2018 Grape Day Grape Day Business and Economics from Vineyard to Wine Sales LaSells Stewart Center,...

2018GrapeDayBusinessandEconomicsfromVineyardtoWineSales

LaSellsStewartCenter,OSUCampus,April3

AbstractsofPresentationsandPosters

ProgramSchedule

2018OWRIGrapeDay Page1

8:30AM– 9:00AM RegistrationandRefreshments9:00AM– 9:05AM IntroductionandWelcome;

MarkChien,ProgramCoordinator

9:05AM– 9:50AM AStepTowardsMoreSustainableVineHealth:TheCleanPlantApproachtoGrapeVirusDiseaseManagementDr.NeilMcRoberts,AssociateProfessorofPlantPathology,UCDavis

10:00AM–10:45AM UsingEconomicAnalysistoInformBusinessDecisions‐ExamplesfortheOregonWineIndustryDr.CatherineDurham,AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OSU

10:45AM–11:45AM InteractivePosterSessionThissessionwillprovideyoutheopportunitytointeractone‐on‐onewithscientistsandstudentsconductingresearchattheOWRI.Posterswillfeatureresearchfindingsthatarein‐progressforvariousresearchprojectsbeingconductedacrossawidearrayoftopicswithinviticulture,enology,andeconomics.

11:45AM–12:30PM ValuingOregon’sWineGrowingRegionsDr.RobinCross,AssistantProfessorandSeniorResearcher,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OSU

12:30PM– 1:30PM Lunch

1:30PM– 2:15PM AreVineyardBuyersWarmingUptoCoolerLocations?QuantifyingtheValueofLocationSpecificAdaptabilityJasonBeasley,GraduateStudent,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OSU

2:15PM– 2:45PM Break/PosterSession

2:45PM– 3:30PM BenefitsofEarlyAdoptionofPreventativePruningPracticesinManagingGrapevineTrunkDiseasesDr.JonathanD.Kaplan,Professor,Dept.ofEconomics,

3:30PM– 3:45PM FinalQ&Aandprogramwrap‐up


# PosterTitle Author(s) Page

ViticultureandVinePhysiology

1 Re‐EvaluatingFieldMethodsofWaterStatusDeterminationintheVineyard

AlexanderLevin,TannarWilliams,RebeccaLake 7

2 Post‐VeraisonWaterDeficitImprovesPinotNoirFruitQualityWithoutaYieldPenalty

AlexanderLevin,JudyChiginsky,ChristopherJenkins

8

3 DevelopingaModelSystemtoIdentifyMainMechanismsInvolvedinNitrogenGrowthResponsesofGraftedGrapevines

LandryRossdeutsch,R.PaulSchreiner,PatriciaA.Skinkis,JosephOrton,LaurentDeluc

9

4

PerformanceofTaxonomicallyDiverseArbuscularMycorrhizalFungiIsolatedfromaRed‐HillSoilinSymbiosiswithPinotNoir

R.PaulSchreiner,DavidP.Janos,TianTian

10

5

ComparingNitrogenAdditionintheVineyardVersusintheWineryonPinotNoirandChardonnay

TianTian,R.PaulSchreiner,PatriciaA.Skinkis,JamesOsborne,ElizabethTomasino

11

6

UnderstandingtheImpactofDormantPruningMethodonPinotNoirBudFruitfulnessandYield

MirandaR.Ulmer,PatriciaA.Skinkis 12

GrapeGenomicsandGenetics

7RoleofAuxin‐ResponseFactor4intheTimingofRipeningInitiationinVitisvinifera

SatyanarayanaGouthu,VictorM.Puoci,GraceCheng,LaurentG.Deluc

13



EnologyandSensoryChemistry

8TheEffectofYeastAssimilableNitrogenonSO2ProductionbySaccharomycesCerevisiaeDuringWineFermentation

MaríaAlessandri,AlanBakalinsky 14

9ImpactofPre‐FermentationColdSoakConditionsonPinotNoirWineAromaCompounds

MengyingFu,JaredJohnson,JamesOsborne,MichaelQian

15

10TheUseofSignalDetectionTheory(d’)inFoodSensoryAnalysis RachelHahn,Elizabeth

Tomasino,ClaudioFuentes

16

11InvestigatingFruitinessAromaPerceptioninWhiteWines AngelicadeCastroIobbi,

ChaseJutzi,ElizabethTomasino

17

12 EffectsofCropLoadonPinotNoirWineComposition JingwenLi,PatriciaA.Skinkis,MichaelQian 18

13Useofnon‐SaccharomycesYeasttoReduceVolatileAcidityProductionDuringColdSoakingofPinotNoirGrapes

JaredJohnson,MengyingFu,MichaelQian,JamesOsborne

19

14 InfluenceofYeastProductionAdditionandFermentationTemperatureonChangesinLipidCompositionsofPinotNoirWines

QuynhPhan,JamesOsborne,ElizabethTomasino

20

15 ComparativeAnalysesoftheTotalCarbohydrateCompositionofRedWinePolysaccharides

LudwigRing,ElizabethTomasino,JamesOsborne,MichaelQian 21



PestandDiseaseManagement

16 FieldObservationsofTortistilusSpeciesAssociatedwithOregonVineyards

DanielT.Dalton,RichardJ.Hilton,VaughnM.Walton 22

17DeficitIrrigationandGrapevineRedBlotchDiseaseManagement

AchalaKC,AnnRasmussen,AlexanderLevin

23

18InteractionofDeficitIrrigationandGrapevineRedBlotchVirus(GRBV)onDiseaseDevelopmentandGrapevinePhysiology

AlexanderLevin,ChristopherJenkins,JudyChiginsky,AnnRasmussen,AchalaKC

24

19ExogenousApplicationofAbscisicAcid(s‐ABA)DoesNotImproveFruitCompositioninRedBlotch‐InfectedVines

AlexanderLevin,ChristopherJenkins,JudyChiginsky,AnnRasmussen,AchalaKC,DanielDalton,VaughnWalton

25

20 ExploringtheSymptomologyandImpactofRedBlotchDiseaseonPinotnoir

JustinLitwin,PatriciaSkinkis,RobertMartin 26

21RapidSamplingTechniquestoDetermineQoIFugicideResistanceinErysipheNecator

SarahR.Lowder,TaraNeill,MichelleM.Moyer,TimothyD.Miles,WalterMahaffee

27

22 CleanGrapevines‐TowardaHarmonizedGrapevineCertificationProgramforthePacificNorthwest

RobertMartin 28

23 ARegionalMildewManagementProblem‐FungicideResistanceintheWest

TaraNeill,SarahR.Lowder,TimothyD.Miles,WalterMahaffee,MichelleM.Moyer,MonicaCooper

29

24EarlyBloomTimingforBetterGrapevinePowderyMildewManagementinWesternOregon

JayW.Pscheidt,JohnBassinette 30

25 AStepTowardsMoreSustainableVineHealth:theCleanPlantApproachtoGrapeVirusDiseaseManagement

NeilMcRoberts,KamyarAram,KariArnold,DeborahGolino

31



Economics

26 AreVineyardBuyersWarmingUptoCoolerLocations?QuantifyingtheValueofLocationSpecificAdaptability

W.JasonBeasley,RobinM.Cross 32

27 ValuingOregon’sWineGrowingRegions RobinM.Cross 33

28 UsingEconomicAnalysistoInformBusinessDecisions–ExamplesfortheOregonWineIndustry

JamesSterns,CatherineDurham

34

29

BenefitsofEarlyAdoptionofPreventativePruningPracticesinManagingGrapevineTrunkDiseases

JonathanKaplan,RenaudTravadon,MonicaCooper,VickenHillis,MarkLubell,KendraBaumgartner

35

30

ProtectingyourcashflowusingWholeFarmRevenueProtectionandOtherFarmFinancialManagementTools

KentFleming,BeauOlen 36


Re‐evaluatingFieldMethodsofWaterStatusDeterminationintheVineyard

AlexanderLevin1*,RebeccaLake2,TannarWilliams3

1AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;2StudentTechnicalAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3StudentTechnicalAssistant,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,StanfordCA

*CorrespondingAuthor:[email protected],541‐772‐5165

Thepressurechamberisawidelyusedtoolforassessingwaterpotential(Ψ)inplantsandiscommonlyusedasatoolinvineyardirrigationscheduling.Althoughitisregardedasthemostrobustmethodforassessmentofplantwaterstatusinthefield,therecontinuestobedisagreementamongusersaboutpropertechniqueforbothmiddayleaf(Ψleaf)andmiddaystem(Ψstem)waterpotentialdetermination.Toresolvethesediscrepancies,threeexperimentswereperformedinordertounderstandhowvariedtechniquesaffecteitherΨleafandΨstemvalues:(1)Ψleafresponsetotimeintervalbetweensampleexcisionandpressurization(2)Ψleafresponsetosamplepreparationmethod(e.g.petiolere‐cutting)priortopressurization;and(3)Ψstemresponsetosampleequilibrationtime.Allexperimentswereperformedbytwooperatorsusingthesameinstrument.TherewerenosignificanteffectsoftimeintervaloroperatoronΨleafattimeintervalsfrom15to60s.FewsignificantdifferenceswerefoundinΨleafamongsamplepreparationmethods(experiment2),andtheydependedonoperator.Ψstemvaried5%whensampleswereallowedtoequilibratefrom10to240minutes(min)priortodetermination.Theresultsshowthattimeintervalsofupto60sbetweenexcisionandpressurizationareacceptableforaccuratedata,andpetiolere‐cuttingdoesnotsubstantivelyaffectΨleafdetermination.Additionally,Ψstemequilibrationtimescanbeasshortas10min.However,significantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenoperatorsacrossallthreeexperiments.Thus,thetechnicalskilloftheoperatorduringpressurizationmayplayalargerroleintheoutcomeofthedeterminationrelativetothepreparationofthesamplepriortopressurization.


Post‐VeraisonWaterDeficitsImprovePinotNoirFruitQualityWithoutaYieldPenalty

AlexanderLevin1*,ChristopherJenkins2,JudyChiginsky3

1AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;2FacultyResearchAssistant,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;3BiologicalSciencesResearchTechnicianII,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR


DespiteincreasingPinotnoiracreageinwarmerandmorearidgrowingregions,cultivar‐specificdroughtresponsesremainpoorlyelucidatedintheliterature.Amulti‐yearfieldexperimentwasestablishedwitheightirrigationtreatmentsdesignedtoaltervinewaterstatuseitherpre‐orpost‐veraison.Irrigationwasscheduledbasedonapplyingwateratfractionsofestimatedcropevapotranspiration(ETc)rangingfrom25to100%.Vinewaterstatuswasmonitoredwithregularmeasurementsofmiddaystemwaterpotential(Ψstem)throughoutthegrowingseason.Atharvest,fruitwereanalyzedforyieldandqualitycharacteristics.Thetreatmentssignificantlyalteredvinewaterstatusbothpre‐andpost‐veraison,givingrisetofourlevelsofwaterstressatbothtimes.Berrysizewasnegativelycorrelatedwithwaterdeficitsatbothtimes.Berryprimarymetabolism(Brix,pH,andTA)waslessresponsivetowaterdeficitsrelativetosecondarymetabolism(polyphenolics).Totalanthocyaninsincreasedwithwaterdeficitsbothpre‐andpost‐veraison,andtheresponsewasmoresensitivepre‐veraison,butthedifferenceswerenotsignificantacrosstreatments.Incontrast,tanninsandiron‐reactivephenolics(IRPs)inskinsandseedsweresignificantlyimpactedbythetreatments.SkintanninsandIRPsincreasedwithpre‐veraisonwaterdeficits,butdecreasedwithpost‐veraisonwaterdeficits.SeedtanninsandIRPsincreasedwithpre‐veraisonwaterdeficits,butwerenotaffectedbypost‐veraisonwaterdeficits.Ingeneral,berrysecondarymetabolismwasmoresensitivetopre‐veraisonwaterdeficits.However,post‐veraisonwaterdeficitsresultedinhigherconcentrationsofsecondarymetabolitesoverall.Whilewinesensoryanalyseshaveyettobecompleted,theresultssuggestthatpost‐veraisonwaterdeficitsmaybemoreeffectiveatimprovingPinotnoirfruitqualitywithoutayieldpenaltycomparedtopre‐veraisondeficits.


DevelopingaModelSystemtoIdentifyMainMechanismsInvolvedinNitrogenGrowthResponsesofGraftedGrapevines

LandryRossdeutsch1*,R.PaulSchreiner2,PatriciaA.Skinkis3,JosephOrton4,LaurentDeluc5

1Post‐DoctoralResearchAssociate,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2ResearchPlantPhysiologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;3AssociateProfessor&ViticultureExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;4UndergraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;5AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Thesciongrowthpotential(vigor)ingraftedgrapevinesresultsfromthethree‐wayinteractionbetweenenvironment,sciongenotype,androotstockgenotype.Sincenitrogen(N)availabilityisamajordriverofgrapevinegrowth,understandingNregulationinscionandrootstockwillleadtonewinsightstocontrolcanopysizeinvineyards.WearedevelopingamodelsystemtostudyNregulationbyevaluatingtheNsupplyresponsesof12scion‐rootstockcombinationswithknowndifferencesinscionandrootstockvigor.Ourprimaryobjectivesaretounderstandtheinfluenceofscionsandrootstocksongrowthparametersandresourceallocation,andtoevaluatetheroleofNuptakeregulationinsciongrowthresponse.Toaddressthefirstobjective,wemeasuredcomponentsofvinewaterrelationsandgasexchange,plantbiomass,carbon(C),andNallocationinfourplantstissues(leaves,stem,trunkandroots).PreliminaryresultssupportedtheexpectedvigorbehaviorofthethreePinotnoirscionsusedinthisexperiment,butthiswasnottrueforthefourrootstocksexamined.NitrogenavailabilityalteredCandNallocationinalltissues,butscionvigorwasnotaffected.ItseemsthattheNrequirementfor1‐yearoldvineswassatisfiedbyourlowestNrate,andtheexperimentwillberepeatedundergreaterNlimitation.However,thisfirsttrialwillallowustostudytheroleofCandNreservesonscionvigorduringthesecondgrowingseason.WeareaddressingthesecondobjectivebycomparingNuptakeandNtransportamongtworootstocksusing15NO3.SeveralexperimentsareunderwaytocompareNuptakekineticsoverarangeofNconcentrationsandNtransportrateinresponsetoplantNstatus.TheseanalyseswillbecomplementedwithgeneexpressionstudiestargetingthetransportandsignalingofNinrootsandleaves.


PerformanceofTaxonomicallyDiverseArbuscularMycorrhizalFungiIsolatedfromaRed‐HillSoilinSymbiosiswithPinotNoir

R.PaulSchreiner1*,DavidP.Janos2,TianTian3

1ResearchPlantPhysiologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;2Professor(retired),UniversityofMiami,CoralGablesFL;3GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Grapevinesrelyonarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi(AMF)toobtainamplephosphorus(P)fromsoilswithmoderatetolowPlikethered‐hillsoilsinwesternOregon.PriorresearchusingDNAsequencingindicatedthat6‐11speciesofAMFcolonizedtherootsofPinotnoirwithinagivenvineyard.However,littleisknownabouthowdifferentspeciesofAMFfunctioninvineyardecosystems.WeinvestigatedtheeffectivenessoffivenativeAMFspeciesrepresentingfivegeneratopromotegrowthandnutrientuptakeofPinotnoirinared‐hillsoilunderwell‐wateredanddroughtedconditions.RootedcuttingsweregrowninthepresenceoffivedifferentAMForwithoutAMF,andwithorwithoutmoderatedroughtstress.After8and16weekswholevinesweredestructivelyharvestedandbiomassandnutrientuptakeweredetermined.ResultsshowedthatfourofthefiveAMFcolonizedrootswell,increasedrootandshootbiomass,andpredominantlyincreasedPuptake.However,theClaroideoglomusisolatewassuperiorinpromotingshootgrowthandPmovementtoshoots.TheabilitytoenhancevinegrowthandPuptakewasnotrelatedtotheextentofarbusculesinrootssuggestingthatsomePexchangemayoccurviahyphaeinsideroots.Potassiumandironuptakewereenhancedalsobythefoureffectiveisolates.WaterlimitationreducedPuptakeinthissoilasamaineffectacrossallAMFtreatments,indicatingthatwaterstressreducesthecapacityforPuptakebyalltheAMFspeciesstudiedhereinasimilarmanner.ThesefindingssuggestthatAMFwithinClaroideoglomuswouldbethebestchoiceforinoculatingyounggrapevinestomaximizeestablishmentinlowPsoils.


ComparingNitrogenAdditionintheVineyardversusintheWineryonPinotNoirandChardonnay

TianTian1,R.PaulSchreiner2*,PatriciaA.Skinkis3,JamesOsborne4,ElizabethTomasino5

1GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2ResearchPlantPhysiologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;3AssociateProfessor&ViticultureExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;4AssociateProfessor&EnologyExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;5AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Theimpactofnitrogen(N)additionsinthevineyardonvineproductivityandwinecharacteristicsascomparedtowineryNadditionsonthelatterisbeingevaluatedinPinotnoir(PN)andChardonnay(CH).Fivetreatments,includingnovineyardorwineryNaddition(Control),additionofdiammoniumphosphateinthewinery(+DAP),additionoforganic‐Ninthewinery(+OrgN),additionofNinthevineyardtothesoil(+SoilN)ortothefoliage(+FoliarN)wereestablishedwithfourreplicatesforeachvariety.The+FoliarNtreatmentbeganin2017,whiletheotherfourtreatmentswereevaluatedin2016and2017forCH.ForPN,allfivetreatmentsbeganin2017.Inbothvarieties,+SoilNapplicationincreasedleafNstatusandfruityeastassimilablenitrogen(YAN)levels,butdidnotalteryield,leafarea,orvinewaterstatusinthefirstyear.FoliarNapplicationalsoincreasedfruitYANinthefirstyearwithoutincreasingleafNorvinegrowth.VinegrowthandyieldincreasedinCHinresponseto+SoilNinthesecondyearalongwithleafandfruitNstatus.Rootcolonizationbyarbuscularmycorrhizalfungi(AMF)wasreducedinbothvarietiesinthe+SoilNvineswithgreatereffectinCHwhereNwasappliedfortwoyears.VinePstatusdecreasedalsoinCHinthesecondyearinconcertwithlowerAMF.WineryNadditionsboostedmustYANlevelstoroughlymatchthoseofthe+SoilNand+FoliarNmusts.MustfermentationinCHproceededmorerapidlywhereNwasaddedinthevineyardorthewinery,whilefermentationinPNwasincreasedonlybyvineyardNaddition.Sensoryevaluationof2016CHwinesshowedthat+SoilNwinesdifferedfromwinesofControl,+DAP,and+OrgN.


UnderstandingtheImpactofDormantPruningMethodonPinotNoirBudFruitfulnessandYield

MirandaR.Ulmer1,PatriciaA.Skinkis2*

1GraduateResearchAssistant;2AssociateProfessor&ViticultureExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Oregon‘Pinotnoir’producersprimarilyusecanepruning,astheybelievespurpruningresultsinseverelyreducedyieldsduetoalackoffruitfulbasalbuds.However,spurpruningprovidesanopportunitytopartiallymechanizepruningoperations,therebyincreasingvineyardlaborefficiency.Atwo‐yearstudywasinitiatedinacommercialvineyardtodeterminetheviabilityofspurpruning‘Pinotnoir’inOregon.Budfruitfulness,ameasureofthepotentialfruitfulnessofthevineandamajorcomponentofyield,wasmeasuredoncaneandspurprunedvinesduringJanuary2017and2018.Canopygrowth,yieldpredictorsandharvestyielddataweremeasuredthroughoutthegrowingseasononcaneandspurprunedvines.Theresultsshowspur‐prunedvineshavefruitfulbasalbuds.During2017,budfruitfulnesswassimilaratallnodepositionsincaneandspurprunedvinesexceptfornodethreewherespurprunedvineshadhigherbudfruitfulness.In2018,cane‐prunedvineshadgreaterbudfruitfulnessthanspur‐prunedvinesatnodefive.Intheearlyspringtherewere5moreinflorescencepervineoncane‐prunedvines.Inflorescencesofcane‐prunedvineshadmorefloretsandberriespost‐fruitsetthanspurprunedvines,butthepercentoffloretsturnedtoberries(fruitset)didnotdifferbetweenthetwopruningmethods.Atharvest,spur‐prunedvineshadmoreclusterspervinewhereascane‐prunedvineshad27%heavierclusters,buttherewasnodifferenceinwholevineyield.Basicfruitripenessatharvestdidnotdifferbetweenthetwopruningmethods.Arelationshipwasevidentbetweenvinevigorandbudfruitfulnessparameters.In2017,largerinflorescenceprimordiaoftheprimarybudwereobservedwithlargerinternodediameter.In2018,higherbudfruitfulnesswasobservedwithgreatercaneweights.Thisworkwillcontinueintothe2018growingseasonandwinterof2019.


RoleofAuxin‐ResponseFactor4(VitviARF4)intheTimingofRipeningInitiationinVitisvinifera

SatyanarayanaGouthu1,VictorM.Puoci2,GraceCheng3,LaurentG.Deluc4*

1Post‐DoctoralResearchAssociate,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2UndergraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBiophysicsandBiochemistry,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3UndergraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofMicrobiology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;4*AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Thetimingoftheripeninginitiationisanimportanttraitforwinegrapeproduction.TheresearchprojectaimstovalidatetheregulatoryfunctionofARF4inthetimingofripeninginitiation.Theobjectivesareto:1)characterizeitsrolebyinducingorsilencingthegeneexpressioninthemicrovinesystemandtoidentifyitsinteractingproteinpartnersduringtheripeningprocess,2)toidentifyripening‐relatedgenestargetedbyARF4,and3)toevaluatefruitcompositionofberries,wherethetimingofripening‐initiationisaltered.Towardsthisgoal,weestablishedthemicrovinesatOSUandoptimizeddifferentstepsofproducingembryogeniccallithroughantherculture,inoculationofcalliwithagrobacteriumharboringthegenesofinterest,productionoftransformedembryos,transitioningoftheseembryostoplantlets,andfinallythetransferoftheplantletsinthegreenhouse.Weconductedourfirsttrialexperimentstoengineerthebiosynthesisofabscisicacid(hormonethatpromotesripening)usingthispipelineandweweresuccessfulinobtainingthetransformedembryos.Currently,thecloningofthedifferentplasmidconstructsaimedtoinduceandsilenceARF4inthemicrovineshasbeenperformed.TowardsidentifyingtheproteinpartnersofARF4,wefound170potentialcandidatesusingprotein‐proteininteractionscreeningassays.TheyincludeproteinsinvolvedinABAsignaling(VitViPAPA1),sugarsensing(VitviHXK1),andethylenesignaling(VitviETR4),allofwhichareknowntoinfluencefruitripening.Finally,weadaptedandtestedanewanalyticalmethodongrapeberryextractstomeasuremetabolitesassociatedwithorganicacids,aminoacids,phenolics,carbohydrates,polyols,andthreeclassesofflavonoids(anthocyanins,flavonols,monomeranddimeroftannins).


TheEffectofYeastAssimilableNitrogenonSO2ProductionbySaccharomycescerevisiaeDuringWineFermentation

MaríaAlessandri1,AlanBakalinsky2*

1GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Sulfurdioxideiscommonlyusedduringwinemakingasanantimicrobialagentandantioxidant.However,highconcentrationscanleadtoproblematicfermentationsandpreventthemalolacticfermentationfromoccurring.Apartfromthesulfurdioxideadditionsmadebywinemakers,naturally‐occurringsulfitescanbeproducedbyyeastasanormalbyproductofmetabolism.Previousstudieshavefoundthatproductionvariesamongstrainsandisaffectedbyfermentationconditions.Insomecases,productionappearstobehighenoughtoreplaceorsignificantlyreducesulfiteadditionsbywinemakers.Thiscouldbeparticularlyrelevantfororganicwinemaking,wheresulfitesadditionsaredisallowedbyUSDAregulationsbutarepermittedintheEU.Wehavefoundthatnitrogenavailabilityingrapemustisonesourceofvariability.Ithasbeenpreviouslyreportedthatnitrogencontentingrapemusthasaneffectonyeastsulfurmetabolism,butuntilnowthefocushasbeenlargelyonH2Sproduction.Toourknowledge,asystematicstudyoftheeffectofnitrogenonsulfiteproductionhasnotbeenundertaken.Here,weanalyzedsulfiteproductionbydifferentyeaststrainsasafunctionofavailablenitrogen.Ourresultsindicatethathigherlevelsofnitrogencorrelatewithhighersulfiteproductionandthattheformofthenitrogenhasamajorimpact.Also,ourresultsshowthatcommercialnitrogensupplementsdonotaffectsulfiteproductioninaconsistentmanner.Thisinformationshouldbeofuseforwinemakersinterestedinproducinghighqualityorganicwines.


ImpactofPre‐FermentationColdSoakConditionsonPinotNoirWineAromaCompounds

MengyingFu1,JaredJohnson2,JamesOsborne3,MichaelQian4*

1GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3AssociateProfessor&EnologyExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;4Professor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Thisstudyinvestigatedhowpre‐fermentationcoldsoakconditionsimpactedPinotnoirwinearoma.In2016,Pinotnoirwineswereproducedfromgrapesthatwerecoldsoakedforsixdaysattwodifferenttemperatures(6or10C)withtheadditionof0,50,or100mg/LSO2.Sixnon‐Saccharomycesyeastspecies,commonlyisolatedfromgrapes,wereaddedatthestartofcoldsoakandtheirpopulationsmonitored.Winewasalsoproducedfromgrapesthatdidnotundergocoldsoak.Attheendofcoldsoakthereweresignificantdifferencesinanumberofvolatilecompounds.Higherconcentrationsofethylacetateandisoamylacetatewerepresentincoldsoaksconductedat10Ccomparedto6C,whilehigherconcentrationsofphenylethylacetatewerepresentincoldsoaksconductedat10Cwith100mg/LSO2.Significantdifferenceswerealsofoundinthevolatilearomasofthefinishedwines,particularlyesters.InthesecondyearofthestudyanadditionofMetschnikowiafructicolawasmadeatthebeginningofasixdaycoldsoak.Attheendofcoldsoak,treatmentswithM.fructicolacontainedsignificantlyhigheralcoholsandlessacetateesters.Inthefinishedwinesthereweresignificantdifferencesinvolatilearomasbetweenwinesmadefromgrapesthatdidordidnotundergoacoldsoak.Pinotnoirwinesproducedwithoutcoldsoakhadsignificantlyhigherethylesterssuchasethylbutyrate,ethylisobutyrate,andethyloctonoate.WinesmadewithM.fructicolaalsocontainedsignificantlyhigherconcentrationsofbeta‐citronellol,ascomparedtothenocoldsoaktreatment.


TheUseofSignalDetectionTheory(d')inFoodSensoryAnalysis

RachelHahn1*,ElizabethTomasino2,ClaudioFuentes3

1FacultyResearchAssistant,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofStatistics,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Signaldetectiontheory(oftendenotedbythesensitivityindexd`value)usesdifferencesinmeanstoquantifythedifferencebetweenastimulusofinterestandapossiblerandomdistractingpattern,usuallyintheformofa“CorrectRejection”or“FalseAlarm”application.Theuseofsignaldetectiontheoryoriginatesinpsychology,wheresubjectswereusedtodeterminea“threshold”offatigueafterextensiveexposuretovariousstimuli.Thedevelopmentofthisthresholdcoinedtheconceptof“signaltonoise”fordatacollectedbyunreliablesubjects(suchashumansoranimals).Theterm“signaltonoise”isusedtodescribetheratioofusabledatato“noise”orirrelevantdata,andisaformofthresholdanalysis.Thisthresholdanalysishelpsdeterminehowhumansubjectsareimpactedduringqualitativedatacollectionsessions.

Initiallythesensitivityindexwasdevelopedbypsychologists,buthassincebeenappliedtothefoodindustry‐specificallytosensoryscience.Formanyreasons,thesensitivityindexhasbecomeanindustrystandardforanalyzingfoodsensorydatabecauseitmeasuresandestimatesfatigueinfoodsensorysubjects.However,thereislittleliteraturerevisitingtheassumptionsofthesensitivityindexinthecontextoffoodsensoryscience.Thisresearchaimstorevisitthesensitivityindex’smathematicalexpressionandassumptionsinordertotailorittofoodsensoryresearch.


InvestigatingFruitinessAromaPerceptioninWhiteWines

AngelicadeCastroIobbi1,ChaseJutzi2,ElizabethTomasino3*

1DoctoralCandidate,2UndergraduateResearchAssistant,3AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Winearomaiscomplexandtherearemanydifferentcompoundsthatcanberesponsibleforvariousaromas.Whitewinearomaischaracterizedbyimpactcompoundssuchasvolatilethiolsandthosethatproducearomasduetointeractionswithotherwinecomponents.Inthisstudyweinvestigatedthearomachemicalcomponentinteractionsinfluencingfruitinessperceptionofwhitewines.AneutralOregonPinotgriswinewasproducedandaromawasremovedbytheaddition1g/LLichrolut®EN.Acombinationofcompoundswasaddedtothewine,formingthearomabase.Thesearomabasecompoundsarepresentinallwines.Treatmentsinvestigatedarangeofdifferentchemicalcompoundssuchasesters,terpenes,alcohols,andthiols.Treatmentaromacompoundswereaddedtothebasewineatdifferentconcentrationsandcombinations.Overseveralsensorysessionstrainedpanelistsevaluatedthedifferentfruityaromasofthetreatmentwines.PanelistperformancewasdeterminedusingREMLandcanonicalvariateanalysiswasusedtorelatethewinechemicalcompositiontosensoryperception.Resultsshowarelationshipsbetweenterpenesandstonefruitaromas,andvolatilethiolsandtropicalfruitaromas.Otheraromacompoundsincombinationwithterpeneswerefoundtoalterthetypeoffruityaromas.Theresultsofthisworkwillhelpdevelopwinestylesandunderstandwhitewinequality.


EffectsofCropLevelonPinotNoirWineComposition

JingwenLi1,PatriciaA.Skinkis2,MichaelQian3*

1GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2AssociateProfessor&ViticultureExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,OregonWineResearchInstitute,CorvallisOR;3Professor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,OregonWineResearchInstitute,CorvallisOR


Todeterminetheimpactsofcroplevelonwinequality,aclusterthinningexperimentwasconductedinmorethan10vineyardsovera3‐yearperiod(2013–2015).Croplevelwerereducedbyclusterthinningusingaclusterpershootregime(2,1.5and1cluster/shoot)andcomparedtoafullcropcontrol(non‐thinned).Onesiteusedvariabletonperacretreatments(3.25,3,2.5,2,1.75ton/acre).Afterharvest,fruitfromfieldreplicateswerecombinedtoproduceonewineforeachtreatment.ThosewineswereanalyzedforvolatilecompositionbyGC‐MSandGC‐FIDintriplicate.Therelationshipsbetweencroplevelandconcentrationofquality‐importantcompoundsinwineweredeterminedbyregressionanalysis.Resultsshowedthatcropthinningpracticeaffectedsomevolatilecompositionsindifferentyears.Cropthinningleveldecreasedthecontentofmiddle‐chainacids(C6‐C10)in2013vintage.However,itincreasedthecontentofesters,terpinoids,alcoholsandmiddle‐chainacidsin2014vintage.Moreover,cropthinninglevelhavelimitedimpactonvolatilecompositionsin2015vintage.From2013to2015vintage,thecontentofvolatilecompositionsinwineincreased.Combiningallthreeyears’datawithoutconsideringyeardifference,itwasfoundthatthecontentofestershadincreasingtrendswhileterpinoids,alcohols,middle‐chainacidsandvolatilephenoliccompoundshadnodifferencewithhighercropthinninglevel.


Useofnon‐SaccharomycesYeasttoReduceVolatileAcidityProductionDuringColdSoakingofPinotNoirGrapes

JaredJohnson1,MengyingFu2,MichaelQian3,JamesOsborne4*

1GraduateResearchAssistant;2GraduateResearchAssistant;3Professor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,OregonWineResearchInstitute,CorvallisOR;4AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,OregonWineResearchInstitute,CorvallisOR


Coldsoakingisatechniqueusedduringredwinemakingtoalterthearoma,flavor,andphenoliccontentofawine.However,coldsoakingdoesnotcomewithoutriskasthisprocesscanresultintheproductionofspoilagecompoundssuchasaceticacidandethylacetateifexcessivegrowthofmicroorganismssuchasHanseniasporauvarum(Kloeckeraapiculata)occurs.H.uvarumgrowthduringcoldsoakistypicallycontrolledthroughtheuseofsulfurdioxideandmaintaininggrapesatacoldtemperature.Whileeffective,thesemethodscanalsorestrictthegrowthofothernon‐Saccharomycesyeastpresentduringcoldsoakthatcancontributepositivelytowinearoma.Recently,theadditionofselectnon‐Saccharomycesyeastatthebeginningofcoldsoakhasbeensuggestedasanalternativemethodforreducingvolatileacidity.Thisstudyinvestigatedtheefficacyofselectnon‐SaccharomycesyeaststrainsforthereductionofvolatileacidityandH.uvarumgrowthduringcoldsoak.Commercialnon‐SaccharomycesyeastswerescreenedfortheirabilitytoreduceH.uvarumgrowthandaceticacidproductionduringasimulatedcoldsoakinagrapejuicebasedmedium.H.uvarumgrowthandaceticacidproductionwasreducedinthepresenceofallnon‐SaccharomycesyeasttestedwithsomeyeastreducingH.uvarumgrowthandaceticacidproductiontoagreaterextent.Oneyeast,Metschnikowiafructicola,wasthenusedinPinotnoirwinemakingexperiments.PinotnoirgrapeswereinoculatedwithacombinationofH.uvarumandM.fructicolaandcoldsoakedforsixdays.DuringcoldsoakM.fructicolareducedH.uvarumgrowthandsignificantlydecreasedaceticacidandethylacetateproduction.Theseresultssuggestthattheadditionofnon‐SaccharomycesyeastduringcoldsoakmaybeaneffectivemethodforreducingtheproductionofvolatileaciditybyH.uvarum.


InfluencesofYeastProductAdditionandFermentationTemperatureonChangesinLipidCompositionsofPinotNoirWines

QuynhPhan1,JamesOsborne2,ElizabethTomasino3*

1DoctoralCandidate;2AssociateProfessor;3AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Concentrationandcompositionoflipidspresentinwinehavebeenshowntobedependentonyeastandgrapevariety.Therearetwosourcesoflipidsinwine:firmtissuesofgrapesandalcoholicfermentationbyyeast.Thetemperatureofawinefermentationalsoaffectslipidmetabolism;therefore,lipidprofilesvaryunderdifferentwinemakingprocesses.ThisstudyinvestigatedhowdifferenttypesandamountofyeastderivativeproductsaddedwouldaffectthelipidcontentofPinotnoirwines.Changesinlipidcompositioninwinesaccordingtofermentationtemperaturewerealsoexamined.The2017OregonPinotNoirgrapeswerefermentedat8Cand27C.Afterprimaryandmalolacticfermentation,yeastproductsAutoleesandOenolees(Laffort,USA)wereaddedtothewinesfor60daysasseparatetreatmentsofAutolees(0.3g/L,0.175g/L,and0.05g/L)andOenolees(0.4g/L,0.3g/L,and0.2g/L)orasamixtureofAutolees(0.3g/L)andOenelees(0.4g/L).Liquid‐liquidextractionmethodwithchloroform/methanol(2:1v/v)asthesolventwasusedtoextracttotallipidsintheexperimentalwines.Thelipidsextractedwereclassifiedaspolarlipids(PL),sterols(ST),freefattyacids(FFA),triglycerides(TG),andcholesterolester(CE)bythin‐layerchromatography.Thefattyacidsderivatives,fattyacidmethylesters(FAME),wereanalyzedbygaschromatographymassspectrometry(GCMS).Theresultsofthisstudycontributetotheunderstandingofhowdifferencesinlipidcompositioncouldbeusefulfordeterminingwinestyleandwinequality.Fattyacidcompositionandthepolyunsaturatedfattyacid(PUFA)ration‐6/n‐3couldbeusedtoevaluatethequalityoflipidsinwine.Infutureresearch,itwouldsubstantiallycontributetotheinvestigationoftheinteractionsoflipidswithotherwinecomponentssuchastanninandpolysaccharideaffectingthesensorypropertiesofwinesuchastasteandmouthfeel.


ComparativeAnalysesoftheTotalCarbohydrateCompositionofRedWinePolysaccharides

LudwigRing1,ElizabethTomasino2,JamesOsborne3,MichaelQian4*

1ResearchAssociate;2AssistantProfessor;3AssociateProfessorandEnologyExtensionSpecialist;4Professor,DepartmentofFoodScience&Technology,OregonStateUniversity,OregonWineResearchInstitute,CorvallisOR


Thechemicalnatureofredwinemouthfeelhasbeenaddressedinmultiplerecentstudies.However,theirvastmajorityfocusedonpolyphenolssuchastannins,whichhavebeenshowntoaccountfortheastringencyofredwine.Incontrast,thecompoundscontributingtomouthfulnessandbodyremainunclear.Thisongoingstudyinvestigatesredwinepolysaccharides,sincetheymightaffectthetexturalsensationandthusthemouthfeelpropertiesofredwine.Aprocedureincludingprecipitation,hydrolysis,andderivatization(silylationwithTMSI)hasbeendevelopedtoanalyzethetotalcarbohydratecompositionbymeansoftheirper‐O‐trimethylsilylatedmethylglycosidederivativesviaGC‐FID.Variationsinthetotalcarbohydratecompositionofseveralredwinescouldbeobserved.Althoughallsamplescomprisedthesamemonomers(mannose,arabinose,galactose,rhamnose,galacturonicacid,glucose,andxylose),theratiosdiffered.Dependingonthemonomer,thiscangiveinsightsintothewinemakingprocess.Forinstance,ahighmannoseportioncouldresultfromalongeryeastcontact,sincemannoproteinsoriginatefromyeastcellwalls.However,itremainstobeinvestigatedwhichparametersmostinfluencethecomposition(e.g.winemakingprocess,grapevariety,age),andtowhichextentthisaffectsthemouthfeel.Additionalsensorystudieswillexaminetheorganolepticimpactoftheredwinepolymerstoelucidatepotentialcorrelationsbetweenanalyticalandsensorydata,inordertogetabetterunderstandingofthenon‐volatilesensoryactivecompoundsinredwine.


FieldObservationsofTortistilusSpeciesAssociatedwithOregonVineyards

DanielT.Dalton1*,RichardJ.Hilton2,VaughnM.Walton3

1GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2SeniorFacultyResearchAssistant,SouthernOregonResearch&ExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;3Professor,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


FieldcollectionsofcandidateinsectvectorspeciesofGrapevineredblotchvirus(GRBV)wereacquiredinOregonin2017,andbiologicalattributesofthesespeciesweredocumented.Treehopperinsects(Hemiptera:Membracidae)ofapreviouslyconfirmedvectorspecies,Spissistilusfestinus,werefoundnearvineyardsinsouthernOregon.TwomorphospeciesofthetreehoppergenusTortistiluswerefoundinandaroundWillametteValleyandsouthernOregonvineyardswherevirusspreadwasobserved.Tortistilusspeciesoverwinteraseggsthatarelaidinnewstemsorbehindthebudsofwoodyperennialplantsincludingoak,apple,pear,hawthorn,andgrapevine.Eggshatchinspring,andearlyinstarsfallfromwoodyhostsontolushherbaceousunderstoryplantssuchasvetch.Late‐instarinsectsmigratetodrought‐hardyplantspeciesincludingwildcarrotastheunderstoryvegetationdriesoutinearlysummer.FifthinstarinsectsmoltintoadultsbeginninginJuly.Eggsaredepositedintowoodyhoststocompletetheinsectlifecycle.Adultinsectsdonotappeartomigrategreatdistancesbutarefoundalongvineyardedgesandinunmanagedhabitatsinsummerandfall.

Acombinationofcollectiontechniquesincludingvacuumsampling,sweepnetting,stickytrapmonitoring,visualsurveying,andhandsamplingwasusedtodeterminetheinsectlifecycleandbehavioralpatterns.Feedingbytreehoppersmaygirdleyoung,growingstemtissues.Inred‐fruitedwinegrapecultivars,extremereddeningoftissueabovegirdledareasisusuallyapparent,allowinggrowerstofindinsectsandtrackpotentiallyaffectedplants.

TestedinsectsshowedpersistenceofGRBVforatleastfiveweeksfollowingacquisitionofthevirusingreenhousetransmissiontrials.ActualtransmissionofGRBVbyTortistilusspeciesremainstobeconfirmedingreenhousebioassays.


DeficitIrrigationandGrapevineRedBlotchDiseaseManagement

A.N.KC1*,A.L.Rasmussen2,A.Levin3

1AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;2FacultyResearchAssistant,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;3AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR


GrapevineRedBlotchDisease(GRBD)isanewlyidentifieddiseaseofgrapevinescausedbygrapevineredblotchvirus(GRBV).Theeconomiclossassociatedwiththediseaseisreductioninfruitqualityanddelayedripening.Theimpositionofmoderatewaterdeficitsisacommonviticulturalpracticetoadvanceripeningandimprovefruitquality.However,thestressexperiencedbyvinesunderdeficitirrigationcanpotentiallyamplifythenegativeeffectsofGRBD.ResearchwasconductedtounderstandinteractionbetweenGRBVanddeficitirrigationondiseasedevelopmentandfruitquality.Asplit‐plotfieldexperimentwithtwoirrigationtreatments,wetanddry;andtwovinestatuses,healthyandinfected,werearrangedinarandomizedcompleteblockdesign.Irrigationtreatmentswereimposedbyvaryingthenumberofdripemitterspervinewherewetanddrytreatmentswereirrigatedat100and66%ofcropevapotranspiration(ETc)respectively.Inlinewatermeterswereusedtoquantifyappliedwateramounts.VinehealthstatuswasdeterminedbyPCR‐basedassaysasinfectedornon‐infectedwithGRBV.Diseaseseveritywasrecordedeveryweekafterthefirstsymptomappearanceoninfectedvines.Nosignificantinteractionbetweenwaterandvinehealthstatustodiseaseseveritywasobserved.However,thestemwaterpotentialofinfectedvineswassignificantlyhighercomparedtohealthyvinesinbothdryandwettreatments.Inaddition,overallfruitqualityoftheinfectedvineswasbetterinwetirrigationtreatmentthanthedrytreatment.Theresultssuggestthatkeepingvineswell‐wateredmaymitigatesomeofthenegativeeffectsofGRBVinfection.


InteractionofDeficitIrrigationandGrapevineRedBlotchVirus(GRBV)onDiseaseDevelopmentandGrapevinePhysiology

AlexanderLevin1*,ChristopherJenkins2,JudyChiginsky3,AnnRasmussen4,AchalaKC5

1AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;2FacultyResearchAssistant,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;3BiologicalSciencesResearchTechnicianII,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;4FacultyResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;5AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR


Whilemoderatewaterdeficitsadvanceripeningandimprovefruitqualityinhealthygrapevines,theycanpotentiallyamplifynegativeeffectsofviraldiseaseinGRBV‐infectedgrapevines.Therefore,afieldexperimentwithtwoirrigationtreatments–wetanddry–andtwodiseasestatuses–healthy(RB‐)andinfected(RB+)–wasinitiatedtounderstandtheinteractionbetweenGRBVinfectionanddeficitirrigation.Wetvineswereirrigatedat100%ofcropevapotranspiration(ETc),whiledryvinesreceivedwaterat66%ETc.HealthyandinfectedvineswereconfirmedbyPCR‐basedassays.DiseaseprogressionandseveritywererecordedweeklyafterfirstsymptomswereobservedonRB+vines,andvinewaterstatus(Ψstem)wasregularlymonitoredthroughoutthegrowingseason.Atharvest,yieldandyieldcomponentsweredetermined,andberrysampleswerecollectedforcompositionalanalyses.Therewasnosignificantinteractionbetweenirrigationtreatmentanddiseasestatusondiseaseprogressionandseverity.Pre‐veraisonΨstemwasnotaffectedbydiseasestatusbutwassignificantlyhigherinRB+vinespost‐veraison.ThehigherΨsteminRB+vinesresultedinlargerberriesandyieldatharvest,butfewofthedifferencesinyieldandyieldcomponentsamongtreatmentsweresignificant.Berryflavonoidsweremorestronglyaffectedbydiseasestatuscomparedtosugarsandacids,withlittleeffectofirrigationtreatments.Inskinsandseeds,significantdifferencesamongtreatmentswereobservedinconcentrationandcontentofanthocyaninsandiron‐reactivephenolics(IRPs),butnottannins.SmalldifferencesintanninscoupledwithlargedifferencesinIRPssuggeststhatGRBVstronglyinhibitedbiosynthesisofnon‐tanninIRPs,particularlyinseeds.Takentogether,theseresultssuggestthatkeepingvineswell‐wateredmaymitigatesomeofthenegativeeffectsofGRBV,butultimatechangesinsecondarymetabolismduetoGRBVinfectionmaynecessitateusinginfectedfruitfordifferentwineprogramsorblendingwithlotsfromhealthyvineyards.


ExogenousApplicationofAbscisicAcid(s‐ABA)DoesNotImproveFruitCompositioninRedBlotch‐InfectedGrapevines

VaughnWalton1,AlexanderLevin2*,DanielDalton3,ChristopherJenkins4,JudyChiginsky5,AchalaKC6,AnnRasmussen7

1Professor,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;3GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;4FacultyResearchAssistant,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;5BiologicalSciencesResearchTechnicianII,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;6AssistantProfessor,SouthernOregonResearchandExtensionCenter,OregonStateUniversity,CentralPointOR;7FacultyResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Plantgrowthregulatorsarecommonlyusedtoimproveripeningandberrycompositioninhealthygrapevines.Recently,ithasbeensuggestedthatgrapevineredblotchvirus(GRBV)disruptsthenormalhormonalsignalinginvolvedinripeningonsetinberries.Sinceendogenouslyproducedabscisicacid(s‐ABA)playsalargeroleinberryripening,itispossiblethatexogenousapplicationsofs‐ABAcouldmitigatethedeleteriouseffectsofGRBV.Therefore,theeffectsofexogenouss‐ABAapplicationonfruitripeninginGRBV‐infectedgrapevinesweretestedintwoOregonAVAscharacterizedbydifferentclimates:theWillametteValley(WV;coolandwet)andtheRogueValley(RV;warmanddry).Ateachsite,candidatevineswereidentifiedbasedonthepreviousyear’ssymptomologydataandconfirmedforGRBVinfectionwithPCR‐basedassays.Cluster‐directedsprayapplicationsofs‐ABAweremadeat50%veraisonand10‐14dayslateratarateof300mg/L.Experimentaltreatmentswerea2x2factorialcombinationofdiseasecondition–healthy(RB‐)andinfected(RB+)–ands‐ABAapplication–spray(ABA+)ornospray(ABA‐).Atharvest,herewerenosignificanteffectsofs‐ABAonberryfreshweight,totalsolublesolids(TSS),pH,ortitratableaciditywithinRB+orRB‐vines.TherewerealsonosignificanteffectsofdiseasestatusontheaforementionedparametersinWVvines,andinRVvines,onlyTSSwassignificantlyhigherinRB‐vines.Therewerenosignificantinteractionsbetweens‐ABAapplicationanddiseasestatuswithrespecttopolyphenoliccompositioninskinsandseeds.Surprisingly,ABA+vineshadlowerconcentrationsoftanninsandiron‐reactivephenolicsacrosseitherdiseasestatusintheskins,butsincetherewereminimaleffectsintheseeds,therewerenon‐significanttreatmenteffectswithrespecttototalconcentration.Overall,theexogenousapplicationofs‐ABAatveraisondidnotimprovefruitcompositionacrosstwodistinctgrowingregionsatharvest.


ExploringtheSymptomologyandImpactsofRedBlotchDiseaseonPinotNoir

JustinLitwin1,PatriciaA.Skinkis2*,RobertMartin3

1UndergraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2*AssociateProfessor&ViticultureExtensionSpecialist,DepartmentofHorticulture,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3ResearchPlantPathologist,USDA‐ARS,CorvallisOR


In2012anewvirus,GrapevineRedBlotchassociatedVirus(GRBaV),wasidentifiedingrapevinesandhasthepotentialtoreducefruitquality.TodeterminetheeffectofthevirusinOregon’sWillametteValley,astudywasconductedtomonitoranddocumentvisualsymptomsofGRBaVincoolclimatePinotnoirandidentifytheimpactsonvinephysiologyandfruitquality.AcommercialPinotnoirvineyardintheEola‐AmityHillsAVAwasmonitoredfrompea‐sizestageofberrydevelopmentthroughleaffallin2017.Vinesweremonitoredbasedontheirvirusstatus(positiveornegative)andsymptoms(presentorasymptomatic).Visualobservationsofsymptomsandchlorophyllmeasuresweremadeweeklyandphotoassimilationandstomatalconductanceweretakenwhenweatherconditionsallowed.Visualsymptomsinthecanopydidnotoccuruntilafter100%veraisonandbeganwithbasalleafreddeningthenprogressedapicallyastheseasoncontinued.Leaffalloccurredlaterinvinesthatshowedvirussymptoms.AllvineswithcanopysymptomsalsotestedpositiveforGRBaV,butnotallvinesthattestedpositiveshowedsymptoms.Thiscouldindicateadelayedsymptomaticexpressionofthevirus.Thechlorophyllmeasurestakenthroughtheseasonshowednodifferencebetweensymptomaticandasymptomaticvines.GRBaVpositivevineshadlowerstomatalconductanceandphotoassimilationingeneralbutwasonlystatisticallysignificantduringtwodates.NutrientsamplescollectedduringveraisonshowedonlylowerleafphosphorusinGRBaVpositivevines,whilesymptomaticvineshadlowerpotassiumandlowerpetioleCa,Mg,Zn,andMn.Yieldandbasicripenessdidnotdifferatharvest.Virusstatusdidnotaffectberryconcentrationsoftotalanthocyanin,tanninandphenolics.However,symptomaticvineshadlowertotalphenolicconcentrations.Thesamevinesaretobemonitoredin2018togainafurtherunderstandingofthephysiologicalimpactsofthedisease.


RapidSamplingTechniquestoDetermineQoIFungicideResistanceinErysiphenecator

SarahR.Lowder1*,TaraNeill2,MichelleM.Moyer3,TimothyD.Miles4,WalterF.Mahaffee51GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;2BiologicalScienceTechnician,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;3AssociateProfessor&StatewideViticultureExtension,WashingtonStateUniversity,ProsserWA;4AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofPlant,SoilandMicrobialSciences,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansingMI;5ResearchPlantPathologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR


Controlfailuresofgrapepowderymildew(causedbyErysiphenecator)aftertheuseofquinoneoutsideinhibitor(QoI;FRAC11)fungicideshavebeenreportedthroughoutOR,WA,andCA.Quick,cost‐effectivemethodstodetectfungicideresistanceinE.necatorarenecessarytoreducetheselectionforresistantisolatesandmitigateineffectivefungicideapplications.In2017,E.necatorsampleswerecollectedvialinearstratifiedsamplingtechniquesbyplacingaToughSpotadhesivedotdirectlyontoamildewcolony(n=119)orbywipinggloveswithsterilecottonswabs(n=65)aftersimulatedcanopymanagement.AcompetitiveTaqManqPCRassay,previouslydemonstratedtobein100%agreementwithfungicideresistancescreeningbioassays,wasusedtodetecttheG143AmutationinthecytbgenethatisassociatedwithQoIresistance.Bothmethodsdetectsimilardistributionsinresistancestatus:ToughSpots‐48.7%resistant,43.7%sensitive,7.6%mixed;Swabs‐59.2%resistant,24.5%sensitive,16.3%mixed.Thisindicatesthateithermethodcouldbeaviablerapidsamplingtechniquewithminimalinterruptiontoproductionschedules.Arapidsamplingtechniqueforchasmothecia(syn.cleistothecia)overwinteringingrapebarkisbeingdevelopedtoprovidemanagerswithapre‐seasonassessmentoftheriskoffungicideresistanceforthegrowingseasonfollowingsampling.Thewild‐typeandresistantgenotypescanbedeterminedfromasinglechasmotheciuminabackgroundof0.2gofdrybark.Reducingthetimeandcostsrequiredtoassessfungicideresistancewillallowvineyardmanagerstomakeinformedchoiceswhendeterminingfungicideproductselectionandrotation.


CleanGrapevines–TowardaHarmonizedGrapevineCertificationProgramforthePacificNorthwest

RobertR.Martin1*,ResearchLeaderandResearchPlantPathologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR


Morethan70virusandvirus‐likeagentsareknowntoinfectgrapevinesworldwideandrelativelyfewareofmajorimportanceinthePacificNorthwest.Thisisdueinalargeparttoquarantineandcertificationprogramsthathaveresultedineliminationofmostofthesevirusesfromplantingmaterials.Onceidentified,GrapevineRedBlotchVirus(GRBV)wasaddedtothelistofpathogensinmostcertificationprograms.CertificationprogramsaremanagedbyStateDepartmentsofAgricultureandthereforeeachstatemayhavedifferentrequirementsthatnurseriesneedtomeettoproduce‘certifiedgrapevines’.Thus,certificationcanmeandifferentthingsdependingonwheretheplantswereproduced.OverthepasttwoyearstherehasbeenanefforttoharmonizethegrapevinecertificationprogramsandquarantinesinWashington,OregonandIdaho.ThiseffortisfundedbyagrantfromUSDA‐APHISandledbyVickyScharlau,ExecutiveDirector‐WashingtonWineIndustryFoundation.TheprojectincludesregulatorystafffromthethreeStateDepartmentsofAgriculture,industrymembers,nurseriesandscientists.TheprocessisnearcompletionandthereshouldbeacommongrapevinecertificationprogramforthePacificNorthwestinthenearfuture.Thereareseveralcaveatsthatgrowersneedtobeawareof:1.ThenewcertificationprogramwillrequireallgrapevinescomingintothethreestatesbefromcertificationprogramsrecognizedbytheStateDepartmentofAgriculture;2.Certificationisvoluntaryandthereforenotallnurseriesaresellingcertifiedgrapevines;3.Theharmonizedcertificationprogramsdonotrequirethatgrapevinessoldin‐statearefromcertifiednurseries;and4.Forgraftedgrapevinestherootstockandscionmustbecertifiedfortheplanttobeconsideredcertified,forexample,certifiedrootstockbroughtintothestateandgraftedwithuncertifiedscionwooddoesnotresultinacertifiedplant.


ARegionalMildewManagementProblem‐FungicideResistanceintheWest

TaraNeill1*,SarahR.Lowder2,TimothyD.Miles3,WaltMahaffee4,MichelleMoyer5,MonicaCooper6

1BiologicalScienceTechnician,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;2GraduateResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR;3AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofPlant,SoilandMicrobialSciences,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansingMI;4ResearchPlantPathologist,USDA‐ARS‐HCRU,CorvallisOR;5AssociateProfessor&StatewideViticultureExtension,WashingtonStateUniversity,ProsserWA;6FarmAdviser‐Viticulture,UniversityofCaliforniaCooperativeExtension,NapaCA


Throughout2017,afieldscoutingcampaignthatcoveredCentralandNorthernCalifornia,WesternOregon,andSouthernWashingtonyieldedover850fieldsamplesand64isolatesofErysiphenecator.Analysisofthesesamplesforresistancetoquinoneoutsideinhibitor(QoI)fungicides(FRACGroup11) usingtheG143AqPCRassayindicatedwidespreadresistancethroughoutallgrapegrowingregionsscouted(93%containedresistantE.necatoramongToughSpotkitsamples);withhigherfrequenciesinWashington(96%)andCalifornia(93%)thaninOregon(47%).Analysisof2017E.necatorsingle‐chainisolatesgeneratedsimilarresultswith90%ofWashington,94%ofCalifornia,and69%ofOregonisolatesshowingQoIresistance.TheseresultswereconfirmedwhenisolateandfieldsampleDNAunderwentgenotypingbysequencinganalysisofthecytbgene.TheseresultsaresimilartotheQoIresistanceobservedthroughoutOregonin2015and2016.Analysisofairsamplescollectedusingimpactionsporesamplersfromcommercialvineyardsfrom2013‐2017showedthatQoIresistancewasdetected2yearspriortocontrolfailuresin2015andthefrequencyoftheG143Aallelepeakedin2016anddecreasedin2017.AirsamplescollectedfromWashingtonvineyardsduringthe2017growingseasonshowedaveryhighfrequencyoftheG143Aallelewith93%ofsamplescontainingit.Analysisofthesesamplesandisolatesusingvariousmoleculartechniquesandfungicideresistancebioassaystodetermineresistancetodemethylationinhibitor(DMI)fungicides(FRACgroup3) andsuccinatedehydrogenaseinhibitor(SDHI)fungicides(FRACgroup7)isongoing.AqPCRassaywasdevelopedtotargetapointmutation(Y136F)oftheCYP51genethatisacontributingfactortoDMIresistanceinE.necator;themutationispresentin85%oftested2017isolates(n=60)and96%of2015and2016isolates(n=92).


EarlyBloomTimingforBetterGrapePowderyMildewManagementinWesternOregon

JayW.Pscheidt1*,JohnBassinette2

1Professor;2FacultyResearchAssistant,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Fungicidesefficacytrialsforgrapepowderymildew(Erysiphenecator)managementhavebeenconductedattheBotanyandPlantPathologyFieldLaboratory,Corvallis,ORsince1990.Vineyards,withanyoffivecultivars,werecaneorspurprunedwithverticalshootpositioningandmanagedforweedsandinsects.Weatherconditionswerefavorableeachyearforintensepowderymildewdevelopment.Fungicideswereappliedusingahoodedboomsprayerwhereeachsprayprogramwasreplicatedonfourorfivesetsoffivevineseach.Fungicideprogramswereinitiatedwhenthefirstpowderymildewsymptomswereobservedandthencontinuedattwoweekintervalsthroughtheseason.Theincidenceandseverityofpowderymildewonfruitwasevaluatedvisuallyatveraisonbyarbitrarilyselecting50clustersforexaminationfromthemiddlethreevinesofeachreplicate.Datafrom31fungicidetrialsconductedbetween1990and2017wereusedforanalysis.Thefungicideprogramwiththelowestpowderymildewseverityineachtrialwasselectedforcomparisonwithothertrials.Programsselectedconsistedofeitherasingleformulation(containingoneortwoFRACgroups)usedthroughouttheseasonormultipleformulations(eachcontainingoneortwoFRACgroups)alternatedthroughouttheseason.Allfungicideprogramswereinitiatedpriortobloomforeachcultivar.Attwoweekintervals,bloomapplicationsoccurredanywherefrom10%(BBCH61)to90%bloom(BBCH69)withtwoprogramsmissingbloomaltogether.Ingeneral,incidenceorseverityofpowderymildewwaslowerifseason‐longprogramsincludedanapplicationat10%to40%bloom.Incidenceorseverityofpowderymildewtendedtobehigherandwithgreatervariationifseasonlongprogramsincludedanapplicationatlaterbloomstages.GrowersinwesternOregonareadvisedtoadjustfungicidemanagementprogramstoincludeanapplicationatearlybloomstages.


AStepTowardsMoreSustainableVineHealth:theCleanPlantApproachtoGrapeVirusDiseaseManagement

NeilMcRoberts1*,KamyarAram2,KariArnold3,DeborahGolino4

1AssociateProfessor,PlantPathologyDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA;PostDoctoralResearcher,PlantPathologyDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA;3FarmAdviser,UniversityofCaliforniaCooperativeExtension,ModestoCA;4CooperativeExtensionSpecialist,Director,FoundationPlantServices,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA

*Correspondingauthor:[email protected]‐752‐3248

Manythingschipawayattheproductivityandprofitabilityofgrapevines,andsincethebulkoftheeconomicproductionfromwinegrapestypicallycomesafter10yearspost‐planting,itisimportanttoprolongthehealthylifespanofvineswellintotheirsecondorthirddecade.Manygrapevirusesareknown,causingarangeofdiseasesthatvaryinseverityinthecontextofwineproduction.OverthelasttwodecadesGrapeLeafRollassociatedVirus3(GLRaV‐3)andGrapeRedBlotchVirus(GRBV),havebeenofparticularconcerninCalifornia,andthesourceofconsiderableanxietyaboutthevalueandoperationofthegrapecertificationsystem.In2011westartedaresearchandextensionefforttounderstandthedynamicsofvectoredvirusesingrapeproductionsystemsinCaliforniaandtoprovideinformationtogrowers,nurseriesandwinemakers,onhowtoimprovethevoluntarygrapecertificationandregulationscheme.Thegrapeproductionqualitychainischaracterizedbyseveralpressurepointswheretrustandcooperationamongparticipantsiskeytoachievinglong‐term,sustainablesuccess.Thetalkwilloutlinewhatthosepressurepointsare,whytheymatter,andwhatstepsgrapegrowerscantaketomanagethemincooperationwithotheractorsinthequalitychain.Thekeymessageisthatthereisnozero‐cost,simplesolution.Giventhat,thebestwaytoinvesttimeandmoneyisinstartingthelifeofavineyardwiththecleanestplantingmaterialpossible,andthencooperatingwithothergrowersinneighborhoodstomanagevirusesandtheirvectorsdowntoaslowaslevelaspossible.Virusdiseasemanagementbuiltaroundalong‐termcooperativestrategyissusceptibletoallthewell‐knownreasonsthatcooperation‐dependentactivitiesmightfail;knowingwhatthebestapproachis,doesnotnecessarilymakeiteasytoadopt.


AreVineyardBuyersWarmingUptoCoolerLocations?QuantifyingtheValueofLocationSpecificAdaptability

W.JasonBeasley1*,RobinCross2

1GraduateResearchAssistant;2AssistantProfessorandSeniorResearcher,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Itiscommonlyacceptedthatavineyard’slocalclimateisanimportantattributeforgrapequality.Eventhoughvineyardsmaypersistfordecades,thereisgreatuncertaintyintheexactchangeinclimateexpectedforanygivenlocation.Instead,prospectivevineyardownersmustevaluatecurrentclimatesandassumefuturesuitabilityinanylocation.Whatmightinfluencetheperceptionsurroundingtheuncertaintyinanticipatedclimatechanges?Wewillshowthatoneperceptionshifteristhemedia.Coverageofclimatechangefromwell‐knownprintnewsoutletswillaffectbeliefspertainingtoclimatechange.Ifthemediadoesshiftperceptionaswewillshow,towhatextentdoourbeliefsinfluenceourreal‐timedecisions?Weuseanewlycompileddataset,comprisedofvineyardattributesandsalesinformationformuchofOregonandCalifornia.Wecombinethisdatawithmeasuresofmediacoverageonclimatechangeandsurveyresultspertainingtotheimportanceofclimatechange.Resultssuggestthatgreatermediacoverageofclimatechangeisstrongenoughtoinfluencevaluesincoolerregions.Thatis,vineyardsthatarecoolerthanaverageinCaliforniaandtheentirestateofOregon,haveapremiumthatincreaseswiththestrengthofperceptionsonclimatechange.Theseresultsmaysuggestthatadaptationtoclimatechangeisalreadyoccurring.Thisalsosuggeststhatmediacoveragemayinfluencethetimingofanorthernmigrationofcapital,asallofOregonvineyardscommandacoolerpremium.Additionally,weexplorehowlargethesepremiumsmaybeacrossregionsandhowfutureforecastsinfluencepricing.

2018OWRIGrapeDay Page 33

ValuingOregon’sWineGrowingRegions

RobinM.Cross1*

1AssistantProfessorandSeniorResearcher,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Vineyardownerscannowreceiveataxbreakinproportiontothereputation(brand)valueoftheirwinegrowingregion.TheIRSrequiresevidenceforthededuction,leadingtothequestion:Whodecidesreputation’svalue?

Reputationisacollectionofcontributionsfromgrapegrowers,winemakers,expertreviewers,andconsumers,togetherwitharegion’sgeography,climate,andsoil.EventhefederalgovernmentplaysarolebygrantingAmericanViticulturalArea(AVA)statustoregionsdemonstratingdistinctivegeo‐climaticcharacteristics.

Appraisersandstatisticianshavetriedtoseparateandvaluetheseinterrelatedcontributionsacrossmanyoftheworld’sgreatestwineproducingregions.But,interrelatednessconfoundsbothhumanandstatisticalmethods,loweringconfidenceanddepressingreportedvalues.

Fortunately,FrenchmathematicianLaplaceproposedasolutiontotheinterrelatednessproblemin1816,shortlyafterLegendre’sintroductionofthemostenduringstatisticalmodel‐linearregression.Wederivethesolution’sstatisticalpropertiesanduseittorevisitpastresearchonOregon’svineyardvalues.Weexplorehowinterrelatednessdisruptedpreviousfindings,loweredestimates,andlimitedthebreadthoftestablequestions.Wethenseparateandanalyzetheinfluencesofgeo‐climaticcharacteristics,federalrecognition,andtheevolutionofreputationovertime.


UsingeconomicanalysistoInformBusinessDecisions–ExamplesfortheOregonWineIndustry

CatherineDurham1,JamesSterns2*

1AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,FoodInnovationCenter,OregonStateUniversity,PortlandOR;2AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


Withinthepast15months,theOregonWineResearchInstitute(OWRI)hastakenstepstoestablish“economicandbusinessresearch”asaprioritycommitmentonparwiththeOWRI’shistoricsupportforviticultureandenologicalresearch.Earlyinitiativesincludedastate‐widelisteningtourtogatherindustryperspectivesaboutpriorityresearchtopicsrelatedtothebusinessandeconomicsofthewineindustry.Baseduponfindingsfromthistour,tworesearchprogramsrelatedtoconsumerdemandandpurchasingbehaviorarebeingimplemented.Asresourceshavebecomeavailable,otherissuesofimportancetotheindustryhavebeenaddedtotheresearchdocket.OurgoalforthispresentationistoprovideanoverviewofthegeneralnatureandpotentialscopeoftheseresearchactivitiesandtheunderlyingmotivationtoincludeeconomicresearchtoOWRI'soverallcommitmenttotheOregonwineindustry.

Asafirststep,wewillprovideanoverviewoftheresearchapproachesandtypicalscopeofresearchquestionsaddressedbyappliedeconomists.Ourgoalistodevelopasharedunderstandingofthepotentialcontributionsofthisnewresearchprogram.Economicresearchcanbeanexcellentcomplementtothelong‐standingeffortsofOWRIresearchandoutreachfaculty.Thisworkcanalsobedesignedtobuildupandextendmarket‐orientedresearchthathistoricallyhasbeenprovidedbytheOregonWineBoard.

Wewillconcludeourpresentationwithhighlightsofresearchfindingstodatefromourstudyofwineclubbestpracticesandclubmemberpreferences.Aswewilldetail,webeganthistwo‐phasedprojectbycontactingover500wineriesinOR,askingfortheircooperationindistributinganinternet‐basedquestionnairetotheirwineclubmembers.Wereceived75responsesfromORwineriesandasummaryoftheirresponseswillbepresentedalongwithdetailsaboutthesecondphaseoftheproject‐asurveyofwineclubmembers.


BenefitsofEarlyAdoptionofPreventativePruningPracticesinManagingGrapevineTrunkDiseases

JonathanD.Kaplan1*,RenaudTravadon2,MonicaCooper3,VickenHillis4,MarkLubell5,KendraBaumgartner6

1Professor,DepartmentofEconomics,SacramentoStateUniversity,SacramentoCA;2AssistantProjectScientist,DepartmentofPlantPathology,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA;3ViticultureFarmAdvisor,UniversityofCaliforniaCooperativeExtension,NapaCA;4AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofHumanEnvironmentSystems,BoiseStateUniversity,BoiseID;5Professor,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicy,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA;6PlantPathologist,USDAARS,DepartmentofPlantPathology,UniversityofCalifornia,DavisCA


Despitethehighlikelihoodofinfectionandsubstantialyieldlossesfromtrunkdiseases,manywinegrapegrowerswaittoadoptfield‐tested,preventativepractices(delayedpruning,doublepruning,andapplicationofpruning‐woundprotectants)untilafterdiseasesymptomsappearinthevineyardataround10yearsold.WeevaluatenetbenefitsfromadoptionofthesepracticesbeforesymptomsappearinyoungCabernetSauvignonvineyardsandaftertheybecomeapparentinmaturevineyardstoidentifyeconomichurdlestoearlyadoption.WesimulateproductioninfiveregionsofCaliforniaandfindwidespreadbenefitsfromearlyadoption,increasingvineyardprofitablelifespans,insomecases,bymorethan50%.However,hurdlestoadoptionmayresultfromuncertaintyaboutthecostandreturnsfromadoption,laborconstraints,longtimelagsinbenefitsfromearlyadoption,growers’perceivedprobabilitiesofinfection,andtheirdiscountrate.Toovercomethesehurdleswerecommendthedevelopmentofextensionresourcestocommunicatethesebenefitsandpotentialhurdlestogrowerstoreduceuncertainty,leadingtoincreasedearlyadoption,resultingingreatervineyardprofitabilityandlifespans.Inthatrespect,aweb‐basedresourcewedevelopedisintroducedthatcommunicatesthebenefitsfrom,andpotentialhurdlestoearlyadoption.


ProtectingYourCashFlowUsingWholeFarmRevenueProtection(WFRP)andOtherFarmFinancialManagementTools

KentFleming1,BeauOlen2*

1AdjunctProfessorandExtensionEconomist;2FacultyResearchAssistant,DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,OregonStateUniversity,CorvallisOR


EducatinggrowersaboutWholeFarmRevenueProtection(WFRP)andotherfarmfinancialmanagementtoolscanhelpthemmakemoreinformeddecisionstoprotecttheircashflow,preventfarmfailure,andencouragegrowthoftheOregonwineindustry.OurposterincludesanexampleofhowWFRPcanprotectcashflow,analysisofhowothergrowershaveusedWFRP,andanevaluationofthereturnoninvestment(ROI)fromwinegrapeinsurance.WefindthatthelowinsuranceparticipationratesinOregonarenotjustifiedbytheROIandthatmanyoftheearliestadoptersofWFRPwereinthePacificNorthwest.

Cashflowisafarm’sannualcashincome(inflow)minusitscashoperatingexpenses(outflow)fortheproductionyear.Cashflowisthemostimportantfinancialindicatortomonitorbecauseitistheprimarycomponentofworkingcapital,whichisallcashavailabletothefarminashorttime.Afarmcanhavealossinagivenyear,butitneedspositiveworkingcapitaleveryyeartocontinueoperating.Thus,protectingcashflowshouldbegrowers’highestfinancialmanagementpriority.

Onewaytopreventnegativecashflowistoforwardcontractsalesthatlockinaguaranteedpricebeforeharvest.ThiscanbeusedinconjunctionwithUSDAcropyieldinsurancethatguaranteesacertainlevelofproduction.AnotherwaytopreventnegativecashflowisWFRP,whichisaUSDAcropinsuranceprogramthatguaranteesupto85%ofwholefarmrevenue.WFRPisavailabletoanyfarmwithupto$8.5millioninrevenueanditprovidesadditionalsubsidiesforgrowingmorethanonecommodity,suchasredandwhitewinegrapes.WFRPisthefirstrevenueinsuranceproductavailableforwinegrapes.


Notes:

Oregon Wine Research Institute 4017 Ag and Life Sci Building

Corvallis, OR 97331

www.owri.oregonstate.edu

2018 Grape Day Grape Day Business and Economics from Vineyard to Wine Sales LaSells Stewart Center,...

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