20th Century U.S. Presidents

APUSH

Dr. Robbins

Theodore Roosevelt1901-1909

• Progressive Republican• Square Deal• Control the Trusts• Consumer Protection (Pure

Food & Drug Act, etc)• Conservation• Anthracite Coal Miners Strike• Talk Softly & Carry a Big Stick• Great White Fleet• Panama Canal• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe

Doctrine• Gentlemen’s Agreement

w/Japan• Russian/Japanese Peace Deal• Nobel Peace Prize• Increased executive power

• Muckraking: Steffens, Tarbell, Sinclair, Riis

• State and city government reforms

• Lochner v. New York• Muller v. Oregon• Panic of 1907

William Howard Taft, 1909-1913

• TR’s protégé• Progressive Republican• Dollar Diplomacy• More Trustbusting: suits

against Standard Oil, US Steel, etc.

• More Conservation: Bureau of Mines

• Payne-Aldrich Tariff

• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• Roosevelt loses nomination to Taft, starts 3rd party

Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921• Progressive Democrat• New Freedom program: favored small

enterprise, entrepreneurship and free markets

• Underwood Tariff (reduces to 27%)• Federal Reserve Act• Clayton Anti-Trust Act (Trustbusting)• Farm support (Federal Farm Loan Act,

& Warehouse Act)• Appoints Brandeis to Supreme Court• Federal Trade Commission• Involvements Abroad (Mexico, Haiti…)• Reelected on no-war platform• Entered WW1: “safe for democracy”• Espionage & Sedition Acts• Fourteen Points (League of Nations)• Treaty of Versailles rejected by

Congress• Volstead Act (prohibition law)

• 16th Amendment: income tax• 17th Amendment: direction election

of senators• WW1 begins in Europe 1914• Lusitania attacked• Zimmerman Note• George Creel: Committee on

Public Information (Propaganda)• Homefront• Voluntary rationing & victory

gardens• Labor supports war (except IWW)• Armistice• Paris Peace Conference• 18th Amendment (Prohibition)• 19th Amendment (Woman

Suffrage)

The TwentiesWarren G. Harding, 1921-1925• Republican• Pro-business, laissez-faire• Fordney–McCumber Tariff (increases to

38.5%) • 5-power Naval Treaty• Immigration Quota Acts, 1921 & 1924• Teapot Dome Scandal• Dies in office before scandal knownCalvin Coolidge, 1925-1929• Republican, “Silent Cal”• Secretary of Treasury Mellon reduced taxes

& debt• Pro-business• Vetoed pro-farmer bills• Mixed record with Latin America• Dawes Plan re: German debt etc• Kellogg-Briand Pact

• Red Scare• Sacco & Vanzetti Trial• KKK revived• Isolationism• Cultural pluralism• Prohibition: speakeasies, gangsters• Adkins v. Children’s Hospital• Scopes Trial, 1925• Mass consumption• Model T Ford & Airplanes• Radios & Movies• Flappers & Vamps• Margaret Sanger champions birth control• Alice Paul launches Equal Rights

Amendment, 1923• Harlem Renaissance• Jazz• Bull Market• Buying stock on margin• 1929: Stock Market Crash

Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933

• Republican• Engineer & self-made

millionaire • Pro-business• Hawley Smoot Tariff:

increases to 60%• Federal Farm Board• Reconstruction Finance Corp.

helped business & banks after Crash

• Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act hurt labor

• Improved relations with Latin America

• Stock Market Crashes on Black Tuesday, 10/29/29

• Great Depression Arrives• Hoovervilles• Bonus Army• Japan Invades Manchuria• Mass employment (up to

25%)• Homeless, hoboes, etc

Franklin Roosevelt, 1933-1945The Depression & the New Deal

• Democrat (elected four times!)• The New Deal• Fireside Chats• Government helps the people• Hundred Days• Closed banks briefly• Relief programs created immediate

jobs (CCC, etc)• Recovery set up longer term

projects/employment (TVA, etc.)• Reform made fundamental changes

– Social Security, SEC, FDIC• Keynesian economics (deficit

spending in crisis)• Court Packing Scheme backfires• NIRA ended after Schechter case

• Populist Critics: – Huey Long– Father Charles Coughlin– Dr. Francis Townsend

• Dust Bowl• Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck• Dorothea Lange photos• John L. Lewis founds C.I.O.• Conservative Supreme Court stalls

or halts some of FDR’s programs• 20th Amendment: 1933, changes

inauguration to January 20• 21st Amendment, 1933, repeals

Prohibition• Schechter case (chickens)

FDR, Foreign Policy & War Years

• Good Neighbor policy• Tydings MacDuffie Act:

Philippines Promised Independence in 1946 (1934)

• FDR does not attend London Economic Conference

• Reciprocal Trade Agreement• US Neutrality Acts• Bases for destroyers, 1940• Lend-Lease Act, 1941• Atlantic Charter, 1941• Mandatory draft before US

enters war• US enters war after Pearl

Harbor

• Mussolini invades Ethiopia• Spanish Civil War• Japan Invades China• Hitler Seizes Austria• Munich Conference• Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia• Nazi-Soviet Pact• Hitler Invades Poland• Fall of France• Battle of Britain• Hitler Attacks Soviet Union• Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

FDR: More War Years• Unprecedented production for

war ends the Depression (full employment)

• Fair Employment Practices Commission

• Japanese Internment, 1942 (Executive Order 9066)

• Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act, 1943, limited strikes

• Casablanca Conference• Teheran Conference• D-Day• Roosevelt dies in 1945 just

before war ends, but he could see it coming!

• War Production Board• War Labor Board• Women: WAACs, WAVES,

SPARs & factory workers• Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE)• Bracero program• wartime migration (especially

African Americans)• Navajo Code Talkers• Mandatory rationing• More Victory Gardens• Zoot Suit Riots, 1943• Detroit race riots• Korematsu v. U.S.

Harry Truman, 1945-1953• FDR’s VP takes over as president at

FDR’s death, later reelected• Democrat• Potsdam Conference• Drops Atomic Bombs on Japan• GI Bill• Kennan’s Containment Policy to

“contain” communism• Cold War Begins (Iron Curtain)• Yalta Conference• Marshall Plan: rebuild Europe• Taft Hartley Act, 1947, passed over

Turman’s veto: limited union’s rights• Truman Doctrine—aid countries to

withstand communist influence, starting with Greece & Turkey

• National Security Act creates Dept of Defense & NSC (Natl Security Council), 1947

• Berlin Airlift, 1948• NSC-68, quadruples military budget,

1950

• Germany surrenders/Holocaust revealed• Hiroshima & Nagasaki• Japan surrenders• War Crimes trials (Nuremberg, Tokyo)• US recognizes Israel (1948)• “Voice of America” radio to communists• NATO established, 1949• Communist revolution in China, 1949• McCarthy anti-communist hunt begins,

1950 (HUAC)• Sweatt v. Painter• Korean War (1950-1953)• Baby Boom begins• Population grows, moves to Sun Belt• Suburban sprawl, family-focused• Education levels & production rise• Middle class grows• Increasing prosperity after initial post-war

recession• Farming turns corporate

Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower, 1953-1961• Had been top US general in WW2• Republican• America’s grandfather, “I Like Ike”• Hesitantly supports civil rights• Cold War continues• Interstate Highway Act, 1956• Secretary of State Dulles & “massive

retaliation”• CIA-sponsored coup in Guatemala• American aid to Vietnam begins• Sends troops in to support Little Rock

Nine, 1957• Civil Rights Act of 1957• Mediates Suez Crisis• Eisenhower Doctrine—support Middle

Eastern countries against communism• Landrum Griffin Act, 1959• U-2 Incident—spy plane over USSR• Space race after Sputnik• Emphasized Math/Science education• Establishes NASA• Warns of growing power of industrial-

military complex

• New technologies (transistors, computers)• Betty Friedan, The Feminist Mystique• Pink color ghetto: women’s occupations• Television• Rock n’ Roll• Critics of conformity: David Riesman, etc.• McCarthy’s Army hearings bring him down• Brown v. Board of Education, 1954• Civil Rights Movement begins• SEATO formed• Warsaw Pact• Operation Wetback repatriates Mexicans• Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955• AF of L joins with CIO• Little Rock Nine desegregate Arkansas

high school, 1957• SCLC formed (So Christian Leadership)• Communist Revolution in Cuba, 1959• Alaska & Hawaii join US, 1959• OPEC formed, 1960 (oil–producing

countries)• Sit-ins begin in Greensboro, NC (SNCC)

John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963• Democrat• Youngest president• First Catholic• “New Frontier” program• Cold War Continues• Secretary of Defense McNamara &

“flexible response” military policy• Starts Peace Corps• Postpones Civil Rights—needs

southern Dems for other issues• Supports tax cut & pressures steel

industry on prices• Plans moon landing• Sends “military advisors” to Vietnam• Modernization theory—to help

underdeveloped countries• Trade Expansion Act cut tariffs, 1962• Bay of Pigs, botched invasion of Cuba• Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962• Assassinated on November 22, 1963

• Berlin Wall built, 1961• Laos Civil War• Vietnam conflict escalates• Freedom Riders, 1961• James Meredith integrates University of

Mississippi• Police violence against Birmingham

Protests shown on nationwide TV• MLK & March on Washington DC, 1963• Birmingham church bombed, killing 4

little girls, soon after March on DC• Beatniks: poetry in dark coffeehouses• Beginning of disaffected youth

movement (Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, etc)

• Birth control pill introduced, 1960