2nd term lecture,_enterics,_psuedo,_bru,_borde,_hemoph,not_midterm[1]
Transcript of 2nd term lecture,_enterics,_psuedo,_bru,_borde,_hemoph,not_midterm[1]
Microbiology PHT 123Entrobacteriaceae
2010-20112nd Term 2nd Semester
Properties of EnterobacteriaceaeFound in intestines of humans and animalsG+C ration is 39-59%Phylogenetically closely relatedType genus is Escherichia coli Gram-negative facultative anaerobic rodsMotile except Shigella and KlebsiellaOptimum Temp 35oC-37oCFermentation prefered:
Oxidation-reduction of glucose anaerobicaly generating alcohols, acids, CO2 gas
Oxidase negative, Catalase positiveNitrate is reduced
extract oxygen from NO3 reducing it to (NO2)
Enterobacteriaceae: Major Genera
EscherichiaShigellaSalmonella EdwardsiellaCitrobacter YersiniaKlebsiellaEnterobacterSerratiaProteusMorganella Providencia
Enterobacteriaceae: Types of Infectious DiseaseIntestinal infections (diarrheal, dysentery, colitis…etc)
Shigella dysentriae (dysentery)Salmonella enteritidis (gastroenteritis)Salmonella typhimurium (gastroenteritis)Escherichia coli O157:H7 (hemorrhagic colitis, hamburger disease)Yersinia enterocolitica (enterocolitis)
Extra-intestinal infectionUrinary tract (primarily cystitis)
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and Proteus mirabilis
Respiratory (nosocomial pneumonia) Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis
Wound (surgical wound infection)Bloodstream (gram-negative bacteremia)Central nervous system (neonatal meningitis)
Nosocomial (hospital) Infections Escherichia coli Enterobacter spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis Serratia marcescens Citrobacter spp1
Enteric Reference Laboratory, CDC
Types of E. coliTypes of E. coli
Enteropathogenic E.coli
(EPEC)
Entrotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
E. coli enteroinvasive
(EIEC)
E. coli enterohemmoragic(EHEC O157:H7, Humpergur
E. coli enteroaggregative
(EAEC)
DiagnosticsEnteroScreen 4™single test for non-lactose-fermenting, oxidase-negative, enteric pathogens
Urease
Lys decooHase
H2S
Lys deNH3
MacConkey Agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar both are:
Differential medium for lactose fermentationDifferentiates lactose fermenters and non-fermenters
Selective mediumSelects enteric gram negatives and Inhibit gram positives
Specimens: Feces,, sputum, urine, wound, peritoneal flulids: MAC or EMB
EMB MacConkey
Salmonella-Shigella (SS) AgarSelective for Salmonella and Shigella speceis
black colonies
Biochemical testsIndole, Methyl Red, Voges-Prosakaur, Citrate
(IMViC) Tests detects:Glucose fermentation resulting in mix-acidsOR neutral pathways producing AcetoinCitrate and urease utiliztions
Most tests are included in recent technologies like API, Vitek,
Advanced Identification kits
2. Vitec Kits: All media or antibiotics are tested in this cardAnd the computer reads out the card after 8-12 hours
Card
1. ABI kit
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Properties
Gram-negative rods.
Motile with polar flagella.
Obligate aerobe.
Oxidase-positive.
Do not ferment carbohydrates.
Resistant to multiple drugs.
P. aeruginosaClinical Diseases
Infection of wounds and burns (blue-green pus).
Skin and nail infections
Pulmonary infection Necrotizing pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis patients
Eye infections: corneal ulcer.
Ear infections Otitis externa: swimmers
Endocarditis
Urinary tract infection
Forms fluorescent greenish colonies, sweet odor, and b-hemolysis.
• Pyocyanin- nonfluorescent bluish pigment;
• pyoverdin- fluorescent greenish pigment;
• pyorubin, and pyomelanin
• Some strains have a polysaccharide capsule.
• Identification of P. aeruginosa is usually based on colonial morphology, b-hemolysis, oxidase positivity, the presence of characteristic pigments and sweet odor, and growth at 42 oC.
P. aeruginosa
Brucellosis: Brucella spp. 1887 by Dr. David Bruce.
Zoonotic diseaseTransmitted by animals and their productsGram negative, coccobacilli bacteriaFacultative, intracellular organismEnvironmental persistence
Temperature, pH, humidityFrozen and aborted materials
Brucella: PropertiesHighly contagious zoonotic diseaseAlso known as undulant fever(intermittent), Malta
fever, Gibraltar fever, Bang's disease, or Mediterranean fever,
Brucellosis mostly is occur in people who work with livestock
It is an intracellular parasite, and can be congenitalZoonotic Species in animals
B. abortus in cattle B. suis in hogs B. melitensis in goats and sheep
Symptoms :intermittent fever, sweating, chills, aches, and mental depression.
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Diagnosis in HumansIsolation of organism
Blood, bone marrow, other tissuesSerum agglutination test
Four-fold or greater rise in titerSamples 2 weeks apart
ImmunofluorescenceOrganism in clinical specimens
PCRTreatment
tetracyclines (with streptomycin), co-trimoxazole, and sulfonamides, is effective. Bed rest is also imperative
Bordetella pertussis: Whooping Cough Well known
Infects only man, (child hood disease)Aerobic, Gram negative coccobacillihighly communicable through Respiratory tract
Whooping cough. Produce endotoxin, pertusis toxinThree stages of disease
Catarrhal: runny nose, low fever, and mild cough 1-2wksParoxysmal stage: repetitive coughing 1-6 wksConvalescent stage: final, weeks to months
DiagnosisIsolation, PCR, direct fluorescent antibody, and serology
TreatmentErythromycin, Azithromycin, and clarithromycin
Vaccine: part of regular vaccination schedule (See
tetanus, DTP)
Haemophilus Spp (Blood/heme loving)Small, nonmotile, pleomorphic, Gram negative, coccobacilli,
obligate parasites of man and animalsIsolated in an influenza Pandemic 1890 and was mistakenly
considered the cause of influenza until Influenza virus was confirmed. Contrary to what the name suggests, the bacterium does not cause influenza
Occurs in two forms virulent capsulated and noncapsulatedAerobic, could be facultative anaerobic, fastidious require X factor
(i.e., hemin) and V factor (NAD or NADP)to growchocolate blood agar which is prepared by adding blood to an agar
base at 80oC. The heat releases X and V factors from the RBCs and turns the medium a chocolate brown color.
H. Influenza type b is the major pathogen (95% of human disease)Man and animals are only natural hosts, highly adapted to man
H. Ducreyi STD (soft chancroid) not common
Opportunistic pathogens with uncommon or rare infections include:H. Aphrophilus, H. Parapgrophilus, H. Parainfluenza, H. haemolyticus,
H. Parahemolyticus, H. segnis
H. Influenza have no specific
syndrome but can cause:
meningitis, conjunctivitis,
sinusitis, cellulitis, otitis, epiglottitis,
pneumonia,
Health Canada and www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs
According to WHO 3 million serious illnesses, 386 000 deaths uder age of 5, per year by meningitis and pneumonia
Important secondary invader to influenza virusIn swine influenza in pigs, association between the virus and
Haemophilus suis is necessary for the disease.Similar association between human influenza virus and H.
influenzae seen in chick embryos and infant rats. The fight between Streptococcus pneumoniae
In vitro Strep pneumoniae winsIn vivo H. Influenza winsIn vivo H. Influenza signals host immune system against S.
pneumoniae, the former is not well affected
One of the most transformable genomes: First genome 1995
H. Influenza was the first free living organism to have the complete genome sequenced in 1995 by The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) now the J. Craig Venter Institute
Why is it highly adaptedTransformable by many ways, by first making “blebs” in outer
membraneThe genome consists of 1,830,140 base pairs of DNA in a
single circular chromosome that contains 1740 protein-coding genes, 58 transfer RNA genes tRNA, and 18 other RNA genes. The sequencing method used is whole-genome shotgun, which was completed and published in Science in 1995 and conducted at The Institute for Genomic Research.[12
Diagnosis
Microscopy to detect in CSF, synovial fluids, Culturing, difficult, may be not sensitivelatex particle agglutination test (LAT)PCR
cefotaxime , ceftriaxone, ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones are preferred.
Hib conjugate vaccineHib is preventable, The two major obstacles to
prevention of Hib disease are a shortage of information and a shortage of moneyShortage of info: difficult to diagnose, it causes death
without being recognizedHib vaccine is expensive in 2005, it costs roughly
seven times the total cost of vaccines against measles, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
H.influenza: Hidden disease, diagnostics, and treatment dilema. How Hib goes undergoundDoes not cause a unique disease syndrome, but deadly
forms are pneumonia and meningitis But other bacteria also cause pneumonia and meningitisDoctors respond first with Antibiotics to childhood
pneumonia or meningitisHowever, to confirm a case of Hib samples must be taken:
a blood specimen in the case of pneumonia,a spinal-fluid specimen by lumbar puncture in the case of meningitis and the bacteria must then be isolated from those specimens in a
laboratory...a challenge even for sophisticated laboratories In developing countries, these tests may not be made at all, or
laboratories may fail to carry them out correctly, or Hib's presence may be masked because antibiotics were given before the samples were taken
The hidden nature of Hib...this is how Hib is underestimated
A "Rapid Assessment Tool" has been developed by WHO and CDC to make sensible estimates of Hib