23 Solid and Hazardous Waste. Overview of Chapter 23 Solid Waste Waste Prevention Reducing the...
-
Upload
ginger-doyle -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of 23 Solid and Hazardous Waste. Overview of Chapter 23 Solid Waste Waste Prevention Reducing the...
Overview of Chapter 23
Solid Waste Waste Prevention
Reducing the Amount of Waste Reusing Products Recycling Materials
Hazardous Waste Types of Hazardous Waste Management of Hazardous Waste
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solid Waste
US generates more solid waste per capita than any other country 1.98kg (4.34lb) per person per day 243 million tons in 2009 (down from 2007)
Waste generation is highest in developed countries Instead of repairing items, they are replaced
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste Solid material discarded by homes, office
buildings, retail stores, schools, etc. (changes over years….now more paper and plastic)
Relatively small portion of solid waste produced Non-municipal solid waste
Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and mining
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Open Dumps
Open Dumps Open, unregulated dumps are still the
predominant method of waste disposal in developing countries.Most developed countries forbid open
dumping.
Disposal of Solid Waste
Four methods to get rid of waste Sanitary Landfills (bury it) Incineration (burn it) Dump it Compost it (Recycling)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sanitary Landfill
Compacting and burying waste under a shallow layer of soil. (54% of solid waste)
Most common method of disposal Dirt takes up as much as 20% of landfill space. Since 1994, all operating landfills in the US have been required to
control hazardous substances Problems
Methane gas production by microorganisms Contamination of surface water & ground water by leachate Not a long-term remedy Few new facilities being opened Closing a full landfill is very expensive
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exporting Waste
Although most industrialized nations have agreed to stop shipping hazardous and toxic waste to less-developed countries, the practice still continues.
Garbage imperialism also operates in wealthier countries.
Indian reservations increasingly being approached to store wastes on reservations.
Sanitary Landfill
Special Problem: Plastic Much of plastic is from packaging Chemically stable and do not readily break down
and decompose Special Problem:
Tires Made from materials
that cannot be recycled
Can be incinerated or shredded
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incineration
Two positive things come from incineration:
Volume of solid waste reduced by 90%
Produces heat that can make steam to generate electricity Produce less carbon emissions than fossil fuel
power plants Byproduct
Bottom ash Fly ash
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of incinerators
Mass burn is a large furnace that burns all solid waste except for unburnable items such as refrigerators. Recover energy. Creates air pollution problems.
Modular incinerators are smaller incinerators that burn all solid waste. They are located at factories and so are less expensive to build.
Refuse-derived fuel- is where only the combustible portion of solid waste is burned. Refuse is sorted to remove recyclable and unburnable materials.
Higher energy content than raw trash.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incineration and Resource Recovery
Energy Recovery - Heat derived from incinerated refuse is a useful resource. Steam used for heating buildings or generating
electricity.
Mass burn , waste to energy incineration
Mass burn (below), Modular, Refuse-derived
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incineration - Problems
Production of hazardous air pollutants Carbon monoxide, particulates, heavy metals Reduced by
Lime Scrubbers Electrostatic Precipitators
Byproduct - Bottom ash and Fly ash Must be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Composting
Municipal Solid Waste Composting Includes: Food scraps, Sewage sludge,
Agricultural manure, Yard waste Reduces yard waste in landfills Can be sold or distributed to community
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waste Prevention
Three Goals1. Reduce the amount of waste
2. Reuse products
3. Recycle materials
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reducing Waste
Purchase products with less packaging
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reducing Waste
Source reduction Products designed and manufactured to decrease
the volume of solid waste Reuse and recycle wastes at the plant where they
are generated Pollution Prevention Act (1990) Dematerialization
Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological improvements
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reusing Products
Refilling glass beverage bottles used to be standard Heavier glass required in reusable glass bottles-
costs more to make and transport Cheaper to use lightweight, non-reusable glass
Japan recycles almost all bottles Reused 20 times
11 US States have deposits on cans and bottles to promote reuse
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recycling Materials
Every ton of recycled paper saves: 17 trees 7000 gallons of water 4100 kwatt-hrs of energy 3 cubic yards of landfill space
Recycle Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic
bottles, cardboard, office paper
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recycling
US recycles 38% of Municipal Solid Waste
Recycling Paper US recycles 62.1% This has increased due to
consumer demand for recycled paper products
Recycling Glass US recycles 25% Costs producers less than
new glass (right)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recycling
Recycling Aluminum Making new can from recycled one costs far less
than making a brand new one (economic incentive)
51% of aluminum was recycled in 2009 Recycling Metals other than Aluminum
Lead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zinc Metallic composition is often unknown
Makes recycling difficult
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recycling
Recycling Plastic 14% of all plastic is recycled
(2009) Less expensive to make from
raw materials 28% of PET in water and
soda bottles is recycled Most plastic containers are
made of many types of plastic that must be separated to be recycled
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recycling
Recycling Tires Few products are made from old tires
Playground equipment Trashcans Garden hose Carpet Roofing materials
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hazardous Waste
Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment Reactive, corrosive,
explosive or toxic chemicals
1% of waste stream in US
Love Canal Toxic Waste Site
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hazardous Waste
Dioxin Formed as byproduct of combustion of chlorine
compounds Bioaccumulate and biomagnify through foodweb Cause cancer, effect reproductive, immune and
nervous system PCBs
Used as cooling fluid, fire retardant, lubricator Disposed of in open dumps, sewers and fields in 1970s -
issue in groundwater today Endocrine disrupter
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Management of Hazardous Waste
Chemical accidents National Response Center notified Typically involves oil, gasoline or other petroleum spill
Current Management Policies Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)
(RCRA) Comprehensive program requiring rigorous testing and
management of toxic and hazardous substances Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (1980) CERCLA Commonly known as Superfund
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Superfund Program
Pesticides dumps Piles of mining wastes
Must be cleaned up 2011 - over 11,000
sites on list
Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: 400,000 waste sites Leaking chemical storage tanks and drums
(below)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
CERCLA
Government does not have to prove anyone violated a law, or what role they played in a superfund site. Liability under CERCLA is “strict, joint, and
several”, meaning anyone associated with a site can be held responsible for the entire clean-up cost.
Management of Hazardous Waste
Superfund National Priorities List 2011: 1,290 sites on the list
States with the greatest number of sites New Jersey (112)
Pennsylvania (95)
California (94)
New York (87)
Michigan (67)
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Brownfield
Contaminated properties that have been abandoned or are not being used up to potential because of pollution concerns. Up to one-third of all commercial industrial sites in
urban core of many big cities fall into this category. In many cases, property owners complain that
unreasonably high purity levels are demanded in remediation programs.
Management of Hazardous Waste
Biological Treatment of Hazardous Chemicals Bioremediation - use of bacteria and other
microorganisms to break down hazardous waste into relatively harmless products 1000 species of bacteria and fungi Time consuming Inexpensive
Phytoremediation- use of plants to absorb and accumulate hazardous materials in the soil Ex: Indian mustard removes heavy metals
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Management of Hazardous Waste
1. Source reduction
2. Conversion to less hazardous materials
3. Long-term storage
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.