27 lecture protists!
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Transcript of 27 lecture protists!
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Gram
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• Botulin, tetanus• Exotoxin is made
inside bacteria and secreted out
• Exotoxin can elicit immune response
• Exotoxin can be vaccinated against
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Exotoxin
• Botulin, tetanus• Exotoxin is made inside
bacteria and secreted out
• Exotoxin can elicit immune response
• Exotoxin can be vaccinated against
• G-positive
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Endotoxin
• Gram negative• Have outer membrane• ENDOtoxin is released
when bacteria die• ENDOtoxin does not
elicit an immune response
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Protists (28)
• All are eukaryotes • Habitat
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Old classification
1. slime mold2. Algae3. Protozoa
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diplomad
• Flagella• Mostly parasites• Asexual reproduction• TWO nuclei, lack
mitochondria, no Golgi
• Giardia (cause diarrhea) “looks like a happy face”
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parabasalids
• Anaerobic flagellate• NO mitochondria• YES, it has a Golgi• Flagella arranged in
cluster on anterior• Commensal symbiont of
animals• Termites and
cockroaches have parabasalids in their guts
• Trichomonas (STD) transmit through toilet seat
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Trichomoniasis
• Change of pH in vagina shift from 4 to 5 (less acidic)
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kinetoplastids
• Kinetoplast: DNA found in mitochondria
• Some are free living and some are parasites
• Leishmania (sand fly)• Trypanosome (African
sleeping sickness)• Chagas (kissing bug)
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Euglenids
• pellicle (thin, flexible outer covering)
• Chloroplast (auto or heterotrophic)
• Eyespot (stigma): detect light
• One or two flagella• Paramylon granule:
stores starch
• Euglena
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Alveolates
• Alveoli (membrane bound sac)
• THREE phylum1. Dinoflagellate2. Ciliate3. apicomplexa
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dinoflagellate
• marine, unicellular, photosynthetic
• possess 2 flagella• chromosomes lack
histones• bioluminescence• many are symbiont of
corals; dinoflagellates give sugar to corals; corals provide home
• coral bleaching
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red tide
• explosive growth of dinoflagellates
• filter feeder (i.e. clams) eat the neurotoxin, then humans eat the clams
• Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) make poison
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Apicomplexan (sprozoan)
• harmful protist• malaria1. apicoplast (non-
photosynthetic plastid) which stores starch
2. apical complex used to penetrate host’s cell
• two or more different host species for life cycle completion
• Plasmodium sps: cause malaria
• cyclical chills• female mosquito
Anopheles
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Toxoplasma (apicomplexan)
• causes toxoplasmosis• can cause blindness in
immunocompromised people
• can damage human fetus
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ciliates• possess cilia to move and feed• have TWO nuclei
1. large: everyday cell function (metabolism)
2. small: sexual reproduction (conjugation)
• MOST advanced protist– gullet: food particles go in– anal pore: waste goes out
– For other protists, “same hole is used for everything,” Prof. Phommasaysy
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stramenopiles (heterokontes)
• TWO flagella1. hairy2. smooth
• EXCEPT oomcytes, all have fucoxanthin (yellow-brown carotenoid)
• golden algae• brown algae– conceptide: make
gametes and zoospores
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FOUR clades of stramenopiles
1. oomycetes2. diatoms3. golden algae4. brown algae
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oomycetes (water molds)
• fungus-like protists• oogonia “egg fungi”
have female gametes• oogonia
• water molds: fish parasites
• white rust: tree parasites
• downy mildew: crop plant parasites
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Irish potato famine
• oomycetes • Phytophthora infestans
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diatoms
• photosynthetic• two-part, silica shell
called frustule
• Why are they important?– most O2 production (more
than rain forests)– food for organisms– oil (fossil fuel)– diatomaceous earth make
insectide
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golden algae
• pigment fucoxanthin• biflagellated• most are freshwater
• P. Parvums
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brown algae (seaweed, kelp)
• Phaeophyles• most complex, largest
algae• most are multicellular• algin
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Quiz on Thursday 11/21!