2º de Bachillerato a Distancia - Quincena 5

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2º DE BACHILLERATO - QUINCENA 5

1. RELATIVE PRONOUNSFor people

(subject of the clause)

Who

That

For people

(object of the clause)

Whom

Who

That

For things Which

That

Possession Whose

Place Where

Time When

Dave is the guy who/that has freckles.

The person whom/who/that you saw in the park is my sister.

That is the picture that/which cost £3,000,000.

I don’t like bars which/that have loud music.

This is the man whose wife interviewed the Queen.

London is the city where you can see Big Ben.

We saw him at three o’clock, when he left school.

I remember the day when I met you.

2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative clauses describe and define the place, person or thing referred to. The

relative pronoun can be the subject or the object of the relative clause it introduces.



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As the subject

The person who / that works in a hospital or clinic is called a doctor.

The paper which/that the doctor gives you to get medicine is called a

prescription.

As the objectThe nurse whom/who/that I saw was very friendly.

The disease which/that he caught was very contagious.

How to identify a DEFINING relative clause

They are NOT separated from the rest of the text by the use of commas.

The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object or prepositional complement of the

defining relative clause. In the latter case, the preposition comes after the verb or after then

direct object if there is one.

Mrs Jones is the neighbour I went to the doctor with .

The pharmaceutical company my father works for has its headquarters in Paris.Sebastian is the slim man I was arguing with at the meeting.

In formal, written English, the previous two sentences would be written as follows:

Mrs Jones is the neighbour wi th whom I went to the doctor.

The pharmaceutical company for which my father works has its headquarters in Paris.

Sebastian is the slim man with whom I was arguing during the meeting.

THAT can be used to replace WHO or WHICH. WHAT can also be used as a relative pronoun to mean ‘the thing that’.

We ate what we wanted.

He told us what he knew.

But when we want to emphasise the idea of ‘everything that’ in English, we say ALL THAT.

We ate all that we wanted.



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He told us all that he knew.

3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Non-defining relative clauses give EXTRA information to that presented in the main

sentence, but this information could be omitted without it affecting the meaning of the sentence.

These clauses tend to be between commas when they are in the middle of the sentence.

My new computer, which I bought last month, works very fast.

Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, is the first black American president.

There may be a comma in front of the relative clause when it comes at the end of a

sentence.

John was born in Leeds, where he found his first job.

How to identify a NON-DEFINING relative clause

The relative pronouns can never be omitted in these clauses, and WHO and WHICH cannotbe replaced by the relative pronoun THAT.

WHICH may also be used before a subordinate adjective clause.

My brother passed all his exams, which surprised us a lot.



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IT IS / WAS + NOUN (or pronoun) + relative clause

It is Jenny who expresses herself best.

It was my brother who started the argument.

It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Saturday.

4. EXERCISES

1. Choose ALL the possible answers.

- Sue,…scored all the goals, won the game.

a. who b. that c. no relative pronoun needed

- The sweater … I bought yesterday is red.

a. that b. which c. no pronoun needed

- The music … you are listening to is very loud.

a. when b. that c. no pronoun needed

- Our TV, … is very old, broke down again.


-We visited the town … Shakespeare was born.

SUMMARY

Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses

They are used for definitions They add EXTRA information

Not separated by commas Separated by commas

WHO and WHICH can be replaced by THAT.

The relative pronouns can be omitted.

The relative pronouns cannot be omitted and

they cannot be replaced by THAT.



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a. where b. that c. no pronoun needed

2. Join the sentences. Use defining or non-defining relative clauses.

Example. She’s the researcher. She carried out research into gender differences.

She’s the researcher who carried out research into gender differences.

- My boss is very nice. He gave me a pay rise last week.

- Men and women are likely to feel stressed and tired. They work long hours.

- My cousin got a new job last week. She lives on the south coast.

- That’s the office. I work there.

- Frank has to walk to work now. His car has broken down.

- That’s the place. I had my job interview there.

3. Complete the sentences with WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHERE or WHOSE.

Warren Edward Buffett is the American investor who/that has been ranked as the second

richest man in the world.

Omaha is the place ____________ Buffett lives.

We like his investment philosophy, _________ is admired by many businessmen.

Philanthropy is an Ancient Greek word ________ meaning is to love people.

A philanthropist is a person _________ donates money or property to charity.

4. Complete the text with suitable relative pronouns. There may be more than one

possible answer.

Sardinia, _________ is an island off the west coast of Italy, is a great spot for people

_________ want to have a relaxing holiday. The island has cheap food and wonderful scenery,

and you can still find beaches __________ have remained unspoilt. Tourist attraction include

ancient castles and an amphitheatre ___________ the ancient Romans put on their

performances. Among the places worth visiting is the old town of Alghero, ___________



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language and buildings both show Spanish influence. It dates back to the 12th century,

________ the town was eventually conquered.

5. In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaningfrom the box and then write a sentence with WHO.

He/she Steals from a shop.Designs buildings.Doesn’t believe in God. Is not brave.

He/she Buys something from a shop.Pays rent to live in a house orflat.Breaks into a house to stealthings.Expects the worst to happen.

(an architect) An architect is someone who designs buildings.

(a burglar)

(a customer)

(a shoplifter)

(a coward)

(an atheist)

(a pessimist)

(a tenant)

6. Complete each sentence using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the

box.

We went to a party last nightI work with some peopleYou were looking for some booksYou can rely on GaryI applied for a jobI saw you with a manWe were invited to a weddingYou told me about a hotel

Are these the books you were looking for?

Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding…



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I enjoy my job, I like the people…

What’s the name of that hotel…?

The party… wasn’t very enjoyable.

I didn’t get the job…

Gary is a good person to know. He’s somebody…

Who was that man… in the restaurant?

7. Put in THAT or WHAT where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the

space empty.

- I gave her all the money – I had. (all the money THAT I had is also correct).

- Did you hear WHAT they said?

- They give their children everything ______ they want.

- Tell me _________ you want and I’ll try to get it for you.

- Why do you blame me for everything ________ goes wrong?

- I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do ________ I can.

- I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do the best ______ I can.

- I don’t agree with ________ you’ve just said.

- I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything _______ he says.

8. You met these people at a party:



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The next day you tell a friend about these people. Complete the sentences using WHO or

WHOSE.

- I met somebody whose mother writes detective stories.

- I met a man…

- I met a woman…

- I met somebody…

- I met a couple…

- I met somebody…

9. Match sentences (1-5) to pieces of information (a-e). In your notebook, join the

sentences using non-defining relative pronouns.

Example: W. Buffett, whose personal fortune is over 35 billion dollars, is the most successful

investor in history .

1. W. Buffett is the most successful investor inhistory.

a) It’s a neoclassical building.

2. My sister is two years older than me. b) Her birthday is in May.

3. The old cinema is going to be rebuilt. c) Her detective novels are popular all over theworld.

4. All his films are about human relationships. d) They have inspired many other filmdirectors.

5. Agatha Christie is also known as the ‘Queenof Crime’.

e) His personal fortune is over 35 billiondollars.



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10. Complete the sentences with a suitable relative pronoun below. There may be more

than one possible answer.

who which when where whose that

- He is an actor ___________ has appeared in many films.

- She's writing an essay ________________ must be finished by Monday.

- We stayed in a holiday village _______________ lots of activities were offered.

- I just read about a woman ____________ house is haunted.

11. Combine the sentences using non-defining relative clauses. Remember to put the

commas in the correct place.

- Sam's father is a pilot. He travels to London every week.

____________________________________________

- The programme ends at 10 o'clock. I always go to sleep then.

___________________________________________

- Mandy grew up speaking English. Her mother is British.

___________________________________________

Venice is a beautiful city. It is built on canals.

__________________________________________

The city centre is very crowded. My father's shop is there.

__________________________________________

12. Decide which relative pronouns can be omitted and rewrite those sentences in your

notebook.

- They lived in a quiet neighbourhood where everyone knew each other.

- Syward Skeid is the man who seems to have lost his memory.

- She thanked the lady who found her purse.

- That was the year when Shakira made a name for herself.



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- Dublin is a city that I would love to visit.

- What are the cash prizes which the winners will receive?

- The opening ceremony was an event which I will never forget.

5. ADJECTIVE ORDER

The most frequent order of adjectives in a sentence:

1. Quality/ opinion (nice, famous, beautiful, good, bad)

2. Size (big, small, short, little, long, large, enormous, long)

3. Shape (round, square)

4. Age (19th century, old, modern, new, young)

5. Colour (white, green, black)

6. Design (checked, striped, tartan, plain)

7. Origin (Irish, Italian, French)

8. Material (wooden, plastic, iron, silk, cotton, gold)

9. Purpose (walking, looking)

A nice white wooden table

A famous short Irish actor

A little green plastic bottle

A long 19th century walking stick

A beautiful old Italian hat

A large round modern looking glass

An enormous black iron bed

A long checked silk scarf



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1. (Student’s Book, page 40, exercise 8). Rewrite the sentences with the adjectives in the

correct order.

- I’d like to buy a lamp. (nice/ Italian / glass)

- Has anybody seen my tie? (French / silk / red)

- The baby’s playing with a doll. (beautiful / china / big)

- Madrid is a capital city. (interesting / large / European)

- This is a table. (18th century / beautiful / Italian)

2. Rewrite the sentences with the adjectives in the correct order.

I’ve bought a jumper. (new / lovely / cotton).

Margie has hair. (curly / black / short).

The next object is a tennis racket. (wooden / 19th century / unusual).

3. Write the words in the correct order.

A serving Japanese bowl small

A boat blue beautiful sailing

A cotton dirty old tie

An exciting French new band

A square wooden old table

A steel new carving knife

A red big plastic hat

A small Canadian thin lady

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adjord1.htm






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6. VOCABULARY: PERSONALITY AND APPEARANCE

PERSONALITY APPEARANCE Ambitious Absent-minded

Aggressive AmusingCourageousGenerousGreedyLazyShyDemandingEloquentIntuitiveSelfishStubborn

WiseWittyFunny(Un)friendly(Dis)honestEasy-going(Im)matureImaginative(Im)patient(In)dependentSensitiveSensible

JudgmentalLazyHard-workingNaïveNoisyNosyOutspokenProudQuietResponsibleSelfishReliable

Vain / conceitedFull of himself / herself

BaldBalding

BeardBunPonytailBraidDreadlocksBroad-shoulderedBlonde / brown / dark / redLong / short / shoulder-lengthCurly / straight / wavySpikyFrecklesMole

DimpleOverweightPalePonytailSkinnySlimStraightSuntanWavyWell-builtWrinklesCurvy

ChubbyGood-lookingGorgeousHandsomeBeautifulSlender

- What are you like? (¿Cómo eres? – Rasgos de la personalidad)

- What do you look like? (¿Cómo eres? – Apariencia física)



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7. WRITING: A DESCRIPTION

Introduction A physical description of your friend

(age, appearance)

Body Give details on home/family, jobs/studies, character, hobbies, your

opinion of him/her, when you met.

Conclusion State why you like the person described

- Write a description of someone you admire (this could be a close friend, family member

or someone famous). Include why you like this person.

8. ANSWERS

1. Choose ALL the possible answers.

- Sue,…scored all the goals, won the game.

a. who

- The sweater … I bought yesterday is red.


- The music … you are listening to is very loud.

b. that c. no pronoun needed

- Our TV, … is very old, broke down again.

b. which

-We visited the town … Shakespeare was born.

a. where

2. Join the sentences. Use defining or non-defining relative clauses.



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- My boss is very nice. He gave me a pay rise last week.

My boss, who is very nice, gave me a pay rise last week.

- Men and women are likely to feel stressed and tired. They work long hours.

Men and women who work long hours are likely to feel stressed and tired.

- My cousin got a new job last week. She lives on the south coast.

My cousin, who lives on the south coast, go a new job last week.

- That’s the office. I work there.

That’s the office where I work.

- Frank has to walk to work now. His car has broken down.

Frank, whose car has broken down, has to walk to work now.

- That’s the place. I had my job interview there.

That’s the place where I had my job interview.

3. Complete the sentences with WHO, WHICH, THAT, WHERE or WHOSE.

Omaha is the place WHERE Buffett lives.

We like his investment philosophy, WHICH is admired by many businessmen.

Philanthropy is an Ancient Greek word WHOSE meaning is to love people.

A philanthropist is a person WHO/THAT donates money or property to charity.

4. Complete the text with suitable relative pronouns. There may be more than one

possible answer.

Sardinia, WHICH is an island off the west coast of Italy, is a great spot for people WHO /THAT

want to have a relaxing holiday. The island has cheap food and wonderful scenery, and you can

still find beaches WHICH/THAT have remained unspoilt. Tourist attraction include ancient

castles and an amphitheatre WHERE the ancient Romans put on their performances. Among

the places worth visiting is the old town of Alghero, WHOSE language and buildings both show

Spanish influence. It dates back to the 12th century, WHEN the town was eventually conquered.



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5. In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning

from the box and then write a sentence with WHO.

(a burglar) A BURGLAR IS SOMEONE WHO BREAKS INTO A HOUSE TO STEAL THINGS

(a customer) A CUSTOMER IS SOMEONE WHO BUYS THINGS FROM A SHOP

(a shoplifter) A SHOPLIFTER IS SOMEONE WHO STEALS FROM A SHOP

(a coward) A COWARD IS SOMEONE WHO IS NOT BRAVE

(an atheist) AN ATHEIST IS SOMEONE WHO DOESN'T BELIEVE IN GOD

(a pessimist) A PESSIMIST IS SOMEONE WHO EXPECTS THE WORST TO HAPPEN

(a tenant) A TENANT IS SOMEONE WHO PAYS RENT TO LIVE IN A HOUSE OR FLAT

6. Complete each sentence using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the

box.

Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding WE WERE INVITED TO

I enjoy my job, I like the people I WORK WITH

What’s the name of that hotel YOU TOLD ME ABOUT

The party WE WENT TO LAST NIGHT wasn’t very enjoyable.

I didn’t get the job I APPLIED FOR.

Gary is a good person to know. He’s somebody YOU CAN RELY ON.

Who was that man I SAW YOU WITH in the restaurant?

7. Put in THAT or WHAT where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the

space empty.

- They give their children everything (THAT) they want.

- Tell me WHAT you want and I’ll try to get it for you.

- Why do you blame me for everything THAT goes wrong?

- I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do WHAT I can.



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- I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do the best (THAT) I can.

- I don’t agree with WHAT you’ve just said.

- I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything (THAT) he says.

8. You met these people at a party.

- I met a man WHOSE WIFE IS AN ENGLISH TEACHER

- I met a woman WHO OWNS A RESTAURANT

- I met somebody WHOSE AMBITION IS TO CLIMB EVEREST

- I met a couple WHO HAVE JUST GOT MARRIED

- I met somebody WHOSE PARENTS USED TO WORK IN A CIRCUS

9. Match sentences (1-5) to pieces of information (a-e). In your notebook, join the

sentences using non-defining relative pronouns.

Example: W. Buffett, whose personal fortune is over 35 billion dollars, is the most successful

investor in history .

MY SISTER, WHOSE BIRTHDAY IS IN MAY, IS TWO YEARS OLDER THAN ME.

THE OLD CINEMA, WHICH IS A NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING, IS GOING TO BE REBUILT.

ALL HIS FILMS, WHICH ARE ABOUT HUMAN RELATIONSHIOS, HAVE INSPIRED MANY

OTHER FILM DIRECTORS.

AGATHA CHRISTIE, WHOSE DETECTIVE NOVELS ARE POPULAR ALL OVER THE

WORLD, IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘QUEEN OF CRIME’

10. Complete the sentences with a suitable relative pronoun below. There may be more

than one possible answer.

- He is an actor WHO/THAT has appeared in many films.

- She's writing an essay WHICH/THAT must be finished by Monday.

- We stayed in a holiday village WHERE lots of activities were offered.

- I just read about a woman WHOSE house is haunted.



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11. Combine the sentences using non-defining relative clauses. Remember to put the

commas in the correct place.

- Sam's father is a pilot. He travels to London every week.

SAM’S FATHER, WHO IS A PILOT, TRAVELS TO LONDON EVERY WEEK.

- The programme ends at 10 o'clock. I always go to sleep then.

I ALWAYS GO TO SLEEP AT 10 ‘CLOCK, WHEN THE PROGRAMME ENDS.

- Mandy grew up speaking English. Her mother is British.

MANDY, WHOSE MOTHER IS BRITISH, GREW UP SPEAKING ENGLISH.

Venice is a beautiful city. It is built on canals.

VENICE, WHICH IS A BEAUTIFUL CITY, IS BUILT ON CANALS.

The city centre is very crowded. My father's shop is there.

THE CITY CENTRE, WHERE MY FATHER’S SHOP IS, IS VERY CROWDED.

12. Decide which relative pronouns can be omitted and rewrite those sentences in your

notebook.

- They lived in a quiet neighbourhood where everyone knew each other. (IT CANNOT BE

OMITTED)

- Syward Skeid is the man who seems to have lost his memory. (IT CANNOT BE OMITTED)

- She thanked the lady who found her purse. (IT CANNOT BE OMITTED)

- That was the year when Shakira made a name for herself.

THAT WAS THE YEAR SHAKIRA MADE A NAME FOR HERSELF

- Dublin is a city that I would love to visit.

DUBLIN IS A CITY I WOULD LOVE TO VISIT

- What are the cash prizes which the winners will receive?

WHAT ARE THE CASH PRIZES THE WINNERS WILL RECEIVE

- The opening ceremony was an event which I will never forget.

THE OPENING CEREMONY WAS AN EVENT I WILL NEVER FORGET



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1. (Student’s Book, page 40, exercise 8). Rewrite the sentences with the adjectives in the

correct order.

- I’d like to buy a NICE ITALIAN GLASS lamp.

- Has anybody seen my RED FRENCH SILK tie?

- The baby’s playing with a BEAUTIFUL BIG CHINA doll.

- Madrid is AN INTERESTING LARGE EUROPEAN capital city.

- This is a BEAUTIFUL 18TH CENTURY ITALIAN table.

2. Rewrite the sentences with the adjectives in the correct order.

I’ve bought a LOVELY NEW COTTON jumper.

Margie has SHORT CURLY BLACK hair.

The next object is an UNUSUAL 19TH CENTURY WOODEN tennis racket.

3. Write the words in the correct order.

A SMALL JAPANESE SERVING BOWL

A BEAUTIFUL BLUE SAILING BOAT

A DIRTY OLD COTTON TIE

AN EXCITING NEW FRENCH BAND

A SQUARE OLD WOODEN TABLE

A NEW STEEL CARVING KNIFE

A BIG RED PLASTIC HAT

A SMALL THIN CANADIAN LADY

2º de Bachillerato a Distancia - Quincena 5

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