PAAIE EN STORMWATER

SOL PLAATJE NEW UNIVERSITY

CIVIL SERVICES REPORTSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTAUGUST 2013Prepared by:WF PotgieterCIVIL SERVICES REPORTSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTINDEX

Page31.INTRODUCTION

2.waste generation53.Recycling84.on-site waste handling95.collection and disposal9

ANNEXURES Background information to Solid Waste removal1. INTRODUCTIONThis document provides background and information for the management of solid waste material on the premises of the proposed new university to be established in Sol Plaatje.

1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION & LOCATIONThe New Sol Plaatje University is located in the Inner City of Kimberley. The site is divided in a northern, central and southern campus.The locality plan is shown below.

1.2 SOLID WASTE Sold waste is categorised as either general or hazardous waste according to Department of Water Affairs Minimum Requirements Documents. General wastes can be subdivided into the following categories:1. Paper

2. Plastic

3. Metals

4. Glass

5. Organics and

6. Inert Materials (eg. building rubble)Details of the specific waste that will be generated on the university campus are not available at present. The document will therefore report on general waste and estimations will be made to provide preliminary volumes of each type of waste generated during operations.1.3 WASTE GENERATIONFor the purpose of this report, the volume of waste generated is done by multiplying anticipated student figures with a waste generation figure per capita per day, or by multiplying the area by a similar figure of waste generation per m of area.

Future needs assessment are done from anticipated number of daily students and staff. Assumptions and estimated figures are discussed in more detail below.

1.4 SERVICE AGREEMENT

Details on projected numbers will be captured in a service agreement between the New Sol Plaatje University and Sol Plaatje who will be responsible for the disposal of solid waste and the provision of solid waste management services.

2. waste generation

2.1 UNIT WASTE FIGURES

The estimated solid waste to be generated on campus is determined by calculating student and staff projections with unit waste generation figures (kg/person/day), derived from various waste stream analyses previously compiled.

The unit waste generation is dependent on the waste type. The table below lists the figure assumed for generation of waste on the campus.Table 1:Unit Waste Generation Figures

Domestic Waste Generation (kg/person/day)

DescriptionWaste Generation

Day to day students0.8

Stay-in students1.5

Day to day staff0.8

Stay-in staff1

2.2 DENSITY OF WASTE TYPES AND COMPACTION RATIO'S2.2.1 DensitiesThe volume of waste to be collected, transported or disposed is expressed in the following ways: mass in kg/day or tons/annum,

volume in un-compacted m3/day or m/annum, used for the generation of waste figures (including transportation of un-compacted waste types), and volume in compacted waste in m3/annum (to the assumed compaction ratio before or during transportation).

Compaction is done by means of a static linear compactor or a hydraulic compacting transportation vehicle such as a Rear End Loader (REL),

The conversion of mass to un-compacted volume is calculated using a density in kg/m3. The densities used in this Study are derived from previous waste stream analyses.Table 2: Un-compacted Waste Densities

Un-compacted Waste Densities

Waste TypeDensity (kg/m)

General Waste200

Garden Waste150

2.2.2 Compaction Ratio'sThe approximate compaction ratios for the various collection and compaction equipment that may be utilised in future are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Compaction Ratio's

Compaction Ratio's

Compactor TypeCompaction Ratio

Rear End Loader (REL)3:1

Static Linear Compactor4:1

Roll-on/Lift on Collection Vehicles1:1

Cage/Box Collection Vehicles1:1

2.3 GENERAL WASTE GENERATIONThe projection of student and staff that will reside on the campus the expected maximum number of students and staff per day and staying in.Table 4: University Population Figures

University Population Figures

DescriptionNumber of

Students

Daily Students1 000

Stay-in Students4 000

Total Students5 000

Staff

Estimated Daily Staff460

Estimated Stay-in Staff40

Total Staff (Estimated at 10% of student population500

Listed below is the estimated total quantities of waste (by mass) that will be generated based on the estimated student and staff figures listed above. A year was taken as 365 days for stay-in students and staff and 260 days for daily students and staff.Table 5: Estimated General Waste Generation (By Mass)

The estimated total volumes of waste that will be generated based on the waste generation, waste densities and the compaction ratio of a static linear compactor (the suggested method of on-site compaction) is summarized below.

Table 6: Estimated Waste Generation (By Volume)

3. Recycling

Waste recycling/reclaiming is the process by which materials otherwise destined for disposal to landfill, are collected, processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling is a method of waste minimisation, which in turn will minimise transportation costs due to the lower volumes of waste being disposed. Recycling or waste minimisation will also prolong the availability of airspace at disposal sites.

Waste recycling forms an integral part of the National Waste Management Strategy. Recycling will improve the environment by ensuring a cleaner, safer and healthier atmosphere.

The following two basic methods of material recovery have been considered:

1. formalised material recovery at source of generation. Separation of waste at source must however, be carried out in a manner that is supported and acceptable to the waste generators, and it should not create a negative impact and/or liabilities against the generators. 2. separation of recyclable material at a transfer or a disposal facility. It is envisaged for the New University to implement the first method.The success of a recycling project heavily depends on the volume, the quality of the recyclable material, systematised collection, proper waste handling and availability of a market. The composition of waste generation is based on previous waste stream analysis studies, and specific analysis should be conducted in similar institutions to confirm the following estimated quantities.

The table below gives an indication of the estimated typical waste composition by mass (%) of the components of waste in areas similar to the study area.Table 7: Recyclable Materials

Item%

Hard Plastics (recyclable)6

Soft Plastics (recyclable)18

Glass (recyclable)15

Tin/Aluminium (recyclable)22

Cardboard (recyclable)8

Other Paper (non-recyclable)10

Organic/Food (non-recyclable)18

Other (non-recyclable)3

It is estimated that a total of 69% could be recycled (hard plastic, soft plastic, glass, tin/aluminium, cardboard), provided the infrastructure and systems are put in place.

An estimate was made on waste quantities that could potentially be recycled based on the above and the estimated waste generation figures. The waste densities and the compaction ratio of a static linear compactor (the suggested method of on-site compaction) was again used for mass to volume conversions.The amount of waste to be disposed of at a landfill is approximately 3 m/day after recycling and compaction while the remaining approximately 6 m/day of recyclable material will be carted off to potential buyers to be sold.

4. on-site waste handling

In support of waste minimisation and recycling programs, every effort should be made to minimise and recycle as much as possible. The potential for implementing a waste minimisation/recycling program is even greater in areas where a large number of people are present.

A waste management system will have to be implemented, managed and coordinated by the university. In order to effectively collect the different waste types on site the university would have to implement systems to collect, sort and store the different waste types until collection for recycling and/or disposal.

One such a system would be a system of bins with specifically marked hoods. The bins could be deployed in clusters of three: two (blue) hoods for recyclables, and one (grey) for 'other' (i.e. non-recyclable) waste. This grouping of three hoods is important, as users must be provided with a full range of 'choices' in each position where the cluster is deployed, otherwise waste will be miss-sorted.The university has a choice with regard to the management of on-site handling of the waste and recyclable materials. The on-site waste management can either be managed by the university by employing and coordinating staff and obtaining the required equipment and vehicles or the university can appoint a service provider to manage the waste and recycling activities on their behalf. The advantage of the latter is that the service provider must provide the required staff, equipment and maintenance and will therefore save the university capital expenditure and maintenance costs.

5. collection and disposalPreliminary discussions with the officials of Sol Plaatje Municipality confirmed that the municipality will collect waste from the different university sites and dispose of at the nearest landfill site.The waste will be stored in skips to be provided by the municipality for collection and disposal. The municipality will bill the university according to their rates and tariffs' schedule for the collection and disposal services rendered. From the previously calculated waste volumes (after recycling) it will only be necessary for the municipality to collect and dispose of waste at least two times per week. The nearest disposal facility at present is a Waste Landfill Site within 10km from the proposed New University premises. The site is owned by Sol Plaatje Municipality. The transportation of the compacted recycled materials will be the responsibility of the university. As mentioned earlier in this report, the university will either have to manage the transportation and selling of the recycled material themselves or an appointed service provider can do it on their behalf.Annexure A Background information on Waste ManagementINTRODUCTION

The focus of Waste Management in South Africa is changing. The emphasis is no longer on the disposal of waste, but rather on avoiding its generation and minimising the waste stream wherever possible.

South Africa has a policy on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management in place and a comprehensive National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan to implement that policy. But if we are going to reach the goals of the Polokwane Declaration adopted at the National Waste Summit of September 2001 and work towards a waste free environment, each resident in every municipality will have to become a more responsible manager of waste.

Traditionally, South Africa had followed an end of pipe waste management philosophy that resulted in a small percentage of waste being recycled, with the remaining bulk of the waste stream being disposed of at landfill sites. With urban real estate at a premium, and our natural resource base under growing pressure, a new national waste management strategy was needed and formulated.

The new integrated Waste Management Policy and the National Waste Management strategy seeks to minimise the waste stream going to landfills, while extracting maximum value from the waste stream at all stages of the collection and disposal process. The strategy also introduced a slew of rigorous new environmental regulations, designed to bring South Africas waste management in line with the Best Environmental Practices In the world. Current world Best Practice standards dictate that only 10% of the waste stream should end up in landfills. The broad goal any waste management strategy should be to support the international vision of Zero waste to landfills by 2022. While this is a practically unattainable goal some waste will always have to be disposed of at landfills it nevertheless remains an ideal and focused goal.

Yet the challenge lies not just in the mere act of collecting and disposing of the waste, but also in how this is accomplished. Recycling is the key to the twin goals of minimising the waste going to landfills and extracting maximum value from the waste stream. Separating recyclable materials glass, paper, metals and certain plastics out of the waste stream reduces the bulk of waste going to landfills, eases the strain on our natural resources, and helps to create employment in both the informal and formalised waste reclamation sectors.

The waste management system for the new University of Northern Cape would need to be designed within the Best Practicable Environmental Option in compliance with the Integrated Waste Management Policy of the Sol Plaatje Municipality Community Services Environmental Health Department

At present compliance with the broader issues of waste management, the environmental impact of large scale developments and general sustainability issues have not altered the requirements for Local Authority Building approval but we should be mindful that in the near future these issues will require input from the University Administration.

PROPOSED NORTHERN CAPE NEW UNIVERSITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

STANDARD LOCAL AUTHORITY REQUIREMENTS:At present Local Authority Standards require that each property has a waste collection point provided which is easily accessible from the road by the Local Authoritys Refuse Trucks. Waste Collection Areas are designed to meet the designated Local Authorities Area requirements. On a large scale project these areas may prove to be quite onerous in respect of the size required.

Standard requirements are designed around the following parameters:

Domestic and Business Waste stored in 240 litre bins for collection once a week

Putrescible Waste stored in 240 litre bins for daily collection

The provided Refuse Area is determined by the volume of Waste generated by the complex. Volume is calculated on the following standard formula:

Generation Factor (f (g)) x Floor Area (FA)/100 = volume (m) per week

The standard generator factors are:

Residential: 0.1425 (Residences)

Offices: 0.2258 (Administration, Teaching Facilities, Shared Amenities, Etc.)

Retail: 0.92353 (Catering Facilities)

Using these factors the new University of Sol Plaatje would require a Refuse Yard of approximately 2337m. The area required for a university campus for approximately 5, 000 students, 4, 000 of whom are housed on the site is of course particularly onerous and potentially extremely inconvenient to include in each land parcel and therefore an effective Waste Management Plan that deals with the removal of the different types of waste generated and the on site compaction of refuse and collection thereof can effectively reduce the statutory requirements.

PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE FOR A LARGE SCALE PRECINCT:

An alternative to this would be to have one Centralised Refuse Sorting Yard Eco Centre for the entire Campus located out of the direct eye of the inhabitants and daily occupants from which the Local Authority and Recycling Companies could collect the waste. The Eco Centre could then be designed to properly accommodate any future requirements by Local Authorities and Central Government to reduce the environmental impact of waste generation. This option would allow for the incorporation of all the necessary equipment for sorting, recycling and reduction of waste in one place and reduce the cost of waste management for the University Administration.

The Eco Centre would be feed by a series of smaller Building Specific Refuse Rooms located at street level conveniently closer to the Building tenants where they are not immediately visible would then supply garbage to the Eco Centre. All storage of waste in these Refuse Rooms would be limited to bins which could be transported to the Eco Centre on a small vehicle (bakkie).

The system described above requires the deployment of a Campus operated Waste Management System, which regularly transports, i.e. removes the waste from each holding area on a minimum of a single daily removal for the low waste generating tenants Administration Offices, Teaching Spaces and Residences) and as many as are necessary daily removals from the Catering Facilities provided through the Campus, that regularly generate wet waste from the minor Refuse Holding Rooms to the Eco Centre, where it is systematically sorted into recyclable products, hazardous waste, compostable garden waste, builders waste, and putrescible organic waste. The sorted recyclable products can then be sold on to the recycling companies and removed. Hazardous Waste is removed to a hazardous waste disposal for incineration. Compostable garden waste is forwarded to Composting Plants to allow green waste to be diverted from Landfill and put back into the soil as nutrient. The balance is removed to localised landfill sites. In the future putrescible organic waste may be supplied to Bio Digestors for conversion into methane gas (and possibly returned into the Power grid) and organic by-products used as soil nutrients.

The key objectives, an over-view of the waste management system, and specific duties are the participating parties are briefly detailed here-below.

A. KEY OBJECTIVES

To maintain the highest possible standard of hygiene relating to the transport, storage and processing of waste on site.

To minimise the environmental impact of the disposal of waste by addressing Recycling and Reduction of waste

To ensure safe, effective handling of solid waste in compliance with all relevant legislation.

B. OVER-VIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A series of localised waste holding rooms would need to be incorporated in the design throughout the campus for the temporary holding of waste. All generated waste would be taken to the closest holding room by the respective building cleaning staff. Waste will be collected from these holding rooms on a regular basis by a waste management company appointed by the University Administration as an Operating expense. The Waste Management Service Provider would be appointed to provide 365 days per year service.

The location of the waste holding rooms would be planned to maximise site aesthetics, provide the most convenient access to building occupants, and maximise operational efficiencies.

The waste will be taken to a centralised Eco Centre on the campus by the appointed waste management company. This Eco Centre is provided with all necessary plant and equipment for the recovery of recyclable materials (thereby achieving a reduction in the volume of waste which is subsequently disposed to landfill).

The Waste would generally be sorted into the following categories for forward delivery to:

Product:Dump Site:

Compostable Organic MaterialComposting Plant

Putrescible Organic WasteBio Digestor or Landfill

Building RubbleLandfill Site

Building Rubble MetalworkMetal Recycling Plant

Cardboard Boxes, Newspapers, Magazines and Plain PaperPaper Recycling Plant

Glass Bottles and JarsGlass Recycling Plant

Plastic bottles, Bags, Buckets, Dustbins, Toys and Expanded StyrenePlastic Recycling Plant

Metal: Steel, Aluminium and Tin Food and Beverage CansMetal Recycling Plant

E-WasteE-Waste Recyclers

Hazardous Materials:

Fluorescent and Long Life Light BulbsLight Crusher

Batteries

Aerosol Cans

Paint

OilsOil Recycling Plant

Infectious Medical WasteIncinerator

Drugs and Chemicals

Incinerator

Standard Plant provided at the Eco Centre generally includes the following Equipment:

Non-Recyclable Waste Compactor

Dry/Recyclable Waste Compactor

Assorted Skips for Collection of Category sorted products

Light Crusher

Glass Crusher

Baler

Can Baler

The Eco-Centre requires the following building requirements:

Easy access to boundary and roadway

Separate Ingress and Egress into Eco Centre

Adequate turning circle for a Rear-End Loader (12.980m (l) x 2,490m (w) x 4,690m (h))

Adequate height for Skip Loader (5.2m clearance)

Parking for the Site Waste Collection Vehicle

Management Office

Adequate Closure of Entire Area to reduce odour to the balance of the Precinct

Adequate Mechanical Extraction

Provision of Odour Control to Wet Waste Area

Wash Bin Bay (Water Supply and Drainage)

Floor Drain and Sump

Typical Layout includes the following Areas:

Daily Wet Waste Storage Area

Unsorted Bin Area

Sorting Tables

Bin Storage Area

Wash Bin Area

Clean Bin Storage

Heavy Equipment Stations

Minimum Area for Eco Centre:

20,000m x 15,000m

Minimum Area for Localised Waste Holding Area:

5,500m x 5,500m (2 Parking Bays)

C. SPECIFIC DUTIES

The specific duties of the various parties are detailed here-below:

1. BUILDING OCCUPANTS (STANDARD WASTE GENERATORS: ADMINISTRATION, OFFICES, TEACHING SPACES & RESIDENCES):

a) All waste is to be sorted at source into the standard categories as listed above and taken to the Localised Waste Holding Area.

b) 240 litre bins adequately marked as to their particular category of are to be provided in the Localised Waste Holding Area.

c) All sorted Waste is to be placed directly into the correct 240L wheeled bin.

d) Cardboard boxes are to be flattened before placing in the waste holding rooms provided.

e) Hazardous waste such as used as listed above and any chemicals that may have been left on site by building or cleaning contractors, and other materials that may be found which are listed as hazardous in terms of prevailing legislation shall be disposed of according to the specified

criteria relating thereto, and safe disposal certificates will be provided. In each instance where such material is generated, the cost for the handling and disposal of such material will be for the cost of the party producing such waste.

2CATERING FACILITIES

a) All waste is to be sorted at source into the standard categories as listed above and taken to the Localised Waste Holding Area.

b)240 litre bins adequately marked as to their particular category of Waste are to be provided in the Localised Waste Holding Area.

c)All sorted Waste is to be placed directly into the correct 240L wheeled bin.

d)Organic food waste to be reduced by means of food macerators that are to be installed at each facility that produces food waste.

e)Should any food waste be generated that is not disposed by means of a food macerator, it is to be placed into a bin liner before placement into the 240L bin.

f) Cardboard boxes are to be flattened before placing in the waste holding rooms provided.

g) Hazardous waste such as used cooking oil, chemicals that may have been left on site by building or cleaning contractors, and other materials that may be found which are listed as hazardous in terms of prevailing legislation shall be disposed of according to the specified criteria relating thereto, and safe disposal certificates will be provided. In each instance where such material is generated, the cost for the handling and disposal of such material will be for the cost of the party producing such waste.

h) All meat and fish packing and waste is to refrigerated prior placement to the wheelie bins; placement of the refrigerated waste is to be within an hour of the standard pick up time.

2. APPOINTED WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICE PROVIDER

a) A dedicated site vehicle is to be provided to collect full bins and flattened cardboard boxes from the designated waste holding rooms.

b) Hygiene at the Eco Centre and the localised waste holding rooms, including odour control is to be maintained to a high standard.

c) Bins in the Waste Holding Areas are to be removed on a regular basis through every day to ensure that the Holding Areas are storing the minimum of waste at any one time. The regular removal is to be fully monitored by the Waste Management Service Provider to ensure compliance by their on site staff.

d) Bins are to be exchanged on a full-for-empty basis at the waste holding room with bins that have been washed and cleaned at the Eco-Centre allowing for minimisation of the localised holding stations.

e) Full bins are to be taken to the Eco Centre for processing.

f) The service is to be provided 7 days per week.

g) Waste is processed by means of the source separation program whereby recyclable materials are recovered from the waste stream and are sorted and graded into the various categories on site.

h) Non-recyclable waste will be disposed into a Waste Compactor which will be emptied to landfill as and when required.

h)Cardboard, Paper, Glass, Tin, Aluminium, Plastic and other recyclable materials recovered are suitably stored prior to collection from site by the respective Recycling Companies.

i) All Putrescible Wet Waste generated by the on-campus food shops, kitchens and canteens is to be removed from site on a daily basis.

ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION:

Please note it is advisable to assign the Catering Facilities separate Waste Holding Facilities from the general Administration, Offices and Teaching Areas as it makes the management of the nuisance and health risk of putrescible and decomposing waste easy to contain. These areas of course require much more rigorous sanitary conditions in order to limit odour, flies and rodents.