27. What occurs during:

•Replication- DNA making DNA

•Transcription- DNA making RNA

•Translation- RNA making Proteins

28. What are the differences between DNA and RNA (name three)

DNA RNA

Sugar-deoxyribose

Sugar-ribose

Double stranded

Single stranded

ATCG AUCG

29. What is a codon and how is it involved in protein synthesis? 3-letter code word on

mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid

30. During replication, the DNA sequence of GTTACGCAT would result in another strand have a sequence of?

GTTACGCAT

CAATGCGTA

31. During transcription, the DNA sequence of GTTACGCAT would result in a strand of RNA having a sequence of?

GTTACGCAT

CAAUGCGUA

32. Use the table below to determine what amino acid sequence the following strands of mRNA would code for:

•GGCAUACCC- Gly - Ile - Pro

•UUCCAGUUA- Phe - Stop - Leu

•GCAUUACGG- Ala - Leu - Arg

What about a DNA sequence of:

•GGCATACCC-

•CCGUAUGGG- Pro-Tyr-Pro

•UUCCAGTTA-

•AAGGUCAAU- Lys-Val-Asn

•GCATTACGG-

•CGUAAUGCC- Arg-Asn-Ala

33. What are the complementary bases in DNA and in RNA?

•DNA- ATCG

•RNA- AUCG

34. Males are more likely to have a sex-linked trait than females. Why?

Males only have a single X chromosome and will have recessive disorder on X chromosome automatically (do not have another X with a possible normal gene to counteract)

XHXh & XHXh- normal XhXh –disorder

XHY –normal XhY –disorder

35. Why can a women be a carrier of a sex-linked genetic disorder but a male cannot?

Girls have 2 X chromosomes

XHXh- normal (carrier) carries the gene but does not express it

35. What is crossing over? (Draw a diagram and explain)

Legs of chromosomes cross over each other and exchange parts of themselves

36. Complete the following genetic cross and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring: Tt x tt (draw punnett square and give ratios)

Tt tt

Tt tt

T t

t

t

Genotypic ratio- 1:1

Phenotypic ratio- 1:1

37. Complete the following genetic cross and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring: XXh x XhY (draw punnett square and give ratios)

XXh XhXh

XY XhY

X Xh

Xh

Y

Genotypic ratio- 1:1:1:1

Phenotypic ratio- 1:1:1:1Female-normal

Female-disorder

Male-normal

Male-disorder

38. In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)? (draw punnett square)

RR Rr

Rr rr

R r

R

r

Genotypic ratio- 1:2:1

Phenotypic ratio- 3:1

39. What is cloning?

Cloning- a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

40. What does biodiversity mean?

Biodiversity- the variation and frequency of organisms within a given area

41. How do alterations in a habit affect the biodiversity?

Normally decreases the diversity. Human intervention, urbanization, habitat fragmentation and distruction

42. What are biotic and abiotic factors that effect an environment?

Biotic- all the living things in an environment (plant, animal, bacteria, etc.)Abiotic- non-living factors including temperature, precipitation (rainfall), soil type, etc.

43. What are are the main trophic levels in a food chain or web? (Draw and label a diagram)

Trophic level- individual level on food chain or food web. Always starts with producer (autotroph)

44. What is always forms the base of a food chain or food web?

Always a producer

45. What are the four factors that affect a population size?

Birth rate

Immigration

Death rate

Emigration

INCREASES POPULATION SIZE

DECREASES POPULATION SIZE

46. What is ecological succession and what is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Series of events an environment goes through to regrow after a disturbance

Primary- starts with bare rock

Secondary- starts with soil

47. What are biogeochemical cycles?

cycling of nutrients (minerals and other chemicals) that sustain life. Three main cycles

Carbon cycle-

Nitrogen cycle-

Water cycle-

Phosphorus cycle-

48. What are the two main processes that contribute to the oxygen and carbon cycles?

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

49. What is an energy pyramid and what percent of energy is available to each succeeding trophic level?

The movement of energy through an ecosystem.

Only 10% is available to each succeeding step

50. What is carrying capacity?

The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support

51. How does the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation effect the environment?

Burning fossil fuels = more CO2 (product of combustion)

Deforestation = more CO2 (trees not using CO2 for photosynthesis)

52. Why are fungi and bacteria so important and helpful in preventing the Earth from being covered with dead organisms?

They are decomposers and return nutrients to the environment

53. What is natural selection and why does natural selection act on phenotypes instead of genotypes?

Natural selection- process by which certain heritable traits—those that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce —become more common in a population over successive generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

54. Define the following terms:

•Species- individual type of organism

•Population- group of same species in area

•Community- groups of different population in given area

•Biome- geographical region containing several ecosystems that have same climate and dominant communities (climax communities)

55. What type of traits might give an individual a greater chance of surviving (fitness)?

Those that make an organism more successful at getting food, mating, camouflage, etc

56. What type of isolation might lead to the development of a new species?

Geographic isolation- mountain ranges, rivers, oceans, etc.

Temporal isolation- timing of mating season

Behavioral isolation- different mating rituals

All three increase the chances that isolated groups will grow increasingly different and

eventually form a distinct new species

57. Define the following terms:

•Behavioral selection-

•Disruptive selection-

•Stabilizing selection-

•Directional selection-

58. What is genetic drift and when might it occur?

New population forms from small group of founders that might have limited gene pool.

May form when small number of individuals populate new island