24525667 Working Capital Analysis

8/14/2019 24525667 Working Capital Analysis

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WORKING CAPITALWORKING CAPITAL - Meaning of Working Capital Capital required for a business canbe classified under two main categories via, 1) 2) Fixed Capital Working Capital Every business needs funds for two purposes For its establishment To carry outits day- to-day operations Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as P&M, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firms capital which

is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called Fixed Capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other dayto-day expenses etc. These funds are known as Working Capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of the firms capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assts keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital. CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL There are two concepts of working capital: 1. 2. Gross working capital Net working capital

The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets ofthe enterprise. Current assets are those Assets which can convert in to cash within a short period normally one accounting year.


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CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Cash in hand and cash at bank Bills receivables Sundry debtors

Short term loans and advances.Inventories of stock as: a. b. c. d.

Raw material

Work in process Stores and spares Finished goods

6. Temporary investment of surplus funds. 7. Prepaid expenses 8. Accrued incomes. 9. Marketable securities. In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say: NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT IABILITIES. Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds the current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary course ofbusiness within a short period of normally one accounting year out of the current assts or the income business.


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CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Accrued or outstandingexpenses.

Short term loans, advances and deposits.Dividends payable. Bank overdraft. Provision for taxation, if it does not amountto approximate of profit. Bills payable. Sundry creditors.

The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereasnet working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their own merits. The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following reasons: 1. It enables the enterprise toprovide correct amount of working capital at correct time. 2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate then thesource from where it is made available. 3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise would increase its working capital. 4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in working capital. The net working capital concept, however, is also important for following reasons: Its a qualitative concept, which indicates the firms ability to meet to its operating expenses and short-term liabilities. IT indic

ates the margin of protection available to the short term creditors. It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises. It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement out of the permanent sources of funds.


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CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital may be classified in two ways:O O On the basis of concept. On the basis of time.

On the basis of concept working capital can be classified as gross working capital and net working capital. On the basis of time, working capital may be classif

ied as:

Permanent or fixed working capital.Temporary or variable working capital

PERMANENT OR FIXED WORKING CAPITAL Permanent or fixed working capital is minimumamount which is required to ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has to maintaina minimum level of raw material, work- inprocess, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assets is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases due to increase i

n current assets.TEMPORARY OR VARIABLE WORKING CAPITAL Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to meet the seasonal demands andsome special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting research,etc. Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.


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IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of production. Goodwill: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill. Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms. Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash discounts on the

purchases and hence reduces cost. Regular Supply of Raw Material: Sufficient working capital ensures regular supply of raw material and continuous production.Regular Payment of Salaries, Wages and Other Day TO Day Commitments: It leads tothe satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances production and profits. Exploitation Of Favorable Market Conditions: If a firm is having adequateworking capital then it can exploit the favorable market conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower and holdings its inventories for higher prices. Ability to Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression. Quick And Regular Return On Investments: Sufficient working capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in future.

High Morale: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities, confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business. EXCESS ORINADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working


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capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL 1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments. 2. Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and accumulation of inventories. 3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which causes

higher incidence of bad debts. 4. It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.

5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other financial institution may not be maintained. 6. 7. Due to lower rate ofreturn n investments, the values of shares may also fall. The redundant workingcapital gives rise to speculative transactions

DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL Every business needs some amounts ofworking capital. The need for working capital arises due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from sales. There is an operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps in purchase of raw m

aterial and production; production and sales; and realization of cash. Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes: For the purpose ofraw material, components and spares. To pay wages and salaries To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses. To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc. To provide credit facilities to the customer Tomaintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and finished stock.


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For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of fundsto meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed forworking capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the working capital. The requirement of the working capital goes on inc

reasing with the growth and expensing of the business till it gains maturity. Atmaturity the amount of working capital required is called normal working capital. There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business. FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS 1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public utility undertakings such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash sale only and supply services not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along withfixed investments. 2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the requirement of working capital. 3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policyis to keep production steady by accumulating inventories it will require higher

working capital. 4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing timethe raw material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive increment of labor and service costs before the final product is obtained. So working capital is directly proportional to the length of themanufacturing process. 5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires larger working capital than in slack season. 6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle completes one cycle determinesthe requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle larger is the requirementof working capital.


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DEBTORS

CASH

FINISHED GOODS

RAW MATERIAL

WORK IN PROGRESS

7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between the question of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover wuill needs lower amt. of working capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover. 8. CREDIT POLICY:A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa. 9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic expansion of business, etc. On the contrary in time of depression, the business c

ontracts, sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection from debtor and the firm may have a large amt. of working capital. 10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS:In faster growing concern, we shall require large amt. of working capital. 11.EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more earning capacity thanother due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc. Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working capital.The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits, needsworking capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend. 12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally rise in pricesleads to increase in working capital.


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Others FACTORS: These are: Operating efficiency Management abilityIrregularities of supply Import policy Asset structure Importance of labor Banking facilities, etc

MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL Management of working capital is concerned with the problem that arises in attempting to manage the current assets, current liabilities. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current ass

ets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level ofworking capital is maintained, i.e. it is neither adequate nor excessive as both the situations are bad for any firm. There should be no shortage of funds andalso no working capital should be ideal. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICES of afirm has a great on its probability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. So working capital management is three dimensional in nature as 1. Itconcerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, liquidity and risk. 2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets. 3. It is concerned with the decision about the compositionand level of current liabilities. WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business. And the

most important part is the efficient management of working capital in right time. The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the management of working capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This involves the need of working capital analysis.


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The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as: 1. 2. 3. Ratio analysis. Fund flow analysis. Budgeting.

1. RATIO ANALYSIS A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of ratio analysis can be employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital position of a firm. The following ratios can be calculated for these purposes: 1. Current ratio. 2. Quick ratio 3. Absolute liquid ra

tio 4. Inventory turnover. 5. Receivables turnover. 6. Payable turnover ratio. 7. Working capital turnover ratio. 8. Working capital leverage 9. Ratio of current liabilities to tangible net worth. 2. FUND FLOW ANALYSIS Fund flow analysis isa technical device designated to the study the source from which additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund flow analysis consists of: a. b. Preparing schedule of changes of working capital Statement of sources and application of funds.

It is an effective management tool to study the changes in financial position (working capital) business enterprise between beginning and ending of the financial dates.


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3. WORKING CAPITAL BUDGET A budget is a financial and / or quantitative expression of business plans and polices to be pursued in the future period time. Working capital budget as a part of the total budge ting process of a business is prepared estimating future long term and short term working capital needs and sources to finance them, and then comparing the budgeted figures with actual performance for calculating the variances, if any, so that corrective actions may be taken in future. He objective working capital budget is to ensure availability of fu

nds as and needed, and to ensure effective utilization of these resources. The successful implementation of working capital budget involves the preparing of separate budget for each element of working capital, such as, cash, inventories andreceivables etc. ANALYSIS OF SHORT TERM FINANCIAL POSITION OR TEST OF LIQUIDITY The short term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations of a firm can be met in time only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to withthe confidence of investors, creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm andthe efficient use of fixed assets the liquid position of the firm must be strong. But, a very high degree of liquidity of the firm being tied up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard to the liquidity of th

e firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-term financialposition or short-term solvency position of the firm. 1. 2. Liquidity ratios. Current assets movements ratios.

A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current, floating or circulating assts. The current assets should either be liquid or near about liquidity. These should be convertiblein cash for paying obligations of shortterm nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current liabilities then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To measur

e the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated:


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1. 2. 3.

CURRENT RATIO QUICK RATIO ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO

1. CURRENT RATIO Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measureof general liquidity and its most widely used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or liquidity of a firm. It is defined as the relation betwe

en current assets and current liabilities. Thus, CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS/ CURRENT LIABILITES The two components of this ratio are: 1) 2) CURRENT ASSETSCURRENT LIABILITES

Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors, inventories and work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses, bill payable, dividend payable etc. A relatively high current ratiois an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to pay its currentobligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that the liquidity position of the firm is not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its current liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory

. CALCULATION OF CURRENT RATIO e.g. Year Current Assets Current Liabilities Current Ratio 2003 81.29 27.42 2.96:1 2004 83.12 20.58 4.03:1 2005 13,6.57 33.48 4.08:1 (Rupees in crore)


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Interpretation:As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of the company for last three years it has increased from 2003 to 2005. The current ratio of company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that companys liquidity position is sound. Its current assets are more thanits current liabilities. 2. QUICK RATIO Quick ratio is a more rigorous test ofliquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be defined as the relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities. An asset is said to

be liquid if it can be converted into cash with a short period without loss of value. It measures the firms capacity to pay off current obligations immediately. QUICK RATIO = QUICK ASSETS / CURRENT LIABILITES Where Quick Assets are: 1) Marketable Securities 2) Cash in hand and Cash at bank. 3) Debtors. A high ratio isan indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the firms liquidity position is not good. As a rule of thumb ratio of 1:1 is considered satisfactory. It is generally thought that if quick assets are equal to thecurrent liabilities then the concern may be able to meet its short-term obligations. However, a firm having high quick ratio may not have a satisfactory liquidity position if it has slow paying debtors. On the other hand, a firm having a low liquidity position if it has fast moving inventories. CALCULATION OF QUICK RAT

IO e.g. Year Quick Assets Current Liabilities Quick Ratio (Rupees in Crore) 200344.14 27.42 1.6 : 1 2004 47.43 20.58 2.3 : 1 2005 61.55 33.48 1.8 : 1


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Interpretation : A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and hasthe ability to meet its current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Companys quick ratio is more than ideal ratio. This shows company has no liquidity problem. 3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO Although receivables, debtors and billsreceivable are generally more liquid than inventories, yet there may be doubtsregarding their realization into cash immediately or in time. So absolute liquidratio should be calculated together with current ratio and acid test ratio so a

s to exclude even receivables from the current assets and find out the absoluteliquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes : ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO = ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS /CURRENT LIABILITES ABSOLUTE LIQUID ASSETS = CASH & BANK BALANCES. e.g. Year Absolute Liquid Assets Current Liabilities Absolute Liquid Ratio Interpretation : These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is nothing to be worried about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing power & long term investment. In India, firms have credit limitssanctioned from banks and can easily draw cash. B) CURRENT ASSETS MOVEMENT RATIOS Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits. The efficiency with which assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The better the management of assets, large is the amount of sales and profits. Current assets movement ratios measure the efficiency with which a firm man

ages its resources. These ratios are called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with which assets are converted or turned over into sales. 2003 4.6927.42 .17 : 1 (Rupees in Crore) 2004 1.79 20.58 .09 : 1 2005 5.06 33.48 .15 : 1


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Depending upon the purpose, a number of turnover ratios can be calculated. Theyare : 1. 2. 3. 4. Inventory Turnover Ratio Debtors Turnover Ratio Creditors Turnover Ratio Working Capital Turnover Ratio

The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets include high amount of debtors due to slow credit collections and moreover if the assets include high amount of slow moving inventories. As both the ratios ignore t

he movement of current assets, it is important to calculate the turnover ratio.1. INVENTORY TURNOVER OR STOCK TURNOVER RATIO: Every firm has to maintain a certain amount of inventory of finished goods so as to meet the requirements of thebusiness. But the level of inventory should neither be too high nor too low. Because it is harmful to hold more inventory as some amount of capital is blocked in it and some cost is involved in it. It will therefore be advisable to disposethe inventory as soon as possible. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO = COST OF GOOD SOLD/ INVENTORY AVERAGE

Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is converted into sales. Usually a high inventory ratio indicates an efficient management of inventory because more frequently the stocks are sold; the lesser amount of money

is required to finance the inventory. Whereas, the low inventory turnover ratioindicates that the inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnoverimplies over investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of goods, stock accumulations and slow moving goods and low profits as compared to total investment. AVERAGE STOCK = (OPENING STOCK + CLOSING STOCK) / 2 (Rupees in Crore)Year Cost of Goods sold Average Stock Inventory Turnover Ratio 2003 110.6 73.591.5 times 2004 103.2 36.42 2.8 times 2005 96.8 55.35 1.75 times


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Interpretation : This ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable through sales. In 2004 the company has high inventory turnover ratio butin 2005 it has reduced to 1.75 times. This shows that the companys inventory management technique is less efficient as compare to last year. 2. INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD: INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD = INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO e.g. Year Days Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory Conversion Period Interpretation : Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories takes to convert from

raw material to finished goods. In the company inventory conversion period is decreasing. This shows the efficiency of management to convert the inventory intocash. 3. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase its sales and a liberal credit policy may result in tying up substantial funds of a firm in the form of trade debtors. Trade debtors areexpected to be converted into cash within a short period and are included in current assets. So liquidity position of a concern also depends upon the quality of trade debtors. Two types of ratio can be calculated to evaluate the quality ofdebtors. a) b) Debtors Turnover Ratio Average Collection Period 2003 365 1.5 243 days 2004 365 2.8 130 days 2005 365 1.8 202 days 365 (net working days) /

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO = TOTAL SALES (CREDIT) / AVERAGE DEBTORS


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Debtors velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over during a year. Generally higher the value of debtors turnover ratio the more efficient is the management of debtors/sales or more liquid are the debtors. Whereas alow debtors turnover ratio indicates poor management of debtors/sales and lessliquid debtors. This ratio should be compared with ratios of other firms doing the same business and a trend may be found to make a better interpretation of theratio. AVERAGE DEBTORS= (OPENING DEBTOR+CLOSING DEBTOR) / 2 e.g. Year Sales Ave

rage Debtors Debtor Turnover Ratio Interpretation : This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover into sales. The higher thevalues or turnover into sales. The higher the values of debtors turnover, the more efficient is the management of credit. But in the company the debtor turnover ratio is decreasing year to year. This shows that company is not utilizing itsdebtors efficiency. Now their credit policy becomes liberal as compare to previous year. 4. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: Average Collection Period = No. of Working Days / Debtors Turnover Ratio The average collection period ratio representsthe average number of days for which a firm has to wait before its receivablesare converted into cash. It measures the quality of debtors. Generally, shorterthe average collection period the better is the quality of debtors as a short collection period implies quick payment by debtors and vice-versa. Average Collect

ion Period = 365 (Net Working Days) Debtors Turnover Ratio Year Days Debtor Turnover Ratio Average Collection Period 2003 365 9.6 38 days 2004 365 8.3 44 days 2005 365 7.5 49 days 2003 166.0 17.33 9.6 times 2004 151.5 18.19 8.3 times 2005 169.5 22.50 7.5 times


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Interpretation : The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps in analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps toanalysis the credit policy adopted by company. In the firm average collection period increasing year to year. It shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy.These changes in policy are due to competitors credit policy. 5. WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO: Working capital turnover ratio indicates the velocity of utilization of net working capital. This ratio indicates the number of times the work

ing capital is turned over in the course of the year. This ratio measures the efficiency with which the working capital is used by the firm. A higher ratio indicates efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio indicates otherwise. But a very high working capital turnover is not a good situation for any firm. Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Working Capital Turnover e.g. Year Sales Networking Capital Working Capital Turnover Interpretation : This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for sales. In 2005, the reciprocal of thisratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for sales of Rs. 1 the company requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus this ratio is helpful to forecast the working capitalrequirement on the basis of sale. INVENTORIES (Rs. in Crores) Year Inventories2002-2003 37.15 2003-2004 35.69 2004-2005 75.01 2003 166.0 53.87 3.08 2004 151.562.52 2.4 2005 169.5 103.09 1.64 = Cost of Sales / Net Working Capital Sales /

Networking Capital


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Interpretation: Inventories are a major part of current assets. If any company wants to manage its working capital efficiency, it has to manage its inventoriesefficiently. The graph shows that inventory in 2002-2003 is 45%, in 2003-2004 is43% and in 2004-2005 is 54% of their current assets. The company should try toreduce the inventory up to 10% or 20% of current assets. CASH BANK BALANCE: (Rs.in Cores) Year Cash Bank Balance 2002-2003 4.69 2003-2004 1.79 2004-2005 5.05


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Interpretation : Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to keep the business running on a continuous basis. So the organization should have sufficient cash to meet various requirements. The above graph is indicate that in 2003 the cash is 4.69 crores but in 2004 it has decrease to 1.79. Theresult of that it disturb the firms manufacturing operations. In 2005, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash balance. So in 2005, the company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2004. DEBTORS: (Rs. in Crores) Year Deb

tors 2002-2003 17.33 2003-2004 19.05 2004-2005 25.94


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Interpretation : Debtors constitute a substantial portion of total current assets. In India it constitute one third of current assets. The above graph is depictthat there is increase in debtors. It represents an extension of credit to customers. The reason for increasing credit is competition and company liberal credit policy.

CURRENT ASSETS: (Rs. in Crores) Year Current Assets 2002-2003 81.29 2003-2004 83

.15 2004-2005 136.57


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Interpretation: This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in2005. This increase is arising because there is approx. 50% increase in inventories. Increase in current assets shows the liquidity soundness of company.

CURRENT LIABILITY: (Rs. in Crores) Year Current Liability 2002-2003 27.42 2003-2004 20.58 2004-2005 33.48


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Interpretation: Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2005 the current liabilities of the company increased. But still increase in current assets are more than its current liabilities.

NET WOKRING CAPITAL: (Rs. in Crores) Year Net Working Capital 2002-2003 53.87 2003-2004 62.53 2004-2005 103.09


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Interpretation: Working capital is required to finance day to day operations ofa firm. There should be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In the company there is increase in working capital. The increase in working capital arises because the company has expanded its business.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology, I have adopted for my study is the various

tools, which basically analyze critically financial position of to the organization:

COMMON-SIZE P/L A/C COMMON-SIZE BALANCE SHEET COMPARTIVE P/L A/C COMPARTIVE BALANCE SHEET TREND ANALYSIS RATIO ANALYSIS


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The above parameters are used for critical analysis of financial position. Withthe evaluation of each component, the financial position from different angles is tried to be presented in well and systematic manner. By critical analysis withthe help of different tools, it becomes clear how the financial manager handlesthe finance matters in profitable manner in the critical challenging atmosphere, the recommendation are made which would suggest the organization in formulation of a healthy and strong position financially with proper management system. I

sincerely hope, through the evaluation of various percentage, ratios and comparative analysis, the organization would be able to conquer its in efficiencies and makes the desired changes.

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Financial statement is a collection of data organized according to logical and consistent accounting procedure to convey an under-standingof some financial aspects of a business firm. It may show position at a momentin time, as in the case of balance sheet or may reveal a series of activities over a given period of time, as in the case of an income statement. Thus, the termfinancial statements generally refers to the two statements (1) The position

statement or Balance sheet. (2) The income statement or the profit and loss Account. OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: According to accounting Principal Boardof America (APB) states The following objectives of financial statements: 1. Toprovide reliable financial information about economic resources and obligationof a business firm. 2. To provide other needed information about charges in sucheconomic resources and obligation.


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3. To provide reliable information about change in net resources (recourses lessobligations) missing out of business activities. 4. To provide financial information that assets in estimating the learning potential of the business. LIMITATIONS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Though financial statements are relevant and usefulfor a concern, still they do not present a final picture a final picture of a concern. The utility of these statements is dependent upon a number of factors. The analysis and interpretation of these statements must be done carefully otherw

ise misleading conclusion may be drawn. Financial statements suffer from the following limitations: 1. Financial statements do not given a final picture of theconcern. The data given in these statements is only approximate. The actual value can only be determined when the business is sold or liquidated. 2. Financial statements have been prepared for different accounting periods, generally one year, during the life of a concern. The costs and incomes are apportioned to different periods with a view to determine profits etc. The allocation of expenses andincome depends upon the personal judgment of the accountant. The existence of contingent assets and liabilities also make the statements imprecise. So the financial statements are at the most interim reports rather than the final picture of the firm. 3. The financial statements are expressed in monetary value, so theyappear to give final and accurate position. The value of fixed assets in the ba

lance sheet neither represent the value for which fixed assets can be sold nor the amount which will be required to replace these assets. The balance sheet is prepared on the presumption of a going concern. The concern is expected to continue in future. So, the fixed assets are shown at cost less accumulated depreciation. Moreover, there are certain assets in the balance sheet which will realize nothing at the time of liquidation but they are shown in the balance sheets. 4. The financial statements are prepared on the basis of historical costs or original costs. The value of assets decreases with the passage of time current price changes are not taken into account. The statement are not prepared with the keeping in view the economic conditions. The balance sheet loses the significance of being an index of current economic realities. Similarly, the profitability shownby the income statements may be representing the earning capacity of the concern.


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5. There are certain factors which have a bearing on the financial position andoperating result of the business but they do not become a part of these statements because they cannot be measured in monetary terms. The basic limitation of the traditional financial statements comprising the balance sheet, profit & loss A/c is that they do not give all the information regarding the financial operation of the firm. Nevertheless, they provide some extremely useful information to the extent the balance sheet mirrors the financial position on a particular data

in lines of the structure of assets, liabilities etc. and the profit & loss A/cshows the result of operation during a certain period in terms revenue obtainedand cost incurred during the year. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS It is the process of identifying the financial strength and weakness of a firm from the available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done CALCULATIONS OFRATIOS Ratios are relationship expressed in mathematical terms between figures,which are connected with each other in some manner. CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS Ratios can be classified in to different categories depending upon the basis of classification The traditional classification has been on the basis of the financial statement to which the determination of ratios belongs. These are:Profit & Loss account ratios Balance Sheet ratios Composite ratios


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24525667 Working Capital Analysis

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Transcript of 24525667 Working Capital Analysis