation, Parallel Citation [short form]. While citing Neutral Citations: Most courts now publish their decisions with a neutral citation that indicates the year of the decision, the court and a decision number. Where a neutral citation is available, it should be included right after the name of the case (style of cause). In the example above, 2001 SCC 2 is the neutral citation for the Supreme Court of Canadas decision in the Sharpe case.For Case Reporters: Judicial decisions are also collected and published in edited Case Reports. Case Reports may be organized according to yearly volumes or according to series. For example, the Supreme Court Reports (SCR) are organized according to yearly volumes; the Dominion Law Reports (DLR) are organized according to series. The format for citing these two types of Case Reports is different as demonstrated above note in particular the use of brackets [ ] vs parentheses ( ) depending on the type of Case Report.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Chapter 3 of the McGill Guide. ]

3.3.2 Under Australian Citation MethodologyA citation of an Australian case should include the parties name in Italics, The punctuation I.e. no full stops to be used in abbreviations. Where parties are individuals, given names and initials should be omitted. Only first named Plaintif and first named defendan should be cited ( & Anor or & Ors should not be used to used to indicate other parties); and Where the case involves more than one action, then only the first action should be cited.Name of the case Year Volume- Law Report Series - Starting Page - Pinpoint.For e.g. Alati v Kruger (1955) 94 CLR 216.Incase of Parties being a business corporation or firm following abbreviations should be used as shown in the table below:WordAbbreviation

And&

CompanyCo

LimitedLtd

ProprietaryPty

IncorporatedInc

(in liquidation)(in liq)

(in provisional Liquidation)(in prov liq)

( administrator appointed)(admin apptd)

(manager appointed)(mgr apptd)

(receiver appointed)(rec apptd)

For E.g. Andrew sons & Co Pty Ltd v Alpha Healthcare Ltd (200) 5 VR 577Where common wealth if Australia is a party, commonwealth should be used. Where a party is an Australian state or territory, only the name of that state or territory should be used ( for e.g. Queensland , not the state of Queensland)For e.g. Wrong v Commonwealth (2008) 236 CLR 555 OR Wright v New South Wales (2009) 231 CLR 550If the crown is a party then in that case Rex (the King) and Regina (the Queen) should be abbreviated to R where crown is the first-named party.For E.g. - R v Ring [2007]1 Qd R64.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, third edition, p 38-43. ch-2. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010.]

3.4 CITING JOURNAL ARTICLES 3.4.1 Under Canadian Citation Methodology When citing journal articles, include the name of the author as it appears on the front page of the article. In addition, use the abbreviation for the name of the law journal in which the article is published (use the full title for journal names from other disciplines). [footnoteRef:12] [12: Appendix D in the McGill Guide. ]

From a printed journal: Frank Iacobucci , Recent Developments Concerning Freedom of Speech and Privacy in the Context of Global Communications Technology (1999) 48 UNB LJ 189.Article with two to three authors: Rachel Cox & Karen Messing, Legal and Biological Perspectives on Employment Testing for Physical Abilities: A Post-Meiorin Review (2006) 24 Windsor YB Access Just 23.

Full-text article from a database: If an article is retrieved from one of the full text legal databases you can include the database abbreviation at the end of your citation. Commonly used databases include Quicklaw (QL), Westlaw Canada (WL Can), LexisNexis (Lexis): David M. Tanovich, E-Racing Racial Profiling (2004) 41 Alta L Rev 905 (QL).

Format:Author (as name appears on front page), Title of Article (Year) Volume Number abbreviated Journal Title First Page Number (Electronic Service if Applicable).

3.4.2 Under Australian Citation MethodologyNames should appear exactly as they run on the sources, initials must be separated by space. N full stops ater initials, all titles except for sir, dame and peerage titles must be omitted. General rules of multiple author apply herein for uniformity.Format: Name of Author, Title, (Year), Volume and issue, name of journal and pinpoint reference.Illustration- Jermy Masters, Easing the Parting (2008) 82(11) Law Institute Journal 68For unsigned Articles the type of article such as Comment or Note should appear in place of authors name.E.g. Note, Revealing the flaws in due process (2009) 118 Harvard Law Review 1551.One must however remember that Comments and Notes are common in American Law Journals. They are usually short, anonymous pieces written by students.For articles published in Multiple Parts, a full citation must be given for each part cited pt number must be inserted between the title and the year.For e.g. Jermy Masters, Easing the Parting (pt 2) (2008) 82(11) Law Institute Journal 68Where an article is published in electronic journal and the same should be cited only when there is no printed version available. Other details as per a normal journal should be cited and included in the citation. A URL should always follow in an electronic Journal (the date of retrieval should not be included).[footnoteRef:13] [13: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, third edition, p 81-88. ch-4. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010.]

3.5 CITING NEWSPAPERSFor citing newspaper uder the Canadian and Australian Citation Methodology the following are the guidelines that one has to follow:3.5.1 Under Canadian Citation Methodology Rod Mickleburgh & Gloria Galloway, Storm brews over drug strategy, The Globe and Mail (15 January 2007) A1 (Lexis). Format: Author, Title of Article, Newspaper (Date) Page (Electronic Service / Source if Applicable).[footnoteRef:14] [14: Carleton University Learning Commons Using Uniform Legal Citation- http://www.carleton.ca/wts/]

3.5.2 Under Australian Citation MethodologyThe rule here in under this citation methodology is as follows:Printed News paper: Newspaper articles should be cited as follows name of the Author, title, Newspaper(Place of Publication), Full Date, Pinpoint.If the article appears from a section (for e.g. Sport) and the newspaper is not consecutively paginated, the name of the section should be included before that of the newspaper in the form: Section and then name of newspaper.Illustraton: Ahgiha Hunter, Endurance Test- Windies on a Roll. Sports, The Guardian Weekly (London), 03 October 2013, 9.For electronic newspaper only those shall be cited where identical printed version does not exist. The only difference is with respect to place of publication be - online, Pin point reference with paragraphs and URL should be included after the full date (or any pin point reference)[footnoteRef:15] [15: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, third edition, p 107-09. ch-6. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010.]

3.6 CITING GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS Many a times a researcher has to cite several government documents let us see as to how do we cite them under the two methodologies.3.6.1 Under Canadian Citation MethodologyThe category of government documents includes diverse sources ranging from legislative debates, reports from parliamentary committees and reports from other actors such as Officers of Parliament and Commissions of Inquiry.[footnoteRef:16] [16: Chapter 4 of The Mcgill Guide.]

3.6.1.1 DebateHouse of Commons Debates, 37th Parl, 1st Sess, No. 64 (17 May 2001) at 4175 (Hon Elinor Caplan). Format: Jurisdiction, Legislature, Title, Legislative Session, Volume or Number (date) Pinpoint (speaker).3.6.1.2 Non-parliamentary Papers Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet: Canadas New Privacy Laws (Fact Sheet) (Ottawa: Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 2004). Format: Jurisdiction, Issuing Body, Title, Volume (publication information)[footnoteRef:17]. [17: Carleton University Learning Commons Using Uniform Legal Citation]

3.6.2 Under Australian Citation Methodology We Shall here in under discus the various rules with illustrations under Australian Citation Methodology with respect to citing Governmental documents.3.6.2.1 Parliamentary DebatesThe Parliamentary Debates are also known as Hansard. In Australia two jurisdiction exist, i.e Common Wealth & Victoria this is the first word that should come herein, followed by Parliamentary Debate, then the chamber ( senate or Legislative Assembly ) , followed by Full date of the Debate in date month and year format, then Pin point page no especially and then the name of the Speaker in round brackets ().E.g.- Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 18 June 2009, 1234-1239 ( Bob Buils)3.6.2.2 Parliamentary PapersPapers are cited in the format of Jurisdiction - Title- Parl Paper No -Number - Year Pinpoint.3.6.2.3 Parliamentary Research Papers.Notes and Briefs: Author- Title (Research paper no Number, Parliamentary Library, Legislature, Year), Pinpoint. Herein If its a note or brief the word shall be accordingly substituted then3.6.2.4 Parliamentary Committee Reports.They are to be cited as follows Committee, Legislature, title (year), PinpointE.g. Law Reform Committee, Parliament of Victoria, Inquiry into Alternate Dispute Resolution(2010) 21.3.6.2.5 Bill Digests and Alert Digests.Author , title, No ; Digest/Alert Number of -year- Fulldate, Pinpoint.E.g Department of Parliamentary service(Cth),Bills Digest, 7f of 2001-02, January 2002,93.6.2.6 Royal commission Reports.Method: TitleName of Royal Commission- Title - Year PinpointEg. New South Wales, Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking, Report (1999) vol 3, 123.

3.6.2.7 Law Reform commission Reports.Method - Name of Law Reform Commission- Title Report/ Discussion Paper- no Number-Year Pinpoint.For E.g.:1. Victorian Law Reform Commission, Civil Justice Review, Report No 14 (2009)2. The Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC was prior to 1996 called as Law Reform Commission. Citation of ALRC report should use the name of the body at the time of the report.3.6.2.8 Australian Constitutional Convention Debates Australian federal conventions should be cited as- Title- Location Full date Pinpoint- (name of Speaker)Illustration- Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Adelaide, 29 March 1897, 206-7, 19 (sir John Recky).[footnoteRef:18] [18: Australian Guide to Legal Citation, third edition, p 99 -106 , ch-6. Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010.]

3.7 CITING ONLINE MATERIALS Let us now move towards the mode of citing materials online.3.7.1 Canadian Methodology.For materials found online, give proper citation for the type of source (e.g. government document) and then add online: name of website as in the Privacy Commissioner example below. Illustraion: Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Protecting Your Privacy on the Internet: Canadas New Privacy Laws (Fact Sheet) (Ottawa: Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 2004), online: Privacy Commissioner: http://www.privcom.gc.ca/fsfi/02_05_d_13_e.asp.[footnoteRef:19] [19: http://www.carleton.ca/wts/]

3.7.2 Australian Methodology.Articles from electronic journal should be cited where a printed edition doesnt not exist. Articles appearing in journals that are only available online should, as far as possible, be cited in the same manner as articles in printed journal. Where it is not possible to include Volume number, issue number or starting page be included. Pinpoint references should be to page numbers or paragraph numbers, or to the numbered part of the articles. A URL should always follow the citation to electronic articles. Illustration-Kate William, Whats the Trade Practices Act lacunas existing in the Law. Section 99 and Towage Contracts in Australia (2009) 12(2) eLaw Journal; Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 58,59. https://elaw.murdoch.edu.au/archives/issues/2009/1/eLaw_Lewins_13_2009_09.pdf.3.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIES Under Citation methodology Bibliography plays a very significant role, which is genrally placed at the end of the researchers work.3.8.1 Canadian MethodologyA bibliography is a list of all the sources you have used to prepare your paper. In most cases, you will be expected to include a bibliography at the end of your paper in addition to your footnotes or endnotes. Your bibliography should present an alphabetical list of all sources you have cited in your paper. You may wish to organize your bibliography according to categories of sources, e.g. jurisprudence, legislation and government documents, and secondary sources. For in-depth instructions on creating a bibliography, see pages E-3 to E-4 of the McGill Guide[footnoteRef:20] [20: http://www.carleton.ca/wts/]

3.8.2 Australian Methodologywhere a bibliography is required, it should list all sources that were relied upon which includes the materials other than those which were not referred to in the text and footnotes.The Bibliography is divided here in following sections1. Articles / books / Reports2. Cases3. Legislation4. Treaties5. Other.

3.9 words used or GrammarIt is important to provide proper citation to sources used when writing academic papers. Most academic papers in law and legal studies require the use of numbered footnotes or endnotes for citation purposes. Footnotes are listed at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper.3.9.1 Canadian method The first time you cite a work in your paper you should provide a complete citation for the work in a footnote or endnote. Subsequent citations may use ibid or supra.Ibid: Abbreviation for Latin word ibidem meaning in the same place. Use ibid when referring to the same source as in the immediately preceding reference. Ibid may be used after a supra, or even after another ibid. 1. R v Sharpe, 2001 SCC 2, [2001] 1 SCR 45 at para 25, 194 DLR (4th) 1 [Sharpe]. 2. Ibid at para 26. Supra: Latin word meaning above. Use supra when referring to a source for which you have already provided a full citation (but not the immediately preceding citation). 1. R v Sharpe, 2001 SCC 2, [2001] 1 SCR. 45 at para 25, 194 DLR (4th) 1 [Sharpe]. 2. Ibid at para 26. 3. Sanjeev Anand, A Case for Upholding the Child Pornography Law (1999) 25 CR (5th) 312. 4. Sharpe, supra note 1 at para 26. 5. Anand, supra note 3 at 313. 3.9.2 Australian methodologyIbid should be used to refer a source in the immediately preceding footnote. However, ibid should not be used where there are multiple sources in the preceding footnote. ibid can be used regardless of how the source is cited in the preceding footnote (whether in full, using ibid or using above n. If the pinpoint reference is different from the preceding footnote, ibid should eb followed by the different (pinpoint) reference. There should be no punctuation between ibid and a pin point reference. As ibid directs reader back to immediately preceding footnote, it shoul not be used to refer to a source cited earlier in the same footnote. ibid should not be capitalised at the start of the foot note.Illustrations- 1. Retic Jillaj, freedom of thought (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2005) 1632. Ibid.3. Ibid 150-151.Following are other grammatical tools: Above and Below: Above n should be used where a source has been cited in a previous footnote other than the immediately preceding footnote; or in the immediately preceding footnote, if it is not the only source in that footnote. However Above n should not be used for- cases, international judicial decision, Legislations treaties and UN, WTO, GATT and EU documents.Citations using Above n should appear as in following format: Authors name, above n, Footnote number, Pinpoint. Above and below may also be used to direct the reader to portions of the text to a specific footnote, page numbers or numbered parts of the text. To direct the reader to more than one footnote, above nn or below nn should be used. Op cit, loc cit, supra and infra should not be used. At. Where t he same source is cited multiple times within the same footnote, the full citation should not be repeated and at should precede subsequently in pin pointing references. However it is not necessary to repeat a pin point reference using at, if subsequent and forehand references are the same. [Sic] meaning thus should be inserted after significant error in material being quoted. Insignificant error should be left as they appear in the original and should not be followed by [Sic] Re means in the matter of and is commonly used when a court acts in an advisory or guardianship capacity, as it does in cases involving the interpretation of wills or trusts. For Example, if Re Pollard was a trust case, Pollard would be testator or settler. Extended case name such as Roberts v Jones to hold on trust for Roberts and Roberts ; Re Willians can occur where, for example, Williams left property to Jones to hold on trust for Roberts and Roberts sues Jones to enforce the will. Ex-parte means in absence of the other party Ex rel , when citing a relator action, the first-named relator should always be included and should be introduced by the abbreviation ex rel V, A v should generally separate the parties name. It should not be followed by a full stop and should not be italicised.Here full stops should be ended only to mark the end of sentences or footnote. It should not be used in abbreviations, after initials or after heading numbers or letters.4. Summary

Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 7th ed (Toronto: Carswell, 2010). The Guide is also known as the McGill Guide because it is produced by the editors of the McGill Law Journal. Canadian Citation methodology has a flavour of American method of citation. Earlier in Canada there was no such one universal Citation Methodology it is in this book there has been an attempt to have one uniform Citation method.Australians have a very well composed well drafted to the precision as to how and what word will fall in which context for e.g. the word at or Above n. The term supra is preceded by a short form for the source either a short form of the case name or a short form of the article using the authors last name. It is advisable to provide a short form for a source if you will be referencing the source multiple times, particularly if the title of the source is longer than three words, under Canadian Citation. For Australian Citation, the refrain from using the word supra. Pinpoint citation: Citations are necessary to properly credit another source or to identify evidence you are relying on. In most cases, it is not sufficient to simply identify the source as a whole. Rather, it is often necessary to identify the precise page or paragraph number that you are relying on from the source. This is called a pinpoint citation. The format for indicating a pinpoint page reference is also dealt with above. Note that page or p. are not included prior to the pinpoint page reference, although para is used prior to a pinpoint paragraph reference, Under Canadian Citation Methodology.Under Canadian Citation, name of the author however under Australian Citation Methodology there exists no such use of word to denote page number. To add, there is no punctuation, the only use of full stop is to end the sentence.

5. Conclusion

The Canadian citation methodology is not as vast as Australian citation methodology is, further to add, Canadian methodology is very young and earlier there didnt exist one uniform citation methodology. Several Universities and Institutes followed different styles of Citation.One cannot easily follow two citation methodologies unless one has understood the other after that in comparisons studying the other citation methodology become way easier. While writing a paper in Canada and Australia one has to use their respective citation methodology.Australian Citation Methodology is far better devolved and exhaustive. Canadian Citation methodology is very brief and precise and to the point.For the Purpose of avoiding repetition it is not necessary to repeat information provided in the text in the citation. For example, if the name of the case being cited is provided in the text of your paper, do not repeat the name in the citation. Hence various words have been used under different citation methodologies.

6. Bibliography6.1 Books Referred: Australian Guide to Legal Citatation, third edition, Melbourne University of Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc Melbourne 2010. The Citation Process-Blaise Cronin The Role And Significance Of Citations In Scientific Communication, 1984, Great Britain, Taylor Graham. Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 7th ed (Toronto: Carswell, 2010).6.2 Websites Accessed:http://www.durhamcollege.ca/wp-content/uploads/Legal-Citation-for-Legal-Administration.pdfhttp://www.carleton.ca/wts/http://lexum.com/ccc-ccr/neutr/neutr.jur_en.htmlhttp://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/melbourne-law-schoolhttp://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/FinalOnlinePDF-2012Reprint.pdfhttp://www.durhamcollege.ca/wp-content/uploads/Legal-Citation-for-Legal-Administration.pdf

19