In This IssueIn This IssueIn This Issue

EditorMAHENDRA JAIN

Editor/Publisher is not responsible forviews, data, figures etc. expressed in thearticles by the authors.

Editor

No part of this publication can bereproduced or transmitted in any formwithout the prior written permission fromthe publishers.

Edited, printed and published by MahendraJain for M/s. Pratiyogita Darpan, 2/11A,Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA2 andprinted by him at Pratiyogita DarpanPrinting Unit, 5 & 6, Bye pass Road, Agra.Phone : 4053333, 2531101, 2530966Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570E-mail : publisher@pdgroup.inWebsite : www.pdgroup.in

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November 2009

Year12 Issue141

C.S.V. / November/ 2009 / 1061

Regulars

Editorial 1063

Science and Technology 1065

Latest General Knowledge 1067Inspiring Young Talents

(i) Topper : Uttarakhand, PMT 2009 (4th Rank)

Dhananjay Dwivedi 1071(ii) CBSE (PMT) 2009 (54th Rank)Garima Singh 1072

Science Tips 1074

Physics

Sound-III : Stationary Waves, Vibrations of Air Columnsand Stretched Strings 1076Nuclear Physics-III : Nuclear Energy 1082Typical Model Paper 1088

Typical Model Paper 1093

Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry 1099Typical Model Paper 1107Typical Model Paper 1110Typical Model Paper 1113

Zoology

Lymphatic System 1117Biology and Therapy of Cancer 1122Typical Model Paper 1126Typical Model Paper 1128Typical Model Paper 1131

Botany

Diversity of Life : Plant Groups 1134Pollination 1140Typical Model Paper 1143Typical Model Paper 1146Typical Model Paper 1149Solved Paper : CBSE Medical Entrance Exam., 2009 1153

Other Other Other Other Other FeaturesFeaturesFeaturesFeaturesFeatures

Assertion and Reason Type Questions 1170True or False 1173Do You Know ? 1177CSV Quiz Contest No. 138 1182Correct Solution and Prize Winners of CSV Quiz No. 135 1184General Awareness 1185

To Our ReadersDear Readers,

It is a matter of immense pleasure and great satisfaction to us in presenting toyou the November issue of your favourite and frontline magazine CompetitionScience Vision. PMT aspirants generally agree that the utility of each issue of themagazine is unique and unbeaten. Its flawless presentation in all the subjects ofpremedical tests is its special quality rarely found in any other such magazine.

Our experienced authors are trying hard to make its each issue more and moreexamination-oriented including in it all the changes of examination pattern. This makesour readers updated for each years tests. We strive to make CSV to meet all yourrequirements.

Hard work under proper guidance is a must for success in any examination.Revision of what you have read is also necessary before you finally take up theexamination. CSV is so designed that it provides you all you need for success.

Read CSV regularly and intelligently. It gives you the power to masteryour career and shape your destiny.

With best wishes for your success.Sincerely yours,

Mahendra Jain (Editor)

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1062

2009FORTHCOMING COMPETITIVE EXAMS.

Delhi SSSB Trained Graduate Teacher (Social Science)Exam. (Oct. 10)UPSC CPF Assistant Commandants Exam., 2009 (Oct. 11)Reserve Bank of India Officers Grade B Examination(I Stage) (Oct. 11)Delhi SSSB Trained Graduate Teachers (Sanskrit,Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi) Exam. (Oct. 11)Civil Services (Mains) Exam., 2009 (Oct. 22)The New India Assurance Company Ltd. AdministrativeOfficer Examination (Oct. 25)Gurgaon Gramin Bank Officer Scale-I Exam. (Oct. 25)Prathama Bank Officers Scale-I Exam. (Oct. 25)Shreyas Gramin Bank Specialist Officers Exam. (Nov. 1)Uttaranchal Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashiers Exam. (Nov. 1)Gurgaon Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashier CadreExamination (Nov. 1)Prathama Bank Office Assistants/Clerks Exam. (Nov. 1)Shreyas Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashiers Exam. (Nov. 8)Madhya Pradesh Civil Judge (Mains) Examination (Nov. 8)National Talent Search Exam., 2009 (For VIII ClassStudying Students) (Nov. 8)Madhya Pradesh National Means-cum-Merit ScholarshipExamination, 2009-10 (Nov. 8)S.B.I. Clerical Cadre Exam., 2009 (Nov. 8 & 15)S.S.C. Auditors and Accountants Exam. (Indian Auditand Account Deptt.) (Nov. 15)Madhya Pradesh State Service (Mains) Exam., 2008 (Nov. 16)

Indian Economic Service/Indian Statistical ServiceExamination, 2009 (Nov. 21)Corporation Bank Probationary Officers Exam. (Nov. 22)

Rajasthan State Eligibility Test (SET), 2009 (Nov. 22)

Rajasthan Gramin Bank Officers Scale-I Examination (Nov. 22)

Triveni Khetriya Gramin Bank Officers Scale-I Exam. (Nov. 22)

Rajasthan Gramin Bank Clerk-cum-Cashier Exam. (Nov. 29)

Corporation Bank Clerical Cadre Exam. (Nov. 29)Triveni Khetriya Gramin Bank Office Assistant Exam. (Nov. 29)Indian Air Force Airman Selection Test [Group X(Technical) Trades] (Nov.)S.S.C. Tax Assistant Examination, 2009 (Dec. 13)(Closing Date : 30 Oct., 2009)Rashtriya Military Schools Common Entrance Test(Class VI) (Dec. 20)CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test, 2009(Science Subjects) (Dec. 20)Vijaya Bank Probationary Clerks Exam. (Dec. 20)KVS Post Graduate Teachers Exam. (Dec. 26)(Closing Date : 12 Oct., 2009)Jaipur Thar Gramin Bank Office Assistants Exam. (Dec. 27)(Closing Date : 10 Oct., 2009)KVS Trained Graduate Teachers Exam. (Dec. 27)(Closing Date : 12 Oct., 2009)KVS Primary Teachers Exam. (Dec. 28)(Closing Date : 12 Oct., 2009)

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All that you are to do is to send us the list of multiplechoice objective questions which were asked in that examinationon the basis of your memory. The questions should be completewith all the alternatives for answering them. We shall includeall the entries in the contest. Participants with maximum numberof correct questions will be awarded.

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TTHOUGHTS FOR THE MONTHTHOUG

HTS FOR THE MONTH Nature never did betray the heart that loved her. Do not jump on a man unless hes down. Bottom is bottom even if it is turned upside down. Where wealth accumulates men decay. Blessed is the man that endureth temptation. Vituperation taking place of argument is becoming an increasingly

painful feature of Indian public life.

Some people look bright until they speak because light travels fasterthan sound.

Beware of the Learned mans false knowledge : it is more dangerousthan ignorance.

If you understood everything, you must be misinformed. On the highest throne in the world, we still sit only on our own

bottom.

Men without the minimum restraint, dignity and integrity cannot bearchitects of a new India.

Prefer a loss to a dishonest gain; the one brings pain at the moment,the other for all time.

Sooner or later the man who wins is the man who thinks he can. Using threats of suspension as a major strategy for maintaining

discipline does not go a long way.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1067 / 2

AWARDS/HONOURS

55th National Film AwardsDirector Priyadarshans off-beat

Tamil Film Kanjeevaram won thebest film award, 2007, while southernactor Prakash Raj has been adjustedas the best actor for his performancein the same film.

Renowned Malayalam filmdirector Adoor Gopalakrishnan isselected as the best director forNaalu Pennungal , while Kannadaactress Uma Shri is declared as thebest actress for Gulabi Takies.

Bollywood star Aamir Khansdirectorial debut Taare Zameen Pargot the best family welfare award andPrasoon Joshi got the award for thebest lyrics for Maa a film about adyslexic child. Shankar Mahadevanreceived the National Award for thebest playback singer. Chak De Indiawon the award for the best pictureproviding wholesome entertainment.

Sarswati SammanAssamesewriter Lakshminandan Bora washonoured with the Sarswati Samman2008 for his significant contributionsto Assamese literature.

Vyas SammanHindi writerMannu Bhandari was awarded theVyas Samman 2008 for her invalu-able contributions to Hindi literature.

Sarswati Samman and VyasSamman are given by K. K. BirlaFoundation for promotion of Indianliterature.

61st Annual Emmy Award2009Emmy Awards were given inLos Angeles (U.S.A.) on September21, 2009. 30 Rock and Mad Menwere the winners of every category.30 Rock was named the bestcomedy. Mad Men won the bestdrama category. Toni Collette wonthe Emmy as the best actor in acomedy. Calenn Close won hersecond straight Emmy for bestactress.

ICC AwardsEnglands Ashes winning captain

Andrew Strauss and Indian openerGautam Gambhir are among the fourplayers who were honoured with theCricketer of the Year Award. Indiascaptain Mahendra Singh Dhoni andAustralian fast bowler MitchellJohnson are other cricketers whowere honoured with the Awards byInternational Cricket Council inJohannesburg, South Africa, onOctober 1, 2009.

List of the awardees :Cricketer of the Year

Mahendra Singh Dhoni (Ind), GautamGambhir (Ind), Mitchell Johnson(Aus), Andrew Strauss (Eng).

Test Player of the YearGautam Gambhir (Ind), MitchellJohnson (Aus), Thilan Samaraweera(SL), Andrew Strauss (Eng).

One-Day Player of the YearShivnarine Chanderpal (WI),Mahendra Singh Dhoni (Ind), VirenderSehwag (Ind), Yuvraj Singh (Ind).

Emerging Player of the YearBen Hilfenhaus (Aus), Graham Onions(Eng), Jesse Ryder (NZ), Peter Siddle(Aus).

Associate and Affiliate Playerof the Year (non-Test nations)Rizwan Cheema (Can), Ryan tenDoeschate (Ned), William Porterfield(Irl), Edgar Schiferli (Ned).

Twenty-20 International Perfor-mance of the YearShahid Afridi(Pak)-51 off 34 balls and two for 16against South Africa in the WorldTwenty-20 semi-final in Nottinghamon June 18.

Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL)-96 notout off 57 balls against the West Indiesin the World Twenty-20 semi-final atthe Oval on June 19.

Chris Gayle (WI)-88 off 50 ballsagainst Australia in the World Twenty-20 at the Oval on June 6.

Umar Gul (Pak)-5-6 against NewZealand in the World Twenty-20 atthe Oval on June 13.

Womens Cricketer on theYearCharlotte Edwards (Eng),Shelley Nitschke (Aus), Claire Taylor(Eng).

Umpire of the YearAleem Dar(Pak), Tony Hill (NZ), Asad Rauf(Pak), Simon Taufel (Aus).

Spirit of Cricket AwardAus-tralia, England, New Zealand, SriLanka.

BOOKS

Civil Society and Human Secu-rityV. R. Raghavan (The volumetouches upon some very criticalissues and raises many questionsrelated to human security).

Jammu and Kashmir : TheCold War and the West D. N.Panigrahi(In this book the authorshows that the Western support toPakistan played a key role in shapingthe India-Pakistan contestation onJammu and Kashmir. The militaryand diplomatic assistance to Pakistan,sustained its long-running offensive totake control of the state.)

Reducing Global Poverty :Patterns of Potential Human Pro-gressBary B. Hughes (This heftywork, the first in a series of annualvolumes, deals with poverty reductionissues).

The Corporate GreenhouseYda Schreuder (The book discussesthe role of MNCs in shaping theimplementation of climate changeagreements).

DAYS

October 1International Day forElderly.

October 2Gandhi Jayanti, LalBahadur Shastris Jayanti, WorldVegetation Day.

October 3World Habitat Day.October 4World Animal Wel-

fare Day.October 8Indian Air Force Day.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1068

October 9World Post OfficeDay.

October 11World AllergyAwareness Day.

October 13UN InternationalDay for Natural Disaster Reduction.

October 14World StandardsDay.

October 15World Sight Day(Second Thursday of October), WorldWhite Cane Day (Guiding the Blind).

October 16World Food Day.October 21Police Commemo-

ration Day.October 24U.N. Day, World

Development Information Day.October 27Infants Day.October 30World Thrift Day.October 31National Integration

Day.

Y. S. R. Reddy (A Talentedleader)In the heart-rending tragedyof Yeduguri SandintiRajasekhara Reddysdemise in a heli-copter crash, AndhraPradesh has lost itsmost charismaticleader and the Con-gress its most politi-cally talented andresourceful ChiefMinister. A medical

Yeduguri SandintiRajasekhara

Reddygraduate, YSR, as he was widelyknown, was a politician of Pulivendulain Kadapa district. He became anMLA at the age of 29, a Minister two

years later, and never lost anAssembly or Lok Sabha electionthereafter. A devout Christian, hemade pilgrimages to Bethlehem andTirumala with equal piety, showinghis broad mindedness.

The game-changing event washis 1500 km padayatra in 2003, whichbrilliantly tapped into mass unrestover the agrarian crisis and capturedhim to the seat of power a year later.He tirelessly presented his mission asthe transformation of agriculture andfarmers lives and the ending ofagrarian distress. His Jilayagnamdrive to irrigate ten million acres ofland by 2014, his Agriculture Tech-nology Mission, his vigorous imple-mentation and expansion of theNational Rural Employment Guar-antee Scheme and his schemes tosupply rice at Rs. 2 per kg. to thepoor and provide free power tofarmers, won his enormous credibilityon the ground.

Norman BorlaugDr. NormanBorlaug, who passed away in Dallas,Texas on September 13, 2009 at theage of 95, remains the only recipientof the Nobel Prize for agriculture,specifically the Peace prize of 1970.Possessed of insatiable curiosityabout matters, botanical and blessedwith remarkable energy and scientificincisiveness, Dr. Borlaug worked inMexico in 1950s, where he crossbreda dwarf strain of wheat. This, whentreated with chemical fertilizers andpesticides, produced for greaterquantities of seeds than the earliervarieties had done. His discovery wascommercially introduced in Mexico in

1956, and the 1963 harvest was sixtimes greater than that of 1956.

An Assault on Hunger : Norman E.Borlaug and his wife Margaret with theNobel Peace Prize he was awarded in

1970

Dr. Borlaug had a special placein the hearts of all Indians as he,alongwith M. S. Swaminathan, broughtthe Green Revolution in India mark-ing a watershed in Indias agrarianeconomy and rural development.

At a time in sixties when Indiawas facing the spectre of severe foodshortages, his introduction of highyielding varieties of (wheat) seeds setin motion a technological revolution inIndian agriculture that led eventuallyto the country achieving self-suffi-ciency in food grains. Green Revolu-tion lifted the spirits of Indian peopleand gave them new hope and con-fidence. He was the father of GreenRevolution in India. The gratefulnation mourns his death and owes adebt of gratitude to this greatman.

This greatest hunger-fighter forall time, made a profound differenceto the lives of hundreds of millions ofpeople in developing world.

Raj Singh DungarpurTheformer President of the Board ofControl for Cricket in India (BCCI),Raj Singh Dungarpur (73), passedaway in Mumbai on September 12,2009 after prolonged illness. He hadbeen suffering from alzheimer and didnot recognise his acquaintances. Hewas the third son of the former rulerof Dungarpur, Maharawal LakshmanSinghji. He graduated from VikramUniversity, Ujjain.

He was an excellent cricketerand played for Rajasthan in RanjiTrophy and other national tourna-ments for 16 years, as a medium fastbowler. He took 206 wickets and

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1069

scored 1292 runs in national tourna-ments. He worked as the nationalselector for two terms. He was thefounder-Chairman of National CricketAcademy, Bangalore.

V. K. Sarswat (New D.G.,DRDO)Dr. V.K. Sarswat assumedoffice as the Director-General of theDefence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation (DRDO) and ScientificAdvisor to the Ministry of Defence. Hewould also be the Secretary of Depart-ment of Defence Research andDevelopment in the Ministry ofDefence. He succeeded Dr. M.Natarajan who retired. Earlier Dr.Sarswat had been Chief Controller,Research and Development (Missilesand Strategic Systems), DRDO.

Dr. Sarswat, who has a Ph. D.degree in combustion engineering,joined DRDO in 1972. He led thedevelopment of Indias tactical andstrategic missile systems and anti-missile systems.

K. Rosaiah (New C.M., A.P.)Mr. K. Rosaiah (76), the seniormostmember in Y.S. Rajasekhara cabinet,was sworn-in as the new Chief Minis-ter of Andhra Pradesh. The StateGovernor Mr. N. D. Tiwari adminis-tered the oath of office collectively toall the 34 members of Y. S.Rajasekhara Reddy cabinet also. Mr.Rosaiah had been a member ofseveral Congress cabinets in thepast.

Irina Bokova (First Woman toHead UNESCO)In what can onlybe described as a stunning upset.Irina Bokova, Bulgarias former foreignminister and currently ambassador toParis, became the first woman tohead UNESCO, the Paris-basedUnited Nations agency for education,science and culture. Ms. Bokova waselected on September 23, 2009 bythe Organisations 58-memberExecutive Board winning 31 votes todefeat her rival, Egypts CultureMinister, Farukh Hosni, who polled27.

Mr. Bokova also became the firstperson from the former Soviet bloccountries to be elected to this post.

Y. Hatoyama (New P. M.,Japan)Mr. Yukio Hatoyama, onSeptember 16, 2009,was appointed asJapans 93rd PrimeMinister following hispartys landslidevictory in the August30 general election.Mr. Hatoyama wasappointed as Prime Yukio HatoyamaMinister at the plenary session ofboth the House of Representativesand the House of Councillors. He isthe leader of Centre-left coalition. Withhis assumption of office, the curtaincame down over a half-century ofconservative rule in Japan.

Mr. Hatoyamas agenda is spark-ing a previously unthinkable idea thatthe U. S. may have to exit from thecentre-stage of the next big theatre inglobal affairs.

Somdev Devvarman (Davis CupHero)Somdev Devvarman scripteda spectacular win over South AfricasRik-de-Voest in a high-voltagemarathan five-setter to put India back

Somdev Devvarmanin the elite Davis Cup World Groupafter a gap of 11 years, on Septem-ber 20, 2009 in Johannesburg (SouthAfrica). The tenacious Somdev won36, 67 (3), 76 (5), 62, 64 afteran energy-sapping battle of fourhours and 38 minutes at the EllisPark indoor stadium. Down by twosets, Somdev made an incrediblecomeback as he overcame an earlybreak of serve to break back de-voestin the fourth game. Somdev wrappedup the set in the eighth game and itall boiled down to the fifth anddecisive set.

This win of Davis Cup gave Indiaan unassailable 31 lead over theRainbow Nation.

Kochi (The longest rail-bridge)Engineers in Kochi (Kerala) are giving

final touches to the 462 km long railbridge connecting the mainland to the The structure has a clearance of 7m

above water and is made of 134pillars.

About 18,000 tonnes of cement and50,000 metric tonnes of steel havegone into the structure.

The initial cost was estimated to beRs. 246 cr, which was later revisedto Rs. 298 cr.

proposed international containertrans-shipment terminal on Vallar-padam island across the Vembanadlake in Ernakulam district. Due to becommissioned in November 2009, itwill be the longest rail bridge in India.Currently, the record is held by theNehru Sethu near Dehri-on-Sone,located on the Kolkata-Delhi line. TheNehru Sethu is 3065 km-long.

This bridge is expected to saveexporters of crores of rupees wastedin trans-shipment of their goodsthrough other ports. The project isalso set to transform the industrialenvironment in the State.

SPORTS

CricketSquads for Irani Trophy

and Champions LeagueCricketmatches between Ranji Champion,Mumbai and rest of India for the IraniTrophy will be held at Nagpur duringOctober 1 till 5. Squads for the rest ofIndia for Irani Trophy and ChallengerSeries are

Irani Trophy : Rest of IndiaGautam Gambhir (Capt.), S. Badri-nath (Vice-Capt.), M. Vijay, ViratKohli, Manoj Tiwary, Ravindra Jadeja,Irfan Pathan, Wriddiman Saha, S.Sreesanth, Munaf Patel, PragyanOjha, Kedar Jadhav, AbhinavMukund, Uday Kaul and SudeepTyagi.

Challenger Series : India BlueM. S. Dhoni (Capt.), Sachin Ten-dulkar, Wasim Jaffer, Jalaj Saxena,Suresh Kumar, Kedar Jadhav,Abhishek Nayar, Yusuf Pathan,Naman Ojha, Harbhajan Singh, S. K.Trivedi, S. Sreesanth, Ashok Dindaand A. S. Goswami.

India RedYuvraj Singh (Capt.),M. Vijay, Sunny Sohail, ShikharDhawan, Ishant Jaggi, Ravindra

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1070

Jedeja, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Wriddi-man Saha, R. Ashwin, Sudeep Tyagi,Munaf Patel, S. S. Tiwary, IshantSharma and H. Khadiwale.

India GreenSuresh Raina(Capt.), A. Rahane, Tanmay Srivast-ava, Ravi Inder Singh, Manoj Tiwary,S. Badrinath, Chetanya Nanda, IrfanPathan, Parthiv Patel, S. K. Jakati, L.Balaji, Dhawal Kulkarni, Pankaj Singhand Uday Kaul.

ICC Champions Trophy 2009ICC Champions Trophy Tournamentstarted on September 22, 2009 inSouth Africa and final will be playedon October 5, 2009.

ICC Champions Trophy 2009Schedule

Group A : Australia, India, Pakistan andWest Indies.Group B : England, New Zealand,South Africa and Sri LankaOct. 2 Ist Semifinal

(A1 Vs. B2)Centurion

Oct. 3 2nd Semifinal(B1 Vs. A2)

Johannesburg

Oct. 5 Final Centurion

India Wins Compaq CupSachin Tendulkars century, Har-bhajan Singhs five-wicket haul andthe magnitude of the target (320 in 50overs) ensured that India won theCompaq Cup final against Sri Lankain Colombo on September 15, 2009.Sachin Tendulkar held centre stageat the Premdasa Stadium. His 44thODI centuryhis fourth at this groundand his sixth in tournament finalshelped India to score 319 for five in50 overs in the championship matchfor the Compaq Cup.

TennisU. S. OpenIndias Leander

Paes and Czech Republics LucasDlouhy won the U. S. open mensdoubles title defeating Indias MaheshBhupathi and Mark Knowles ofBahamas 36, 63, 62 in New Yorkon September 14, 2009. This wasPaes 10th Grand Slam title, includingsix mens doubles and four mixeddoubles crown.

The ResultsPrefix denotes seeding

Women Singles Final : KimClijsters (Bel) bt 9-Caroline Wozniacki(Den) 75, 63.

Men Singles Final : 6-Juan Martindel Potro (Arg) bt 1-Roger Federer (Sui)36, 76(5), 46, 76(4), 62.

Women Doubles : 4-SerenaWilliams & Venus Williams (USA) bt 1-Cara Black (Zim) and Liezel Huber(USA) 62, 62.

Men Doubles Final : 4-LeanderPaes (Ind) & Lukas Dlouhy (Cze) bt 3-Mahesh Bhupathi (Ind) & Mark Knowles(Bah) 36, 63, 62.

Junior Singles Boys Final : 3-Bernard Tomic (Aus) bt ChaseBuchanan (USA) 61, 63.

Girls Final : 11-Heather Watson(GBr) bt Yana Buchina (Rus) 64, 61.

BilliardsIBSF World Professional

Billiards ChampionshipIndiasPankaj Advani is 2009 World

(Continued on Page 1184)

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1071

Inspiring Young Talent Hardwork, motivation and encouragement of family members and

positive thinking are the main elements of my success in thisexamination.

Dhananjay DwivediTopperUttarakhand, PMT2009 (4th Rank)

[Competition Science Vision arranged an exclusive interview with Mr. Dhananjay Dwivedi who hasthe credit of securing a high position in the list of successful candidates of Uttarakhand PMT, 2009. For hisbrilliant success he deserves all praise and our heartiest congratulations. This important interview ispresented here in its original form.]

CSVCongratulations on yourbrilliant success.

DhananjayThanks.CSVBefore knowing your result

what did you think about those whoachieve top positions ?

DhananjayThey are like us butdo things differently.

CSVAchieving top position hascome as surprise to you or were youconfident of achieving it ?

DhananjayNot so good but Iwas sure that blessings of my parentsand teachers will not fail so I wasexpecting under 50th rank.

CSVWhat do you think is thesecret of your success ?

DhananjayMy parents and myBhaiya-Bhabhis motivating behaviourwhich never demoralised me.

CSVIn how many attempts didyou get this success ?

DhananjayIt was my 3rdattempt.

CSVWhat were the shortcom-ings in your preparation for earlierattempts ? How did you make up forthem this time ?

DhananjayI was weak inBiology. But this time my teachersand friends supported me very muchso I got a position in it also.

CSVFrom where did you getthe inspiration of choosing a medicalcareer ?

DhananjayMy father andmother.

CSVFrom when did you startthe preparation for it ?

DhananjayJust after 12th but Ithink it must be right from the 11thstandard to achieve good success inless time.

CSVWhat planning did youmake for preparation ? Please tellsomething in detail.

DhananjayFrom the beginningof this year, I planned to take moreand more tests, particularly of objec-tive questions in which material ofCSV, helped me a lot.

Competition Science Visionis a landmark in the field ofscience magazines for pre-medi-cal examinations. It gives allimportant facts with easily under-standable short explanations.

Dhananjay DwivediCSVHow much time did you

devote daily and regularly for Physics,Chemistry, Zoology and Botany ?

DhananjayInitially, in my firstyear of preparation, I give almost onehour for each subject, but in my lastyear I always gave more time on myweak points. Subject not matteringmuch.

CSVOut of the above foursubjects, to which subject did you givemore weightage and why ?

DhananjayCertainly Biologybecause firstly we are going tobecome doctor and the almost inevery entrance exam there are morequestions on Biology. But Chemistryis very scoring subject.

CSVDid you make completestudy of all topics or of some selectivetopics ?

DhananjayI always stressmore on those points which myteachers tell me because being selec-tive is also the key to success. Dontwaste time in vain for the lessweightage portion.

CSVHow did you give finaltouches to your preparation ?

DhananjayAfter preparing, Ijoined one month test series whichwas helpful for whole revision anddiscussion with the teachers andclassmates was utmost important.

CSVDid you prepare notes ?DhananjayYes, I prepared

notes but they were very selective andshort which can be studied at the nightbefore the examination and withouttension.

CSVWhat was your attitude forsolving numerical questions ? Whatweightage did you give them ?

DhananjayOne must concen-trate on numericals sincerely becausein medical exams they are generallyformula based so we can score goodmarks in them.

Bio-DataNameDhananjay DwivediFathers NameSri Brij Bhushan

DwivediMothers NameSmt. Shakuntla

DwivediEducational QualificationsH. S. / Std. X894% (P.P.J.

Saraswati Vihar, Nainital), 2004.Inter/Std. XII76% (P.P.J. Saras-

wati Vihar, Nainital), 2006.CSVHow much time is suffi-

cient for preparing for this examina-tion ?

DhananjayActually planning isvery important because upto my 12thclass I had not planned my career soI got this success late but I think twoyears are sufficient.

(Continued on Page 1092)

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1072

Inspiring Young Talent Sustained and scheduled study with guidance of teachers is the

secret of my success.Garima Singh

CBSE (PMT) 2009 [General Rank-54, OBC Rank-5]

[Competition Science Vision arranged an exclusive interview with Miss Garima Singh who has thecredit of being successful in CBSE (PMT) and U.P.-CPMT with high ranks. For her brilliant success, shedeserves all praise and our heartiest congratulations. This important interview is presented here in itsoriginal form.]

CSVCongratulations on yourbrilliant success.

GarimaThank you, Sir.CSVBefore knowing your result

what did you think about those whoachieve top positions ?

GarimaI thought they must besome extraordinary persons, muchmore studious than myself.

CSVAchieving top position hascome as surprise to you or were youconfident of achieving it ?

GarimaI was confident ofachieving good rank but was not sureabout such high rank.

CSVWhat do you think is thesecret of your success ?

GarimaI think sustained andscheduled study is the secret of mysuccess along with the guidance ofthe teachers.

CSVIn how many attempts didyou get this success ?

GarimaIt was my secondattempt.

CSVWhat were the shortcom-ings in your preparation for earlierattempts ? How did you make up forthem this time ?

GarimaI was not so muchserious about my study in the firstattempt as in second attempt.

CSVFrom where did you getthe inspiration of choosing a medicalcareer ?

GarimaMy mother always toldme that for girls the most respectablejob is to be a doctor.

CSVFrom when did you startthe preparation for it ?

GarimaAfter class X.CSVWhat planning did you

make for preparation ? Please tellsomething in detail.

GarimaI used to make a timetable nearly daily for what to do that

day. I used to decide subject mattersto study for the day and sleep onlyafter completing them.

CSV is a nice magazine andis very useful for pre-medicalexaminations. It contains goodsubject matter and quality samplequestions in exhaustive numbers.

Garima Singh

CSVHow much time did youdevote daily and regularly for Physics,Chemistry, Zoology and Botany ?

GarimaAfter 6 hours ofcoaching, I devoted 7-8 hours dailyfor self study.

CSVOut of the above foursubjects, to which subject did you givemore weightage and why ?

GarimaI gave weightage to thesubjects according to the toughnessof the lesson which I am going toread. If it is from Physics then moreweightage for it and if from Botanythen less for it.

CSVDid you make completestudy of all topics or of some selectivetopics ?

GarimaI tried to make com-plete study of all subjects.

CSVHow did you give finaltouches to your preparation ?

GarimaAfter reading thelessons, I go to the lesson content atstart and used to make ticks for whatI know I studied. This gave me confi-dence.

CSVDid you prepare notes ?GarimaYes, I prepared short

but comprehensive notes.CSVWhat was your attitude for

solving numerical questions ? Whatweightage did you give them ?

GarimaThey are very impor-tant. In PMTs, the numericals aregenerally net very tough and theyassure easy marks. If any numericalwas very long then I solved it at last.

CSVHow much time is suffi-cient for preparing for this examina-tion ?

GarimaTwo years of deepstudy is sufficient.

CSVFrom what level of educa-tion should an aspirant begin pre-paring for it ?

GarimaFrom class XI.

Bio-DataNameGarima SinghFathers NameSri Dharmraj SinghMothers NameSmt. Renu SinghEducational QualificationsH.S./Std. X90% (Kendriya

Vidyalaya, DLW), 2006.Inter/Std. XII898% (Kendriya

Vidyalaya, DLW), 2008.Special Ahievements

Also selected in CPMT, 2009 Selected in National Science

Exhibition (KVS), 2007 Got 3rd District Rank in Maths

Olympiad one time

CSVWhat was your order ofpreference for various branches forwhich this test is held ?

GarimaOnly MBBS.CSVPlease mention various

books in each subject and magazineson which you based your preparation.

GarimaNCERT Books for eachsubject. Elementary Biology, ABCChemistry, Pradeep Physics, H. C.Verma for Physics and CSV maga-zine.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1073

CSVDid you take coaching inyour preparation ?

GarimaYes, I took JRS Tuto-rials, Varanasi. It was very useful. Iwas much influenced by its DirectorSir A. K. Jha. He gave equal attentionto each student and taught everytopic in a playing manner.

CSVWhat help do the sciencemagazines render in the preparationsfor this examination ?

GarimaThey give extra edge inpreparations and provide knowledgein some currently discovered mattersrelated to our subject topics.

CSVWhat will be your criterionfor selecting a magazine for theseexaminations ?

GarimaIt must have correct-ness in its writings and should explaindifficult things in easy way.

Personal QualitiesHobbiesListening songs and

playing cricketIdeal PersonMy motherStrong PointMy confidenceWeak PointBeing nervous at

some events

CSVWhat is your opinion aboutour Competition Science Vision ?How much helpful and useful do youfind it ?

GarimaIt is a nice magazine. Itcontains subject matter and samplequestions in good amount.

CSVPlease suggest in whatway CSV can be made more usefulfor medical aspirants.

GarimaIt is already very usefuland can be made more useful byintroducing more diagrams alongwithquestions.

CSVPlease mention your posi-tion in the merit list as well as themarks obtained in different subjects.What were your aggregate percentageof mraks ?

GarimaI obtained All India rank5 in OBC category and 54th All IndiaGeneral rank. In Physics andChemistry together I got 66/100. InBotany and Zoology I got 78/100 inCBSE Mains subjective examination.

CSVWhat books/magazines/newspapers did you read for G.K.preparations ?

GarimaI hadnt read anyspecific book for G.K. I got it from theInternet, Dainik Jagran, The Times ofIndia and CSV magazine.

CSVWhom would you like togive credit for your success ?

GarimaFirst my parents, thento my teachers and then myself.

CSVPlease tell us somethingabout your family.

GarimaMy father is a SeniorSection Engineer in DLW. My motheris an architect Engineer. I have asister and a brother who are youngerto me.

CSVWhat in your frank opinionhas been the biggest mistake in yourpreparation for this test ?

GarimaI dont find any bigmistake.

CSVWhat message would youlike to give for our readers of CSV ?

GarimaThey must try to gettheir dreams with whole heart, mindand soul taken together they willsurely be get success.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1074

Physics

1. For wattless current what should be the value of thepower factor of the circuit ?

Zero2. For which colour is the critical angle of light, passing

from glass to air, minimum ? Violet

3. Give an example of application of mutual induction inany device.

Transformer4. What is the correct sequence of the semiconductors

silicon, tellunium and germanium in the increasingorder of their energy gap ?

Tellurium, germanium, silicon5. Which ammeter is used to measure alternating

current ?Hot wire ammeter

6. What quantity has the ampere-second as its unit ? Quantity of electricity

7. By seeing a glowing electric bulb can you say if it isbeing fed by A.C. or D.C.

No8. What does the sudden burst of a cycle tyre represent?

Adiabatic process9. What happens to the velocity and wavelength of light

when it enters a denser medium ?Both decrease

10. The skylab space station did not have a safe landing.Why ?

Because its remote control system failed11. What happens when even a small bird hits a flying

aeroplane ? It causes heavy damage

12. When does the lunar eclopse occur ? It occurs when the earth comes in between the

moon and the sun13. Why is the cooling inside a refrigerator not proper

when a thick layer of ice deposits on the freezer ?Because ice is a bad conductor of heat

14. Which type of computer is often found in smallbusiness and in homes and classrooms ?

The micro computer. It is the smallest and theleast costly type of computer

15. Out of joule, calorie, kilowatt and electron-volt whichone is not the unit of energy ?

kilowatt

16. How does the atmospheric pressure vary with height? Atmospheric pressure P decreases with heighth above sea level. For an ideal atmosphere atconstant temperature P = P0 e kh where k is aconstant and P0 is the pressure at the surface

17. How is r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules related toabsolute temperature of the gas ?

vrms T18. What are transducers ?

Devices which change signals from one form toanother (e.g. sound to electrical) are called

transducers19. Is polarisation the property of all types of waves ?

No, it is property of only transverse waves20. What is the peculiarity of a NAND gate ?

The output is HIGH if the input is NOT HIGH,and vice-versa

Chemistry

21. What is Turnbull's blue ? Fe4[Fe (CN)6]3

22. An hypothesis tested by experiments is known as Theory

23. What is magnesia alba ?Mg (OH)2.Mg CO3.3 H2O

(used as an antacid)24. The humidity of air is measured by

Hygrometer25. What is oleum ?

H2S2O7Also known as fuming sulphuric acid

26. Vulcanised rubber was invented by Charles Goodyear (1839)

27. An amino acid which does not contain a chiralcentre.

Glycine [NH2CH2COOH]28. Scientist who perfected the technique for converting

pig iron into steel Henry Bessemer (1856)

29. When the pH of the blood is lower than the normalvalue, this condition is known as

Acidosis30. The electrolytic method of obtaining aluminium from

bauxite was first developed by Charles Hall (1886)

31. Which compound possesses characteristic smell likethat of mustard oil ?

Ethyl isothiocyanate [C2H5N = C = S]

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1075 / 3

32. First solar bettery was developed in the Bell Telephone Laboratory (1954)

33. What is Wilkinson's catalyst ? tris (triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium(I)

[RhCl (PPh3)3]34. In 1836 the galvanised iron was introduced first in

France35. What is caro's acid ?

Permonosulphuric acid [H2SO5]36. A porcelain funnel used for filtration by suction is

known as Buchner Funnel

37. What is diazomethane ?

[CH2 = +N = N or CH2N2]

38. A drying chamber, containing chemicals such asconcentrated sulphuric acid or silica gel is known as

Desiccator39. Reforming of a gasoline fraction to increase bran-

ching in presence of AlCl3 is known as Isomerization

40. A condenser consisting of glass tube surrounded byanother glass tube through which cooling water flowsis known as

Liebig condenser

Zoology

41. The earliest prokaryotes must have beenChemoheterotrophs

42. Which ions are most concentrated outside a restingneuron ?

Sodium43. The only arthropods with two pairs of antennae are

theCrustaceans

44. Which type of cartilage is present in rib cage and thetip of nose ?

Hyaline45. Most fossils are found in

Sedimentary rocks46. Where the Meissners corpuscles and Merkels disks

are located ? Near the papillae of dermis

47. To make a karyotype, chromosomes are photogra-phed during

Mitosis48. Which kind of glands have possible role in communi-

cation as scent glands ? Apocrine glands

49. Viruses are obligate parasites ofCells

50. Which kind of bone marrow is present in the interiorof each epiphysis ?

Red bone marrow

51. Lack of precision with regard to the third base incodon and anticodon is the

Wobble effect52. What is called the air spaces present in some of

cranial and facial bones ? Sinuses

53. The basic monomers used in DNA replication areDNA nucleotides

54. What is called the smallest strength of stimulus thatcauses muscle contraction ?

Threshold stimulus55. The form of endocytosis in which specific molecules

bind to receptor sites on the external surface of themembrane is called

Pinocytosis56. Where the osteocytes of compact bone are orga-

nized? Around Haversian canals

57. The term humour refers toPlasma and lymph

58. What is gradually lost from bones during aging ? Calcium and phosphate

59. Most vitamins function asCoenzymes

60. Which enzyme from small intestinal mucosa digestsmaltose and sucrose ?

Disaccharidase

Botany

61. What are nonseptate fungal hyphae ?Fungi having no cross walls in their hyphae

62. What is alternation of sexual and asexual reproduc-tion in the life cycle of plants called ?

Alternation of generation63. Why does distinguishing species on the basis of

reproductive isolation run into problems ?Because some species hybridize and

reproductive isolation is verydifficult to observe

64. What is a catalytically active complex made up of anapoenzyme and a coenzyme called ?

Holoenzyme65. What does retrovirus have ?

Ritroviruses are RNA animal virusesthat have a DNA stage

66. What is the first stable product of photosynthesis inC4 plants ?

Oxaloacetic acid67. What is the chief means of achieving genetic

variation ?Mutation

(Continued on Page 1176)

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1076

Stationary Waves

(i) When two progressive waves of equal wavelengthand amplitude moving in opposite directions in a mediumwith the same speed superpose on each other, a newwave is formed that does not seem to proceed in anydirection. Such a wave is called the stationary wave.

(ii) A stationary wave does not transmit energy in themedium.

ImportantLet the wave moving in positive x-direction be represented by

y1 = a sin 2 (vt x)

and the wave moving in negative x-direction be given by

y2 = a sin 2 (vt + x)

Then the resultant wave due to superposition is given by

y = y1 + y2

= 2a cos 2x sin

2vt

= A sin 2vt

(iii) The amplitude of the stationary wave is given by

A = 2a cos 2x

(iv) The points where the amplitude of the resultantwave is maximum are called the antinodes. For anti-nodes

x = 0, 2 , ,

32 ,

and A = 2a.

(v) The points where the amplitude of the resultantwave is minimum are called the nodes. For nodes

x =4 ,

34 ,

54 ,

and A = 0.

(vi) The distance between two consecutive nodes orantinodes is /2.

(vii) Stationary waves can be produced by the super-position of both the longitudinal and transverse waves.

(viii) Longitudinal stationary waves are formed influtes and air columns.

(ix) Transverse stationary waves are formed in sono-meter, sitar, gitar and strings.

Graphical Representation of StationaryWaves

I

I

I

III

II

II

II

t

t

t

t

t

Characteristics of Stationary Waves

(i) Some points of the medium are always stationaryi.e., their amplitude is zero. These are called nodes.

(ii) In between the nodes there are points withmaximum displacements. These are called antinodes.

(iii) The distance between two consecutive nodes ornearest antinodes is /2 The distance between a nodeand the nearest antinode is /4

(iv) Excluding nodes every point of the medium exe-cutes simple harmonic motion about its mean position.

(v) The amplitudes of all the particles of the mediumare not same. Amplitude at the nodes is zero and atantinodes maximum.

(vi) All the points occurring between two nodesvibrate in the same phase. They reach their respectivepositions of maximum displacement simultaneously andalso pass through their mean position at the same time.

(vii) Like progressive waves the stationary wave donot proceed forward.

(viii) The variations of pressure and density are maxi-mum at nodes but are minimum at antinodes.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1077

Comparison of Progressive and Stationary Waves

Progressive Waves Stationary Waves1. These waves move in

medium with a definitespeed.

1. These waves do not movein any direction and remainconfined within two boun-daries.

2. All the medium particles inthese waves vibrate withequal amplitude and time-period.

2. All the medium particles inthese waves, exceptnodes, vibrates with equaltime-periods but differentamplitudes.

3. The phase of each particlechanges continuously.

3. All the particles betweentwo consecutive nodes arein same phase but theparticles on the oppositesides of the node are inopposite phase.

4. None of the particles ispermanently stationary. Inthe position of maximumdisplacement every parti-cle is momentarily statio-nary.

4. Node particles are perma-nently stationary; the restare momentarily stationaryin the position of maximumdisplacement.

5. The compressions andrarefactions move onwardwith a definite speed.

5. Compressions and rarefac-tions produce alternately atdefinite places.

6. Same changes of pressureand density occur at allpoints of medium.

6. Changes of pressure anddensity are maximum atnodes but minimum (zero)at antinodes.

7. These waves transmitevery in the medium.

7. These waves do not trans-mit energy in the medium.

Reflection and Phase Changes in MechanicalWaves

The behaviour of a wave at a boundary can bestudied by sending pulses along a long narrow spring asshown in figure below :

Fixed end Heavy spring

Heavy spring

Light spring

Light spring

(a)

(b) (d)

(c)

Light thread Spring

2

1

2

1

(i) In fig. (a), the left-hand end of the spring is fixedand a transverse upward pulse travelling towards it isreflected as a trough. A phase change of 180 or radhas occurred and there is a phase difference of half awavelength (/2) between the incident and reflectedpulse.

(ii) In fig. (b), the left-hand end of the spring is atta-ched to a heavier spring and at the boundary the pulse ispartly transmitted and partly reflected, the reflectedpulse being inverted.

(iii) In fig. (c), a pulse passes from a heavy spring onthe left to a light spring. Partial reflection and transmissionagain occur but the reflected pulse is not turned upsidedown.

(iv) In fig. (d), the left-hand of the long narrow springis fastened to a length of a thin string and is in effect free.Here almost the whole of the incident pulse is reflectedthe right way up i.e., a crest is reflected as a crest andno phase change occurs.

Phase Changes in Longitudinal Waves(i) Phase changes also occur when longitudinal

waves are reflected, as can be shown by sending pulsesalong a slinky spring to denser and less dense boun-daries, i.e., to fixed and free ends. At a fixed end acompression is reflected as a compression, at a free itis reflected as a rarefaction.

(ii) Similar effects are obtained when sound wavesare reflected in pipes with closed and open ends; a com-pression is reflected as a compression at a closed endand as a rarefaction at an open end.

Important Points When a transverse wave on a spring is reflected at a

denser medium, there is a phase change of 180. The phase change occurs in the case of the spring with

one end fixed for example, because there can be nodisplacement of the fixed end, it must be a node. Theincident and reflected waves, therefore, cause equal andopposite displacements at the fixed end so that theysuperpose to give resultant zero displacement as shownin the figure below

Incident waveFixed end

Reflected wave

N N N N N

Vibrations of Air Columns(i) An organ pipe is a pipe that sets in vibration the air

enclosed in it when the air is blown into it. As a resultsound is produced in it.

(ii) Organ pipes are of two typesclosed end organpipe and open end organ pipe.

(iii) A closed end organ pipe has one of its endsclosed and the other open.

(iv) An open end organ pipe has both its ends open.(v) In a closed end pipe a node is always formed at

the closed end and an antinode is formed at the openend.

(vi) Longitudinal stationary waves are formed in anorgan pipe.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1078

(vii) Various stages of resonance in a closed endorgan pipe are represented in the following diagrams :

A A A

N

4

N

N

N

N N

t 3214

534

(viii) If the length of the pipe

l =14 then 1 = 4l

Frequency, n1 =v

1 =

v4l

This frequency is called fundamental frequency orfundamental note or first harmonic.

(ix) If l = 324 then 2 =

4l3

Frequency, n2 =v

2 =

3v4l = 3 n1

This frequency is called third harmonic or first over-tone.

(x) If l = 534 then 3 =

4l5

Frequency, n3 = v

3 =

5v4l = 5n1.

This frequency is called fifth harmonic or secondovertone.

(xi) Only odd harmonics can be produced in a closedend organ pipe. That is,

n1 : n2 : n3 ! : : 1 : 3 : 5 : (xii) Longitudinal stationary waves are formed in an

open end organ pipe too.(xiii) The antinodes are formed at both the ends of an

open pipe.(xiv) Various stages of resonance in an open organ

pipe have been represented in the following diagrams :

3321

22

A A A

A A A

A

AN

N

N

N

N

N Al

(xv) If l =12 then 1 = 2l

Frequency, n1 =v

1 =

v2l

This frequency is called the fundamental frequencyor the fundamental note or the first harmonic.

(xvi) If l = 2 then n2 = v

2 =

vl = 2n1.

This frequency is called the second harmonic orfirst overtone.

(xvii) If l = 332 then 3 =

2l3 n3 =

v

3 =

3v2l = 3n1

This frequency is called the third harmonic orsecond overtone.

(xviii) Both the odd and even harmonics are producedin an open end organ pipe. That is,

n1 : n2 : n3 : : : 1 : 2 : 3 :

(xix) The sound emitted by an open end organ pipe ismusical.

End Correction

(i) In an organ pipe antinode is formed a bit above theopen end as shown below by distance e.

e e

e

A

4

A

N

N A

l l

2

(ii) The length of the vibrating air column is a littlegreater than the length of the pipe.

(iii) The distance from the free end of the pipe to theantinode is called the end-correction represented by e.

(iv) Length of air column in closed end pipe = l + e.Length of air column in open end pipe = l + 2e.(v) If r be the radius of pipe then the end-correction

e = 06r.(vi) Frequency of the fundamental note of closed end

pipe

n1 =v

4(l + 06r )and the frequency of the fundamental note of the openend pipe

n2 =v

2(l + 12r )

(vii) The frequency of the fundamental note of openend pipe is not exactly the double of that of the closed endpipe but is a bit less.

Resonance Tube

(i) Resonance tube is a closed organ pipe with an aircolumn of variable length.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1079

(ii) By resonance tube we can determine the speed ofsound in air and the frequency of tuning fork.

(iii) When the frequency of the air column of reso-nance tube becomes equal to that of the tuning fork,resonance occurs and the amplitude of vibrations of aircolumn becomes very large. A loud sound is heard insuch a case.

A

N N

N

A

4

4

3l l2

(iv) If the lengths of air column at first and secondresonance be l1 and l2 respectively, then

l1 + e =4

and l2 + e =34

= 2(l2 l1)Speed of sound, v = 2n(l2 l1)

and end-correction, e =l2 3l1

2

(v) Speed of sound at 0C is given by v0 = vt 061twhere vt is the speed of sound at t C.

Vibrations of Stretched String(i) The vibrations of a thin, long and perfectly elastic

string are transverse stationary.(ii) On both the ends of string there are nodes, and an

antinode is there in the middle.(iii) The speed of transverse wave in a stretched

string is given by

v =Tm

where T and m are respectively the tension and mass perunit length of the string.

(iv) Modes of vibration in a stretched string are asunder :

l

AN

NN

N NN N

N

N

A

A A A

A

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

2

1

= 2

33

(v) If a string of length l vibrates in one loops then1 = 2l and frequency

n1 =v2l =

12l

Tm

This frequency is called the fundamental note orfirst harmonic.

(vi) If the string vibrates in two loops, then

= l and n2 = vl = 2n1.

This frequency is called the first overtone or secondharmonic.

(vii) If the string vibrates in three loops, then332 = l 3 =

2l3

n3 =3v2l = 3n1.

This frequency is called the second overtone orthird harmonic.

(viii) Both the odd and even harmonics are emittedfrom a stretched string. That is,

n1 : n2 : n3 : : : 1 : 2 : 3 :

Laws of Transverse Vibrations in a StretchedString

(i) Law of length : n 1l ; if T and m are constant.

(ii) Law of tension : n T ; if l and m are constant.

(iii) Law of mass : n 1

m ; if T and l are constant.

(iv) Law of radius : n 1r ; if T, l and the density d

of the string are constant; r being the radius ofstring.

(v) Law of density : n 1d

; if T, l and r are con-

stant.

Meldes Experiment

(i) Meldes experiment is a simple and beautifulexample for the demonstration of stationary waves andthe harmonics of their transverse vibrations.

(ii) Meldes experiment is performed by two methods.

(iii) Transverse arrangement of vibrations :

(a) In this arrangement the tuning fork is held suchthat the direction of its vibration is perpendicularto the direction of length of string.

(b) In this arrangement the frequencies of the tuningfork and the string are equal.

(c) If the tension T in the string is adjusted such thatp loops are produced in the string of length l, then

p 2T = 4n 2l 2m = Constant,where m is the mass per unit length of the string.This is Meldes law.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1080

(iv) Longitudinal arrangement of vibrations :(a) In this arrangement the tuning fork is held such

that the direction of its vibration is along thelength of the string.

(b) In this arrangement p 2T = n 2l 2m = Constants.(c) Here the frequency of string is half the frequency

of tuning fork.

SOME IMPORTANT SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. An open end organ pipe emits a noteof frequency 256 Hz which its fundamental. Whatwould be the smallest frequency produced by aclosed end pipe of the same length ?

Solution :

Example 2. An air column with a tuning fork offrequency 256 Hz gives resonance at column lengths334 cm and 1018 cm. Deduce (i) the end correction,and (ii) the speed of sound in air.

Solution :

Example 3. A pipe 30 cm long is open at bothends. Which harmonic mode of the pipe is resonantlyexcited by a 11 kHz source ?

(Given speed of sound = 330 ms1)Solution :

Example 4. A wire is under tension of 32N andlength between the two bridges is 1 m. A 10 m lengthof the sample of the wire has mass of 2g. Deduce thespeed of transverse waves on the wire and frequencyof the fundamental.

Solution :

Example 5. The length of the sonometer wire bet-ween two fixed ends is 100 cm. Where should the twobridges be placed to divide the wire into three seg-ments whose frequencies are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 ?

Solution :

Example 6. A tuning fork and an air column at51C produce 4 beats in one second when soundedtogether. The same tuning produces 1 beat per secondwhen the temperature of the air column is reduced to16C. Determine the frequency of the tuning fork.

Solution :

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1081

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS1. The length of an organ pipe open

at both ends is 05 m. Calculatethe fundamental frequency of thepipe if the speed of sound in airis 350 m/s. If one end of the pipeis closed, then what will be itsfundamental frequency ?(A) 175 Hz, 350 Hz(B) 300 Hz, 150 Hz(C) 350 Hz, 175 Hz(D) 150 Hz, 350 Hz

2. A resonance tube is resonatedwith a tuning fork of frequency512 s1. Two successive lengthsof the resonated air-column are160 cm and 510 cm. Theexperiment is performed at roomtemperature 40C. Calculate thespeed of sound and end-correc-tion at 0C(A) 334 ms1, 15 cm(B) 334 ms1, 21 cm(C) 350 ms1, 15 cm(D) 350 ms1, 21 cm

3. A wire of length 15 m undertension emits a fundamental noteof frequency 120 Hz. (a) Whatwould be its fundamental fre-quency if the length is increasedby half its length under the sametension (b) By how much shouldthe length be shortened so thatthe frequency is increased three-fold ?(A) 90 Hz, 10 m(B) 80 Hz, 10 m(C) 80 Hz, 05 m(D) 100 Hz, 05 m

4. A string A has thrice the length,thrice the diameter, thrice thetension and thrice the density ofanother wire B. Which overtone ofA will have the same frequencyas the fundamental of B ?(A) 9th (B) 8th(C) 6th (D) 10th

5. A steel rod 100 cm long isclamped at its middle. The funda-mental frequency of longitudinalvibrations of the rod is given tobe 253 kHz. What is the speedof sound in steel ?(A) 253 km/s(B) 253 km/s(C) 506 km/s(D) None of these

6. A pipe 20 cm long is closed atone end. Which harmonic modeof the pipe is resonantly excitedby a 425 Hz source ? Will thissame source be in resonancewith the pipe if both ends areopen ?

(Speed of sound = 340 ms1)(A) First harmonic, No(B) Second harmonic, No(C) Third harmonic, No(D) None of these

7. The pitch of the fundamental toneof an open organ pipe 66 cm longis the same as that of a stretchedstring 20 cm long vibrating trans-versely. If the mass per unit of

the string is 001 kg/m. Find thetension in the string in kg-wt(Speed of sound in air = 330 ms1)(A) 100 kg-wt (B) 102 kg-wt(C) 150 kg-wt (D) 102 kg-wt

8. Two perfectly identical wires arein unison. When the tension inone wire is increased by 1%, thenon sounding together, 3 beats areheard in 2 second. What is thefrequency of each wire ?(A) 350 Hz (B) 256 Hz(C) 300 Hz (D) None of these

9. Two tuning forks A and B whensounded together give 4 beats/s.A is unison with the note emittedby a 096 m length of a sono-meter wire under a certaintension. B is in unison with 097m length of the same wire underthe same tension. Calculate thefrequency of the fork(A) 388 Hz (B) 512 Hz(C) 256 Hz (D) 540 Hz

10. Two tuning forks A and B whensounded together give 8 beats/sec. Fork A resonates with aclosed column of air 16 cm longand B with an open column 325cm long. Calculate their frequen-cies(A) 520 Hz, 512 Hz(B) 512 Hz, 504 Hz(C) 256 Hz, 248 Hz(D) None of these

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

(Continued on Page 1098)

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1082

Important ConceptsEinsteins mass energy equivalence relation

Einstein on the basis of his relativity theory has provedthat if a substance loses an amount m of its mass, anequivalent amount E of energy is produced where

E = (m) c2where c is the speed of light.

This is called Einsteins mass-energy relation.In view of this the laws of conservation of mass and

the conservation of energy have been unified into a singlelaw which states that the total (mass + energy) of theuniverse is conserved.

Atomic mass unit (amu)The unit chosen toexpress extremely small masses of atoms, nuclei andfundamental particles (electrons, protons, neutrons etc.) iscalled atomic mass unit (amu).

1 amu is defined as one-twelfth part of the massof carbon (6C12) atom. This definition makes the mass of6C12 atom exactly equal to 1200000amu.

The mass of 1 gm-atom of carbon is 12 gm and itcontains N = 602 1023 atoms.

1 amu = 112 (mass of 1 carbon atom)

=112

12N

=1N gram

=1

602 1023

= 166 1024 gram= 166 1027 kg.

Unit electron voltElectron volt is the unit of energy.1 electron volt is the energy which an electronacquires when it is accelerated through a potentialdifference of 1 volt.

1 eV = (16 1019 coulomb) 1 volt= 16 1019 joule

Larger units are kilo electron volt (keV), million elec-tron volt (MeV) and billion electron volt (BeV).

1 keV = 103 eV = 16 1016 joule1 MeV = 106 eV = 16 1013 joule1 BeV = 109 eV = 16 1010 joule

Energy equivalent to 1 amu massE = (m) c2

= (166 1027) (30 108)2= 149 1010 joule

But16 1019 joule = 1 electron volt (eV)

E =149 1010

16 1019 eV

= 0931 109 eV= 931 MeV (million electron volt)

1 amu = 931 MeV

Mass defectThe mass of the atomic nucleus isslightly less than the sum of the masses of thenucleons (i.e. protons and neutrons) present in thenucleus. This mass difference is called mass-defect(m).

Thus m = (Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons) Mass of the nucleus

For an atom ZXA

m = [Zmp + (A Z)mn] mNwhere mN is the mass of the nucleus.

The significance of mass defect is that when protonsand neutrons combine to form the nucleus, an amount ofmass m disappears and an equivalent amount of energy(m) c2 is liberated. It is due to this energy that protonsand neutrons remain bound in the nucleus.

Binding energyThe nucleons are bound togetherin a nucleus and energy must be supplied to the nucleusto separate the constituent nucleons to large distances.The amount of energy needed to do this is called thebinding energy of the nucleus. Thus, the binding energyof a nucleus is the energy required to take itsnucleons away from one another.

Physical Constants

Mass of proton, mp = 1673 1027 kg= 100728 amu

Mass of neutron, mn = 1675 1027 kg= 100867 amu

1 amu = 931 MeVMass defect for -particle (2He4)

= 003040 amuBinding energy of -particle

= 283 MeV= 707 MeV per nucleon

Binding energy of deuteron (nucleus of deuterium 1H2)= 225 MeV= 112 MeV per nucleon

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1083

The binding energy of a nucleus is generally expres-sed as binding energy per nucleon. It is a measure of thestability of nucleus. Higher the binding energy per nuc-leon, more stable is the nucleus.

Binding energy curveA graph between the bind-ing energy per nucleon and the mass number of nuclei iscalled the binding energy curve. This is shown in thefigure below :

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

9.08.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0

Bind

ing en

ergy

per n

ucleo

n (M

eV)

Mass number (A)

H2

U238

O16C12

N14F18

Li7

Fe56

He4

Important Conclusions1. The nuclei having mass number around 60 (for

example Fe with A = 56) have maximum binding energyper nucleon ( 87 MeV). These nuclei are most stable.

2. For heavier nuclei, the binding energy per nucleongradually decreases. For uranium A = 238 it is about 76MeV.

3. For nuclei having mass number below 56 also, thebinding energy decreases and below A = 20, it decreasesvery rapidly. For example, for heavy hydrogen (A = 2) it isonly 1 MeV. It shows that nuclei of A < 20 are relativelyless stable.

4. The special positions of He4, C12 and O16 on thecurve indicate that these nuclei are more stable than theirneighbouring nuclei.

5. The binding energy per nucleon of very light andvery heavy nuclei is generally less than that of the nucleiin the middle. Thus if a very heavy nucleus (e.g.,uranium) is broken into comparatively lighter nuclei,then the binding energy per nucleon will increase.Hence a large quantity of energy will be liberated in thisprocess. This phenomenon is called nuclear fission.

6. Similarly, if two or more very light nuclei (e.g.,nuclei of 1H2) are combined into a relatively heaviernucleus (e.g., 2He4), then also the binding-energy pernucleon will increase. In this process also energy isliberated. The phenomenon is called nuclear fusion.

Nuclear fissionIt is the process in which a heavyunstable nucleus breaks into two nuclei of nearly samemass with the liberation of energy. Nuclear fission wasdiscovered by two German scientists Otto-Hahn andStrassman.

92U235 + 0n1 (92U236) 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 + 3(0n1)It is not necessary that the fission products are Ba

and Kr. Other nuclei may also be produced.

Important Features of Nuclear Fission

1. The mass of the compound nucleus must be greaterthan the sum of masses of fission products.

2. The binding energy per nucleon for compound nucleusmust be less than that of the fission products.

3. Energy liberated is equivalent to difference in massesof the nuclei before and after fission.

4. The energy release in the fission of U235 is estimatedto be about 200 MeV per fission (or about 09 MeV pernucleon).

5. The energy obtained by fission of 1 gm of uranium isabout 5 1023 MeV. So much energy is obtained from explo-sion of 20 tones of T.N.T. From this energy about 2 104kWh electrical energy can be produced.

6. 92U238 is fissionable only by fast neutrons (12 MeVenergy) whereas 92U235 is fissionable by slow neutrons(1 eV) or thermal neutrons (0025 eV) as well as fast neutrons.

7. Each of the three neutrons carries an energy of about 2MeV. The fast neutrons will escape and will not cause thefission of U235 nuclei. In order to utilise them to cause fissionof three other nuclei of U235, these neutrons have to beslowed down.

8. On an average 25 neutrons are emitted per fission.9. Energy is released in the form of kinetic energy of

fission fragments. Some of the energy is also released in theform of -rays, heat energy, sound energy and light energy.

10. The pressure and temperature are very high in thefission process.

11. The elements formed lie nearly in the middle of theperiodic table.

12. Fission fragments are radioactive and they decay tostable products by emitting -, - and -rays.

Chain reaction in nuclear fissionIn the nuclearfission of each uranium nucleus 2 or 3 fresh neutrons areliberated which under favourable conditions fission otheruranium nuclei. This establishes a chain of nuclear fissionwhich continues until the whole uranium is consumed. Inthe chain reaction, the number of nuclei undergoingfission increases very fast producing tremendous amountof energy.

Difficulties in chain reaction(i) The major part ofnatural uranium is the isotope U238 the isotope U235 isvery little (only 07%). U238 can be fissioned only by fast-neutrons (energy more than 1 MeV). The neutrons ofenergy less than this are absorbed by U238. U235 can befissioned with slow as well as fast neutrons. Though thelow-energy neutrons can fission U235, but the probabilityof their absorption by U238 is much more. Thus the freshneutrons released in the fission of ordinary uranium arenot able to continue the chain reaction.

(ii) The second difficulty in the maintenance of chainreaction is that the fast neutrons liberated by the fission ofU235 nucleus travel a distance of about 10 cm in the subs-tance before they are slowed down and fission othernuclei. If the uranium block to be fissioned is of small size,the most of the neutrons will escape before fissioning anynucleus, and the chain reaction will stop. Therefore, tocontinue the chain-reaction, the size of the fissionablesubstance should be bigger than a certain critical size.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1084

Removal of diffcultiesThere are two ways to over-come the above difficulties :

(i) The first is to separate the lighter isotope U235 fromthe ordinary uranium by diffusion method and to carry outthe fission of U235. The fission of U235 is possible by neu-trons of any energy (very high or very low). In this casethe chain reaction will continue. But this process is veryexpensive and cumbersome.

(ii) The second method is to slow down the neutronsso that their energy remains about 003 eV. Then theprobability of their absorption by U238 becomes very lowwhile the probability of their fissioning U235 becomes high.This slowing down of the neutrons is achieved by use ofmoderators.

(iii) The second difficulty mentioned above is removedby taking the critical size of the fissionable substance.

Critical sizeSuppose,r = radius of the fissionable pieceN = Number of neutrons produced by primary fission.A = Number of neutrons absorbed by the substance

without causing fission.L = Number of neutrons escaping the substance.Then obviouslyN r 3 = k1r 3, A r 3 = k2r 3, L r2 = k3r 2

Case I. If N < A + L or N AL < 1

There will be no fission and the chain reaction willstop.

Case II. If N > A + L or N AL > 1.

Then fission will continue and the chain reaction willbe maintained.

Now, N AL =k1r3 k2r3

k3r2

=

k1 k2k3

r = kr

where k is a new constant.Hence for chain reaction to continue.

N AL > 1

or kr > 1

r >1k

Hence for the chain-reaction to continue, the size (r )of the substance to be fissioned should be larger than acritical value ( )1k . The value ( )1k is called the criticalsize of the substance. If the size of the substance is evenslightly less than the critical size, the chain-reaction shallstop.

Uncontrolled and controlled chain-reactionsInuncontrolled chain-reaction, more than one of the neu-trons produced in fission cause further fissions so that thenumber of fissions increases very rapidly. Thus this is avery fast reaction and the whole substance is fissioned ina few moments liberating a huge quantity of energy within

a very short time as a violent explosion. This happens in anuclear bomb.

In controlled chain-reaction, the fission is so con-trolled by artificial means that only one of the neutronsproduced in each fission is able to cause further fission.The rate of reaction remains constant. Thus the rate offission is kept constant. Therefore, this process is slowand the energy release is steady which can be utilised foruseful purposes. Nuclear reactors are based on this pro-cess.

Parts of a Modern Nuclear Reactor

FuelIt is the substance used for fission. U235 or Pu239is used for this purpose.

ModeratorIt is used to slow down neutrons. Heavywater, graphite or beryllium-oxide is used for this purpose.Heavy water is best moderator.

CoolantHeat energy released in reactor is removed bycoolant. For this purpose air, water or CO2 is flown in thereactor. Heat removed is utilised in producing steam which isused to drive turbines to produce electricity.

ControllerIt controls the rate of fission in a reactor.Cadmium rods are used for this purpose. These rods arefixed in reactor-walls. When they are pushed into the reactor,the fission rate decreases and when they are pulled out, thefission grows. Cadmium is a very good absorber of neu-trons.

ShieldTo protect the workers from the injurious radia-tion emitted in the reactor, thick concrete walls are erectedaround the reactor.

Breeder reactorsThe reactors in which energy isproduced by fission of U235 by slow neutrons are calledthermal reactors. Since the major part in ordinary uraniumis of U238 (U235 is only 07%), therefore, the fission of U235is very costly. This will also lead to an early depletion ofuranium reserves.

It is known that besides U235, Pu239 is also a fission-able substance. But Pu239 is not a naturally occurringisotope. It is produced from U238.

92U238 + n 92U239

93Np239

94Pu239

If more than one neutron can be absorbed by U238per fission, then we produce more fuel than what weconsume. Thus apart from nuclear energy these reactorsgive us fresh nuclear fuel which often exceeds the nuclearfuel used. Hence they are called Breeder reactors.

NoteIn these reactors, in addition to Pu239, U233(fissionable fuel) is also produced from Th232.

Nuclear fusionWhen two lighter nuclei movingat very high speeds fuse together to form a singleheavier nucleus, then this phenomenon is callednuclear fusion. The mass of the nucleus obtained afterfusion is less than the sum of the masses of the nucleiwhich are fused together. The lost mass is obtained in theform of energy.

Hydrogen bomb is based on phenomenon of nuclearfusion.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1085

As an example, in the fusion of two nuclei of deute-rium (heavy hydrogen), following reactions take place

1H2 + 1H2 1H3 + 1H1 + 40 MeV (energy)The nucleus of tritium (1H3) so formed can again fuse

with a deuterium nucleus :

1H3 + 1H2 2He4 + 0n1 + 176 MeV (energy)The net result of these two reactions is that 3 deute-

rium nuclei fuse together to form a helium nucleus andliberate 216 MeV energy.

Source of solar energyThe sun is continuouslyemitting huge amount of energy since millions of years.Emission of such a large amount of energy by chemicalreactions is not possible. The source of huge solarenergy is the fusion of lighter nuclei. At present, it isbelieved that proton-porton cycle is more probable in thesun (instead of carbon cycle). In this cycle (also),hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form of helium nucleusthrough the following reactions :

2[1H1 + 1H1 1H2 + +10 + + 04 MeV]2[1H1 + 1H2 2He3 + 55 MeV]

2He3 + 2He3 2He4 + 2(1H1) + 129 MeVAdding we get

4(1H1) 2He4 + 2(+10) + 2 + 247 MeVIn full cycle 247 MeV energy is liberated.

At a Glance

Uses of Nuclear Reactor1. To generate electricity.2. To produce Pu239.3. To produce a neutron beam of high energy for neutron

bombardment.4. To produce artificially radioactive isotopes for medical,

industrial and biological uses.5. To generate power for driving the engines and the propul-

sion of ships, submarines and air crafts, thus replacingsteam, coal and petrol.

Research Atomic Reactors

1. ApsaraThis is 1MW reactor situated in Mumbai. Analloy of uranium and aluminium is used as fuel in it. This isalso known as swimming pool type reactor.

2. CirusIt is a 40MW reactor, made in collaboration withCanada and is used to produce radioactive isotopes.

3. Zerlina0 MW reactor.4. Purnima0 MW reactor.

Power Reactors

1. Tarapur (Maharashtra) 400 MW2. Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan) 400 MW3. Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) 220 MW4. Narora (U.P.) 200 MW5. Kaiga (Karnataka) 200 MW6. Kakarapar (Gujarat) 200 MW

At a GlanceNuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

1. Neutrons are required forit.

Protons are required for it.

2. It is possible at normaltemperature and pressure.

It is possible at extremely hightemperature and pressure.

3. For this the energy relea-sed per nucleonEA =

200235 08 MeV

For this the energy releasedper nucleon

EA =

274 = 675 MeV

4. Fissionable materials areexpensive.

The materials used in it arecheap (e.g., hydrogen)

Nuclear Fission RadioactiveDisintegration

1. Fission is not a spontane-ous process. It is produ-ced by bombarding thenuclei of fissionable mate-rial by neutrons.

It is a spontaneous process. Itcannot be started, stopped,accelerated or retarded byany chemical or physical pro-cess.

2. In this process a heavyunstable nucleus breaksinto two nuclei of almostsame mass. Energy isobtained in the form ofkinetic energy of thesefragments, heat, light andsound.

In radioactive decay the un-stable nuclei spontaneouslyemit light particle (- and -)and energy is obtained in theform of -rays.

3. Tremendous amount ofenergy is obtained in fis-sion process.

Energy obtained in radio-active disintegration is veryless.

Fast Breeder TestReactor

Thermal Reactor

1. In this liquid sodium isused as coolant.

In this water is used as coo-lant.

2. The fuel used is a mixtureof plutonium and naturaluranium.

The fuel used is natural ura-nium.

3. 6070% fraction of naturaluranium is used.

Only 12% fraction of naturaluranium is used.

4. The chain reaction ismaintained by fast neu-trons.

The chain reaction is main-tained by slow neutrons.

5. Number of neutrons pro-duced per fission is more.

The number of neutrons pro-duced per fission is less.

Atom Bomb Hydrogen Bomb

1. It is based on fission pro-cess.

It is based on fusion process.

2. In it critical size is impor-tant.

There is no limit to size.

3. In this, explosion is possi-ble at normal temperatureand pressure.

In this extremely high tempe-rature and pressure is requi-red to explode it.

4. In this, harmful radiationsare produced.

In this harmful radiations arenot produced.

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1086

SOME TYPICAL SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Find the binding energy per nucleonfor 3Li7 if mass of 3Li7 is 701653 amu

[Given : mp = 100759 amu, mn = 100898 amu]Solution :

Example 2. If the mass defect in the formation ofhelium from hydrogen is 05%, then find the energyobtained in kWh, in forming helium from 1 kg ofhydrogen.

Solution :

Example 3. The mass of helium nucleus is lessthan that of its constituent particles by 003 amu. Findthe binding energy per nucleon of 2He4 nucleus.

Solution :

Example 4. How much energy is released in thefollowing reaction ?

1H2 + 1H2 = 2He4

Given the binding energy per nucleon of 1H2 and2He4 is 1125 MeV and 72 MeV respectively.

Solution :

Example 5. If 200 MeV energy is released in thefission of a single nucleus of 92U235, how many fissionmust occur per second to produce a power of 1 kW ?

Solution :

Example 6. The energy supplied to a city by stateelectricity board is 40 million kilowatt-hour. If thisenergy could be obtained by the conversion of matter,how much mass would have to be annihilated ?

Solution :

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS1. m, mn and mp are the masses of

ZXA nucleus, neutron and protonrespectively. If the nucleus isbroken into its constituents,then(A) m > [(A Z)mn + Zmp](B) m < [(A Z)mn + Zmp](C) m = [(A Z)mn + Zmp](D) m = [Zmn + (A Z)mp]

2. An element A is converted to Cthrough following reactions :

A B + 2He4

B C + 2eThen(A) A and C are isobars(B) A and C are isotopes(C) A and B are isobars(D) A and B are isotopes

3. The nucleus with maximum bind-ing energy per nucleon out of thefollowing is(A) 92U238 (B) 2He4(C) 8O16 (D) 26Fe56

4. The following nuclear reactionrepresents

7N14 + 1H1 8O15 + 73 MeV(A) Nuclear fusion(B) Nuclear fission

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1087

(C) Scattering of particles(D) Element transformation

5. The binding energies per nuc-leon of deuterium and helium are11 MeV and 7 MeV respectively.When two deuterons fuse to forma helium nucleus, the amount ofenergy released will be(A) 236 MeV (B) 7 MeV(C) 6 MeV (D) 200 MeV

6. The most suitable material formoderator in a nuclear reactoris(A) D2O (B) Cd(C) B (D) 92U235

7. The energy of thermal neutronsis nearly(A) 025 MeV (B) 0025 MeV(C) 200 MeV (D) 0025 joule

8. The first atomic reactor wasmade by(A) Hahn (B) Strassma(C) Fermi (D) Bethe

9. The fissionable material used inthe bomb dropped at the city ofNagasaki of Japan was(A) Plutonium (B) Uranium(C) Thorium (D) Neptunium

10. When the number of nucleons inthe nucleus increases, the bind-ing energy per nucleon(A) Decreases continuously with

A(B) Increases continuously with

A

(C) Remains constant with A(D) First increases with A and

then decreases11. The source of solar energy is

(A) Fission of helium(B) Chemical reaction(C) Burning of carbon(D) Fusion of hydrogen nuclei

12. Average binding energy of nuc-leons is(A) 8 eV (B) 8 MeV(C) 8 BeV (D) 8 joule

13. The energy equivalent to 1 kg ofmatter is about(A) 1011 joule (B) 1014 joule(C) 1017 joule (D) 1020 joule

14. The controller rods in the nuclearreactor are made of(A) Cadmium (B) Uranium(C) Graphite (D) Plutonium

15. Which of the following is themain source of energy emissionin the stars ?(A) Chemical reaction(B) Fusion of heavy nuclei(C) Fission of heavy nuclei(D) Fusion of lighter nuclei

16. In a nuclear reactor(A) Moderator is used to control

the number of neutrons(B) Moderator is used to slow

down the speed of neutrons

(C) Controller rods are used toslow down the speed ofneutrons

(D) Coolant is used to controlthe number of neutrons

17. The equation4(1H1) 2He4 + 2e + 26 MeV

represents(A) -decay (B) -decay(C) Fusion (D) Fission

18. The mass defect in a nuclearfusion reaction is 03 per cent.What amount of energy will beliberated in one kg fusion reac-tion ?(A) 52 1014 joule(B) 27 1014 joule(C) 27 1014 kWh(D) None of these

19. Enriched uranium is better fuelfor a reactor because it has grea-ter proportion of(A) Slow neutrons(B) Fast neutrons(C) 92U235(D) 92U238

20. In a nuclear reactor(A) Rate of reaction may be

controlled by boron steelrods

(B) Fast neutrons are sloweddown by cadmium rods

(C) Plutonium is used as coolant(D) Hydrogen is used as fuel

ANSWERS WITH HINTS

UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2E-mail : publisher@upkar.in

By : Dr. Lal, Mishra & Kumar Code No. 1624 Rs. 250/-

Useful for Various Competitive Exams.

Website : www.upkar.in

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1088

1. Which of the following is Indiasfirst geostationary satellite ?(A) Apple(B) INSAT-B(C) Aryabhatta(D) Rohini

2. A body is rolling down an inclinedplane. Its translational and rota-tional kinetic energies are equal.The body is a(A) Solid sphere(B) Hollow sphere(C) Solid cylinder(D) Hollow cylinder

3. Which of the following is themain source of electricity in ourcountry ?(A) Nuclear energy(B) Hydro electricity(C) Thermal energy(D) Geothermal energy

4. A combination of two thin convexlenses of focal length 03 m and01 m will have minimum sphe-rical and chromatic aberrations ifthe distance between them is(A) 01 m (B) 02 m(C) 03 m (D) 04 m

5. A free-floating astronaut Ppushes another free-floatingastronaut Q in space. The massof P is greater than that of Q.The force exerted by astronaut Pon astronaut Q will be(A) Equal to zero(B) Equal to force exerted by Q

on P(C) Greater than the forces

exerted by Q on P(D) Less than the force exerted

by Q on P.6. When 92U235 is bombarded with

one neutron, fission occurs andthe products are three neutron,36Kr94, and(A) 56Ba141 (B) 54Xe139(C) 56Ba139 (D) 53I142

7. Scratch pad memory is used to(A) Support main programme(B) Store small amounts of infor-

mation that can be fetchedwhen needed

(C) Store redundant data(D) Store flexible data

8. In Bohrs model of hydrogenatom, which of the following pairsof quantities are quantized ?(A) Energy and linear momen-

tum(B) Linear and angular momen-

tum(C) Energy and angular momen-

tum(D) None of the above

9. The activity of a sample of aradioactive material is A1 at timet1 and A2 at time t2 ; (t2 > t1). Itsmean life is T. Then(A) A1t1 = A2t2(B) A1 A2t2 t1 = Constant(C) A2 = A1 e (t1 t2)/T

(D) A2 = A1 e t1t2 T

10. The output of a NAND gate is 0(A) If both inputs are 0(B) If one input is 0 and the

other input is 1(C) If both inputs are 1(D) Either if both inputs are 1 or

if one of the inputs is 1 andthe other 0

11. The maximum frequency ofcontinuous X-ray is related to theapplied potential difference Vas

(A) V (B) V(C) V3/2 (D) V2

12. An electron, a proton, a deuteronand an alpha particle, eachhaving the same speed are in aregion of constant magnetic fieldperpendicular to the direction ofthe velocities of the particles. The

radius of the circular orbits ofthese particles are respectivelyRe , Rp , Rd and R. It follow that(A) Re = Rp (B) Rp = Rd(C) Rd = R (D) Rp = R

13. A body of mass m slides down arough plane of inclination . If be the coefficient of friction, theacceleration of the body will be(A) g sin (B) g cos (C) g (sin cos )(D) g (cos sin )

14. Spherical aberration in a lens(A) Is minimum when most of

the deviation is at the firstsurface

(B) Is minimum when most ofthe deviation is at the secondsurface

(C) Is minimum when the totaldeviation is equally distribu-ted over the two surfaces

(D) Does not depend on theabove considerations

15. In the given arrangement ofsprings, the time-period of verti-cal oscillations of the mass mis

(A) T = 2 mk1 + k 2(B) T = 2 k1 + k2

m

(C) T = 2 m(k1 + k2)k1k2(D) T = 2 mgk1 + k2

16. Keplers second law (law ofareas) is nothing but a statementof(A) Work-energy theorem(B) Conservation of linear mo-

mentum(C) Conservation of angular mo-

mentum(D) Conservation of energy

C.S.V. / November / 2009 / 1089

17. The kinetic energy Ek of aphotoelectron varies with thefrequency of the incident radia-tion as which of the followinggraph ?

18. The equation of a travelling waveis given by

y = 05 sin (20x 400 t)where x and y are in metre and tis in second. The velocity of thewave is(A) 10 m/s (B) 20 m/s(C) 200 m/s (D) 400 m/s

19. APT is used(A) In inventory management(B) In CAM for NC machine

tools(C) In teaching of the beginners(D) In Cobol

20. The radiation energy density perunit wavelength at a temperatureT has a maximum at a wave-length 0. At temperature 2T, itwill have a maximum at a wave-length(A) 40 (B) 20(C) 0/2 (D) 0/4

21. A magnetising field of 1600 Am1produces a magnetic flux of24 105 Wb in an iron bar ofcross-section area 02 m2. Thesucceptibility of bar is(A) 596 (B) 1192(C) 298 (D) 1788

22. A short bar magnet, placed withits axis at 30 with an externalmagnetic field of 016 T, expe-riences a torque of magnitude0032 J. The magnetic momentof the bar magnet is (in units ofJ/T)(A) 4 (B) 2(C) 05 (D) 04

23. An iron tore supports N turns. Ifa current i produces a magneticflux across the tores cross-

section equal to , then themagnetic field energy is

(A) N i (B) 12 N i(C) N2 i (D) N i 2

24. A circular metal plate of radius Ris rotating with a uniform angularvelocity with its plane perpen-dicular to a uniform magneticfield B. Then the e.m.f. developedbetween the centre and the rimof the plate is(A) BR2 (B) BR2(C) BR2/2 (D) BR2/2

25. The magnetic field inside atoroidal solenoid of radius R is B.If the current through it isdoubled and the radius is alsodoubled keeping the number ofturns per unit length the same,the magnetic field produced by itwill be(A) 4 B (B) 2 B(C) B2 (D)

B4

26. A water tank, open to the atmos-phere, has a leak in it in the formof a circular hole, located at aheight h below the open surfaceof water. The velocity of thewater coming out of the hole is(A) gh/2 (B) gh(C) 2gh (D) 2 gh

27. The amplitude of an oscillatingsimple pendulum is 10 cm andits period is 4 sec. Its speed 1second after it passes its equili-brium position is(A) Zero (B) 0157 m/s(C)