25-06-2021 FINAL SAMAJ VIGYAN BOOK

ता

जोन

भोपाल

[email protected]

डॉ. ए.एम.खान

E-ISBN: 978-81-953948-3-8 © ek[kuyky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk ,oa lapkj fo’ofo|ky;] Hkksiky

अमुख

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

RESEARCH SKILLS

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(13)

R ReadingEEnquirySSearchingA AcquisitionRReading and ReviewC Conceptualizing HHypothesis

(16)

(Mind Set for Research):

(18)

(Quality Reserch):

(19)

(Pitfalls in Setting

Research Objective (RO)):

(21)

(Learning the Research Skills

(LRS)):

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(24)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(25)

(Lesson Learnt from the Examples):

(33)

(Variable: Literal Meaning of

Variable):

(36)

(Research Tools):

(38)

(Type of Research):

(39)

DEVELOPING RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Specific ConceptsŸ

Specific ToolsŸ

(42)

Research Proposal

(Problem Identification):

(Statement of Research Problem):

(43)

(Review of Literature):

(44)

Phenomena

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(Rationale of the Study):

(Objectives of Study):

(45)

item

(Hypothesis):

FormulationT-Test

(Research Design):

(46)

(Methodology):

Sampling(Sampling Framework):

(Tools of Data Collection):

(Data Analysis):

(47)

Open-EndedValue

(Time Frame):

XXXXX

(48)

1 3 421 3 42 1 3 42

(Human Resource):

Tabular

(49)

v/;k; foHkktu ;kstuk (Chapterization Plan):

(50)

(Budget):

X X

XX XX XX

XX XX

xxxx

* xxxx

xxxx

*

(51)

(Bibliogrphy):

Item

References

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(52)

EXPLORING RESEARCH GAPS

LITERATURE REVIEW

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

(53)

Ÿ

BellŸ

Bruce

Ÿ Blaxter et. al

Ÿ Philips and Pugh

(54)

Ÿ Numan

Ÿ Rudestam and Newstam

Colling

(Purpose of Review of

Literature (ROL)):

(55)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(56)

(Taxonomy of Literature

Reviews):

(Focus Area of ROL):

(58)

(Goal of ROL):

(Perspective of ROL):

(Coverage of ROL):

(59)

(Accomplishment

of Tasks by ROL):

(ROL

Builds a Solid Theoretical Foundation):

(60)

(Fitting

the ROL into Proposal Research):

(Fitting Research into Existing Work (body of knowledge)):

(61)

(Where to Look for Quality

Literature?):

e.g. - i.e. -

(62)

c.f. - n.b. - > - < - = - -> -

(Quality of Literature):

(Avoiding Common Pitfalls):

(63)

(Points to Remember

during ROL):

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(64)

Ÿ

(Reference)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(65)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(66)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(67)

DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(68)

+

(69)

(Importance of Hypotheses):

(71)

(Formulation of Hypothesis):

(72)

(Null Hypothesis and

Alternative Hypothesis):

(73)

Co-relational HypothesisDirectional Hypothesis

(74)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ One way ANOVA

(76)

ANOVA

Ÿ

(Characteristics of Hypothesis):

(Testing of Hypothesis):

(77)

*

*

(78)

A A B F-

v/s v/s v/s

**

**

*

**-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd

(80)

r

*

*

**

(81)

**

*

*

**

**

**

# **

# **

# **

*

# **

# **

**

*

*

**

=

(82)

r=

#-

(83)

Regression

(84)

** **

** **

** **

** **

** **

** **

**

(85)

(Errors in Testing

Hypothesis):

(86)

(Possible

Causes of Errors in Testing a Hypothesis):

(Reference)

(87)

UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH DESIGNS

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(88)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(89)

(Benefits of Research Design):

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

(Type of Research Design):

(90)

(Exploratory Research Design):

(Conclusive Research Design)

(Descriptive Research Design)

(91)

(Single Cross-sectional Research

Design):

(92)

(Multiple Cross-sectional Research

Design):

(93)

(Longitudinal Research Design

(LRD)):

(Experimental Research Design):

(94)

EG- Experimental Group- CG- Control Group-

(95)

O- OX- XTE-

(Pre-Experimental Research

Design)

(One Group

Case Study Experimental Research Design)

XO1

(96)

X O 1

(One Group Pre-test Post-test Experimental

Research Design)

O1 X O2TE= O2- O1

O1 O2 X TE TE TE (Static Group Experimental

Research Design)

TECGCG EG CG

(97)

CG CG

EG= XO1CG= O2

TE= O1 - O2

TE CG TE= O1-O2 (True Experimental Research

Design)

EG= RO1 X O2CG=RO3 O4

TE= (O2-O1) - (O4-O3)

= O4-O3

TE

(98)

MEOOTE= (O2 - O1) - (O4-O3)

EG= R X O1

CG= R O2

TE= O1 - O1 2

EG CG EG TE O1-O2

(Randomised Block

Experiment Research Design)

(99)

EG1= RO1 X1 O2EG2= RO3 X2 O4EG3= RO5 X3 O6

EG1, d Ldwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fd;k x;k izFke iz;ksx gS] EG2 nwljk Ldwy gS] tcfd EG3 rhljk Ldwy gSA X1 n'kkZrk gS CysdcksMZ dh enn ls f'k{k.k] X2

n'kkZrk gS dEI;wVj dh enn ls f'k{k.k vkSj X3 n'kkZrk gS PPT dh enn ls f'k{k.k@fuEufyf[kr Vscy i)fr&okj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fu"iknu n'kkZrk gS% X1 X2 X3

(Latin Square

Experimental Research Design)

(100)

% %% % %% % % %

(Factorial Statistical

Experimental Research Design)

(101)

PPT

xxxx

(102)

x

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

(103)

i

ii

ww w

w

w w w

(104)

(Design):

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(106)

(Analytical inside stimulation

of)(Experience Survey)

(108)

DATA COLLECTION METHODS QUANTITATIVE TOOLS

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

(109)

(Section A)

(Questionnaire/Interview

Schedule)

(Formal Procedure):

(110)

i(Avoiding Sensitive Issues)

ii(Structure of Question)

P

(111)

(Dichotomous Structure):

(Multiple Options Questions):

(Scale Type Structure):

(112)

iii(Use of Simple Vocabulary)

iv(Avoid Using Leading Questions)

v (Avoiding Double Barreled

Questions)

vi(Filtering Question)

(113)

vii(Sequence of the Questions)

(Informal Way for

Preparing a Questionnaire):

(114)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(115)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

(Pre-testing of Questionnaire):

(116)

(Section B)

(Preparation of Measuring Scale)

(117)

(Cognitive (Knowledge) component)

(118)

(Affective (Liking) component) (Behaviour or intention component)

(Types of Measuring Scale)

(Single Item Scale):

(119)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(Constant-Sum Scale)

(120)

(Single item five points

Scale/three points/four points scales):

+ +

(Multiple Items Scales):

i(Likert Scale)

(121)

*

*

(Steps for Developing a

Likert Scale):(122)

ii(Semantic Differential Scale)

x

xx

(123)

iii(Thurstone Scale)

(124)

xx

(126)

++++++++++==

(127)

USE OF OBSERVATION METHOD

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

(128)

*

(Uncontrolled Observation)

(130)

(Controlled Observation)

(Systematizing Data

Collection):

(131)

(Participant and Non-

Participant Observation):

(132)

(Participant Observation)Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

(133)

(Non-participant Observation):

(Advantages):

(Limitations):

(134)

(Conclusion):

(Reference)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(135)

RESEARCH TOOLS DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES : RELIABILITY AND VALEDITY

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(136)

*

Predictability

(Realiability):

(137)

(The wording of the questions)

(The physical setting)

Mood of the respondents

(The nature of interventions)

(138)

(External Consistency Method):

(Test/Retest method)

= =k

=k

(Parallel forms of the same

scale):

(139)

(Internal Consistency Method):

(Frequency distribution

of items of the scale)calculate

(140)

(Experience Survey): I

ComputeCompute Total=++++I

(Reliability of the Scale):

(141)

Cronbach Alpha

(142)

Compute odd Total=++Compute Even Total=++

(Validity):

(144)

(Methods for Checking the

Validity): Content Validity

Expert Validity

Predictive Validity

(145)

Face Validity

Concurrent Validity

(146)

ReferencesŸ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(147)

QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION TOOLS:FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

(148)

(Historical

Perspective of Focus Group Discussion):

(149)

(Focus Groups and Group

Interviews):typology Exclusive approach Inclusive Approachtypologies

(150)

(Purposes for conducting FGD):

Information for Objectives of a

Study Purpose of using FGD in Lieu of other Methods To get Solution of a Problem

(151)

FGD helps in

Preparation of QuestionnaireFGD helps in Clarification of Objectives of the StudyFGD

helps in formulation of Hypothesis

(152)

FGD helps in

Carrying out the Exploratory Research Identification of Research

Problems Mid-term Evalution of a

Programme

(When to use FGD):

(153)

(Characteristics of

Questions of FGD):

(154)

(Qualities of Good Questions):

Easily understood by

the respondents

Evoke Conversation

(155)

Use of Simple words

Words should be easy

Words should be clear

Questions should be short

(156)

Questions should be

one-dimensional

(Good Questioning Route):

Opening Questions Introductory Questions

(157)

¼l½ laØe.k iz'u %¼Transition Questions½ Key Questions Ending Questions

(158)

(Participants in a Focus Group

Discussion):

Sampling procedure for

the Selection of Participants Composition of the Group homogeneity

(159)

Size of FGD

(160)

Time Frame for FGD

(Place for Holding a FGD):

(Report of a FGD):

(161)

(Guidelines in

Conducting Focus Group Discussion (FGD)):

(162)

(Qualities of Good Moderator):

(163)

*

ReferencesŸ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(167)

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

(168)

CASE STUDY MATHOD

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ

Ÿ

(169)

(Case Study Method):

(170)

Formative Hypothesis

(172)

Spontaneous Hypothesis

(How to Carry Out Case Study):

(Getting the Pulse of Case):

(173)

(Evolving the Hypothesis):

(Verification of Hypothesis):

(Validation):

(Validation of Hypothesis):

(174)

(Conclusion of case

study (Report writing):

Holistic

(175)

USE OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

bridgedŸ Conceptual

Ÿ Ÿ Code-bookŸ textŸ inter-coders reliability

Ÿ

(177)

Contents

(Concept of Content

Analysis):

varoZLrq fo'ys"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk (Definitions of Content Analysis):

(178)

Authorship Content Analysis in communication research objective systematicquantitative

Mass Commucation A

Sociological Perspective Technical objectivity

(179)

Ÿ

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

coder

(180)

Specification

precision

"Methodology and meaning:

Varities of Sociological inquiry"

(Functions of Content Analysis):

(181)

(Characteristics of Content

Analysis): (To describe the trends in

communication):

(To trace the

Development of Intellect and Scholarship):

(182)

(To disclose

international differences in Communication contect):(To compare media or

level of communication):monographs

(183)

(Verification of

Hypothesis):(To apply communication standard):

(Use of

Reliability in Content Analysis):coders

ResponsesOK

(184)

Reliability= 2 x M

N1 + N2

MNNN=N== x =

+Coders

Codingpi

(185)

index= %%

% hypothetical

A

RT RT RT RT RT

GT

CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CTCT=

diagona freqnency 42+12+10+8+8=80NGT=.x==

=CT= RTGTx=xx==CT=RTGTx=xx==CT=RTGTx=xx==CT=RTGTx=xx==CT=RTGTx=xx== .216+.024+.018+.016+.014=.288

CT= Column totalRT= Row total

(186)

= = = .

.

statisticsCohen's KappaCohen,1960,

Fleiss, 1971

= %-% N x M%

N=M =

(Use of Validity in

Content Analysis):

(External Validity):

entire populationsampling Simple Random

Sampling Techniquestratified

random sampling technique heterogeneity

(187)

(Internal Validity):

(Face Validity):

face

(Content Validity):

(Criterion Validity):

(Construct Validity):

(188)

Semantic

diferential scale factor

analysis

face validity

(Selection of

Research Topic of Content Analysis):

focus

(Voilence Related to Cow Protection):

(Objectives of the Study):

(Sample):

Randomly

(Place of Study : Delhi):

(189)

RSS

BJP CBI UNIPTI NGO SL

Q A B A B

(190)

Q

Q Q

Q

Q

(191)

Q

(192)

Q

(193)

Q

Q

RSS RSS

(194)

CBI

Q

Q

Q

(195)

Q

Q

Q

Q

(196)

Q

Q

Q

Q

(197)

Q

Q

Q

(198)

Q

Q

Q Animation Graphics

Q Statistie

(199)

Q

Q

Qvariabletext

ReferenceŸ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

th

Ÿ

Ÿ

(200)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Population

Ÿ

Ÿ ProbabilityNon-

Probability

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ Cluster sampling

(201)

samplepopulation

(202)

samplingsampling framesampling unitNon-Sampling Error

(Scientific Base of Sampling):

Replica

generalisation

(203)

Inversely proportionVice versa SE =k N

SE : (Sampling Error) : (Standard Deriation )N : (Size of Sample)

Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling Convenient Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling Snow-Balling Sampling

(204)

Systematic Random Sampling Quota Sampling

30 xqPN ;kn~nfPNd izfrp;u J u d g e m e n t Sampling 30- Cluster Random Sampling

(Types of Sampling):

(Probability Sampling Techniques):

(Simple Random Sampling

Techniques):

Lottery

(205)

Blank

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Random Number Table(Random Number Table):

(206)

Row

¼2½ Lrfjr ;kn~nfPNd izfrp;u rduhd (Stratified Random

(207)

Sampling Technique):

hcterogeneities

X= X= X= X=

(208)

StratificationSampling

Fraction (When to use

statified sampling technique):(Advantages of Stratified

Random Sampling Technique):Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Systematic Random Sampling TechniqueQuasi- Random SamplingTechnique

(209)

= += (30-Cluster Random

Sampling Technique):

Desception A B C

(210)

+= CC+=x=

B

A B C A

(Non-Probalitity Sampling

Technique):

(211)

(Conveniant Sampling Technique):

(Snow-balling Sampling

Technique):

(Quota Sampling Technique):

(212)

(Judgement Sampling Technique):

(Multistage Sampling Technique):

block

(How to determine the

sample size?):

homogeneous heterogeneous

(213)

(Sampling Error and Non-

Sampling Error):

Axiomprobability

+- %

(214)

replicate+- %

Axiom 1

+-%

+- %= x(pX q) / n

n=p=Saying Yes

(215)

q= -pSaying No=Constantznormal

curve

p%^q*%distributionant=p=%q=+ - = x

+ - =x=

+Confidence IntervalSignificant

replicated+ - %

(216)

vice versaStandard sample size formula

2 2N = Z x ( px q)/eN = 1.96 x 1.96 ( px q)/e2

N = =z normal

curveP=q =pe =

parameters%n

2 2N= Z x ( p x q)/e= 1.96 x1.96 ( 50x 50)/( 3 x 3)= 1067

Confidence Levelz = parameters

2 2N= Z x ( px q)/e= 2.54 x 2.54 (50x 50)/(3x3)

= round

(217)

APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL

TOOLS IN RESEARCH

phenomenon

Ÿ mean meadian mode central

tendency frequency class

inerval

Ÿ

Ÿ chi-squarett-test

Ÿ tabulation

Ÿ variables

Ÿ ONEWAY-

ANOVAFACTOR ANALYSIS REGRESSION ANALYSIS

(219)

Statisticsdeviation

ascending order desceending orderArray Discrete frequcncy distributionContinuous

frequcncy distributionNumber of classesclass-interval

(220)

meanStandard DeviationmeanmeadianmodeStandard Deviationchi-squarett-testtPaired t-testANOVAcorrelationRegressionFactor Analysisvariable

(Types of Data):

responsesNominal dataOdinal dataDummy data

(Nominal data)

RankNominal data

(221)

Regsession of nominal

variableschi-square- test

(Ordinal data):

SES= Socio-economic statusSES, SESSESSESSESRank Orderchi-square- test

(Dummy Variables):

Dummyl VariableOrdinal variablesDummy Variables

(222)

(Central Tendencies):

Not nominalMean AverageUnified single scoreN ==

(Characteristics of Mean):

(223)

(Median):

Median

Median

+=

ekf/;dk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Median):

(224)

(Mode):

frequencey

ModeCentral Tendancy

(Characteristics of Mode):

(Using Mean,

Median and Mode Statistics):

(225)

(Measures of Variations):

Standard DeviationRange

((Standard Deviation- (SD))

x xx (X-Variable) x-x Bar (deviation from Mean) (Square of difference)

= = = = =

= 0 =X-X = ==SD=X-XN-===

= X -x NN-x =

X =9+25+36+49+81= 200

X = X =

=x- x=

(226)

(Range):

Range=distribution

(Chi-Square Test-CST)

x expected

frequencyobserved frequencyheadtail

= O =E=

(227)

vaccine=== C C RT C C RT C C RT CT CT GT

nominalRankingCCCCCCCell OE

RTRTRT CTCTGT=Grand totalC1 =(RT1x CT1)/GT=100 x 135/300=45C2= (RT1x CT2)/GT= 100 x 165/300= 55C3= (RT2x CT1)/GT=100 x 135/300= 45C4= (RT2x CT2)/GT= 100 x 165/300= 55C5= (RT3x CT1)/GT= 100 x 135/300= 45C6= (RT3x CT2)/GT= 100 x 165/300= 55

(228)

+ + + +

+ =

degree of freedom(Degree of freedom):

Degree of freedom-DF=R-xC-RRowC

DFDF =x= (Significant Level): DFLevel Level

DF

(229)

Book Values=degree of

freedom<degree of freedom

Calculatedreligion-wiseVaccine Ordinal

VariablesDummy VariablesCells

lkFkZdrk dk t& ijh{k.k (The test of Significance):

t

tt

(230)

N t

.* *

t tttt = ==tDF= +==

lkFkZd Lrj ¼ ½ Significant Level lkaf[;dh dh lHkh iqLrdksa esa t& ijh{k.k lkfjf.k;ka ¼nks Lora=k uewuksa dh½ la;ksftr jgrh gSaA lkfj.kh dk izFke dkye dk 'kh"kZd Lora=krk dh dksfV ¼DF½ dk jgrk gSA vkSj Hkh vusd dkye gksrs gSa ijarq gesa dsoy nks dkyeksa ij /;ku dsafnzr djuk gS% -05 Lrj rFkk -01 LrjA 'kh"kZd -05 ;k -01 ds rgr Lora=krk dh dksfV ls lac) lkFkZd Lrj gks ldrk gSA fglkc fd, x, t & eku dks iqLrd&eku ls rqyuk djus ij ge ikrs gSa fd og -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd gS D;skafd fglkc fd;k eku iqLrd&eku ls vf/kd gSA nwljh vksj -01Lrj ij fglkc fd;k eku iqLrd&eku ls de gS vr,o bl Lrj ij t & eku lkFkZd ugha gSA

(231)

degree of normalityt

(Paired t-test):

tpre-testpost-testtPaired t-testt

D D

(232)

2 D = D = D

++= N D D /N=N

ttt

(One way ANOVA):

Sett

t

(233)

One Way Analysis of Variance

N F *

*

FFt

ih;jlu lglaca/k xq.kkad (Pearson Correlation Coefficient):

+= = == =

(234)

Correlation CoefficientEnglish small letter for Correlation Coefficientvice vessarr=

r= L LH Hr

(235)

r= L LH H

Regression Analysis

Stratified random sample

(236)

ward

RegressionBeta ValueRR Square

(237)

a, b, c,A B CRRSPSS

overall Job

satisfactionSPSSGenderSector for

employment(238)

N= Intrinsic Dissatisfaction **

predisposition **

Locus of control **

F=M = **

== **

**

== **

**

== **

== **

(239)

**

SPSS tRMultiple-RRR-Square

Beta Predisposition Variable

(240)

rSimple-rCorrelation Coefficienttt-ValuettttRR-SquareRRR=RMultiple-RRRR

N=

t

** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * UM=M=* **

R= R= *

(241)

**

=

Factor Analysis

(242)

(243)

meaningful dimension or factor

Varimax Rotation

( )KMO and Bartle its Test

Bartle its test of Spherieity DF

sig. Koiser-Meyer-olkin KMO

(244)

KMOr=

(Percentage Variance of Each

Factor):

¼Rotation sums of square loadings½

Extraction Method : Principal Component Analysis

Rotated Component Matrix

(245)

v

v=VVVVVVVV=VVVVVVV=VVVV=VV=V

(246)

C o m p u t e =V+V+V+V+V+V+V+VCompute=V+V+V+V+V+V+VCompute=V+V+V+VCompute=V+VCompute= V

Report

Rotated component MatrixComponent

Sb1 .179 .359 .053 .211.657Sb2 -.093 .309 .373 .130.661Sb3 -.006 .233 .123 .064.710Sb4 .128 .056 .102 .004.793Sb5 -.199 .409 .094 .131.632Sb6 .251 .090 .283 -.019.760Sb7 .307 -.052 .287 -.089.725Sb8 .354 .083 -.138 .126.697Sb9 .300 .238 .056 .073.588Sb10 .191 .237 .086 .278.473Sb11 .326 .300 .261 .050.598Sb12 .177 .185 .176 -.025.833Sb13 .496 .038 -.016 -.085.638Sb14 .072 .152 -.060 .383.631Sb15 .757 .203 .086 -.058 .025Sb16 .650 -.027 -.066 .511 -.236Sb17 .738 .004 .218 .260 .147

(247)

Sb18 .152 -.048 .088 .135 .792Sb19 .175 .060 -.130 .230.784Sb20 .204 .145 .026 .167.782Sb21 .201 .001 .045 .562.514Sb22 .229 .249 .193 .031 .692

CommunalityVarianceShareCommon factorloadingSquared Eigen Value

Elgen Value

QUALITY ASSURANCE OF DATA AND REPORT

data processingdocument

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ

Ÿ do's and don't

Ÿ report writing format

Ÿ significance levelŸ hypothesisŸ Value of

significance

(248)

Ÿ ClarityŸ ReviewŸ RationaleŸ ObjectivesŸ designŸ Ÿ Ÿ Time frameŸ coding

Ÿ graphs

(Clarity of the topic of Research):

(Review of Literature):

(249)

(Rational of the Study):

(Objectives of the Study):

(Choosing Proper Research

Design):

(Use of Appropriate

Sampling Methods):

(250)

(Use of Appropriate

Tools for Data Collection):

Standardized

(Time Frame for

Completing the Research Study):Ph.D

(251)

(Coding and Analysis of

Data):Strutured

Codebookopenended qustions

(252)

freqnency chistribution

(Simple and

Attractive Way of Presentation of Results):

(Suggestions to Assure the Quality of Data Collection in Bigger Surveys):

(253)

monitoring

Supervisor

(254)

REPORT WRITING SKILL

Ÿ textŸ References

Ÿ footnotes

Ÿ tabulation

(255)

*

Rationale

Foot-note style and format Heading

Tables Illustration Quotation

Typing Proof Reading Binding

Bibliography Annexture Executive Summary

Abstract colour Logical Organisation

(256)

Foot note Reference noteExplanatory noteCross reference

periodicalpunctnation

(257)

(Maximize the effectiveness of written presentation)

Solid parameters

(258)

insight

documentstructure

(Format of Report Writing):

Title page

effect of stress

(259)

level on performance of students

(Executive Summary):

implications

(Acknowledgement):

(260)

(Tables of Contents):

(261)

(List of Tables):

(List of Figures):

(262)

(Chapter 1: Introduction):

Parameters

(Chapter 2 : Review of

Literature):

Comprehensive review of Literature

(263)

(Chapter 3 : Research

Methodology):

Empirieal

(Data Analysis,

Interpretation and Discussion):

(264)

How the results

compare

chi-squaret-test'sperformances

(265)

Simple random

sampling technique

(Summary and Conclusions):

(Recommendations):

(Implications of the Study):

Implications

(Limitations):

(266)

(Appendences)

Statistical formulaeLenathy protocols

(Writing Style):

(Vocabulary):

JargoustextShorthand

(Editing/Proof-reading):

(267)

PunctuationFontMarginParagraphs

(Refrences and Bibliogrephy):

citationoriginal text

(268)

periodicals

(Format of writing Refrences):

thesisStandardised formatFootnotesstyle - formatHeading Tables illustration TypingProof ReadingBinding & SubmissionRefrences

note Explaniatory note

vadu ( )Numbering

Ÿ

(269)

Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

aFor the purpose of Abbreviation

Abbreviation Ibid

consecutive referencee.g.ibidp5OP.Cite.g.OP.CitOP.CitLOC.Cit e.g.LOC.CitExample of

format of footnotes and Bibliographieal Entries Surname

(One Authors Reference):

(270)

(Two Authors Reference):

(Three Authors Reference):

Same matterMore than Three Authors Reference

et al.et al.Edited Book Format

(Book Review):

VolumeabbreviationVolume

(Article in Journal):

(271)

Volume

(272)

GLOSSARY

Action Hypothesis

Action Research

Arithomatic MeanScores

Central tendencyCoefficient of VarianceStandard

deviation

Control Group

Ex Post Fact Researchintervention

Experimental Groupmanipulation

Foot-Notes

Frequency distribution

(273)

Frequency

Glossary

Historical ResearchphenomenonFocussed

Hypothesis

Ibid Consequtive

Independent Variable Intervial

Sehdule

Loc.cit :tcnon-consecutive

Longitudinal Research

Median

(274)

Observation

Op.cit

Pevcentile rank

Pevcentile

PopulationPost-test

Pretest

Quartile

QuestionnaireResponses

Range

Raw Score

Research Report

(275)

SampleSample frame

Simple Random Sample

SkensessdistributionMeanMedian

Standard DeviationArithmatic Mean Standard

Standard ErrorStandard score

Stratified Sample

Survey Research

Systematic SRSUnit

Variance

(276)

Gerontology

(277)

25-06-2021 FINAL SAMAJ VIGYAN BOOK

Documents

Transcript of 25-06-2021 FINAL SAMAJ VIGYAN BOOK