2014 staar review
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Colonization(1607-1763)
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Names for England- England- Great Britain- Britain- British- English
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1. Reasons for English Colonization
• Social-
• Economic-
• Religious-
(Glory)
(Gold)
(God)
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8. Mercantilism• Economic system where colony can
only trade with Mother Country (England). Hurt the colony’s economy
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2. Jamestown, Virginia- 1607• First permanent English
settlement in North America.Hardships- Undrinkable Water- Disease- Swampy Land- Indian Attacks- Starvation (FAMINE)
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3. Virginia House of Burgesses• First representative assembly
in the colonies.
Representative = Someone who is selected to speak for the people
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5. Representative Government
• Power is held by the people who elect representatives to look out for their interests.
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Wrote by Thomas Hooker• The first CONSTITUTION written
in the Colonies
Constitution= a plan for how your
government works
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4. 1620• Founding of Plymouth Bay Colony• Pilgrims escape religious persecution• They signed the Mayflower Compact-
Early example of self government.
Persecution= being treated badly because of your beliefs
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Religion in the Colonies
Massachusetts – The Pilgrims were PURITANS and did not allow any other beliefs.
Rhode Island – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson created a colony of RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. (Est. future principle)
Pennsylvania – The Quakers lead by William Penn believed in PEACE no matter what
Maryland – CATHOLICS came here so they could practice there beliefs.
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Triangular Trade• Buying and selling of
humans for forced labor.
Middle Passage
The terrible journey for slaves from Africa to America. Packed, dirty ships with little food.
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10. Colonial Economies
• Northern- Industrial, ship building, fishing.
• Southern- Agricultural.Economy: crops like cotton, indigo, corn, tobacco, grain, rice
WHY? Rich soil and flat lands
Economy: Factories Textiles, Lumber, Merchants (trading)
WHY? Rocky soil and hills
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6. Plantations• Large farms that
usually grow one kind of cash crop.
• Like small cities with a Church, butcher, and everything you need
• Used slaves as main labor
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7. Cash Crops• Grown in large fields to make
money. Harvested by slaves.
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11. Free Enterprise• Economic system where there
is competition between businesses with little governmental control.
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Revolution(1763 to 1783)
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Causes of War:1. Colonist wanted to
move west into French land.
2. Made France mad. 3. War started
French and Indians
VSBritish and Colonists
French and Indian War
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- Wrote by Benjamin Franklin
- Colonies unite to Fight French
Albany Plan of Union
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Effect of the French and Indian War
• England Wins
• Doubles size of Colonial Land
• England has HUGE debt
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Problems from French & Indian War
Proclamation of 1776 Proclamation Line
DO
NO
T C
RO
SS
=
England’s war debt means higher taxes for colonies.
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“Taxation Without Representation”Colonies were most
angry about not having a representative in Parliament.
Parliament= England’s representatives. They decide taxes and laws.
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13. King George III
• King of England during the American Revolution.
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1.Navigation Acts
2.Proclamation of 1763
3.Sugar Act (Tax)
4.Stamp Act (Tax on paper)
6.Boston Massacre
5.Townshend Acts(Group of Taxes)
7. Tea Act
8.Boston Tea Party
9.Intolerable Acts (Blockade
on Massachusetts)
“Taxation without representation!”
Causes of American Revolution
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Boston MassacreBloody Massacre
• Violence in Boston killed Crispus Attucks and fueled the fire for revolution.
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Two types of Colonists
Loyalist PatriotStay with
ENGLAND!!
REVOLUTION!
Revolution=
A major change
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15. Samuel Adams• Opposed British
taxation.
• Helped form the Sons of Liberty.
Sons of Liberty=
a group who wanted
REVOLUTION.
Responsible for the
Boston Tea Party
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16. Patrick Henry
Known for his
“Give Me Liberty
Or Give Me Death”
speech.
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17. Thomas Paine
• Wrote “Common Sense” which gave reasons to fight for independence.
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Declaration of Independence (1776)
- Letter to the King from the Colonies
- A break up letter
Listed the Grievances:
1. Tax w/out Reps
2. King has all power
3. Protesting Illegal
4. Search w/no warrant
5. Quartering of troops
6. No trial by jury
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18. Thomas Jefferson
• Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
• Believed all humans had Unailienable Rights: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
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Unalienable Rights
• Rights that cannot be taken away.
• All people’s God given rights when they are born.
• In the Declaration of Independence they are- “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”
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20. George Washington
• Commander of the Continental Army.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord• Opening battles of the American Revolution.• Looking for Samuel Adams, John Hancock and
Weapons• “Shot heard around the world”
Start of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR(1775)
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Battle of Saratoga• Battle which was the turning
point of the revolution.
• France began to help the colonies after this victory.
Victory
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23. Benjamin Franklin
• Helped convince France to help the colonists fight the British.
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Winter at Valley Forge• Where Washington’s army spent a difficult
winter but emerged a stronger force.• Training = Stronger Army
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Battle of Yorktown• Ended the American Revolution.• Cornwallis (British General) surrenders
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Treaty of Paris (1781)• British recognized American independence.• Mississippi River became the western
border of the U.S.
United StatesFranceSpain
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the Constitution(1783 to 1803)
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Articles of Confederation• 1st U.S. Constitution• Weak National government.
WEAKEnforce laws
Power to tax
National Courts
National Army
Remember: Constitution means a plan for how the government works
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Northwest Ordinance• Set up an orderly system to
bring in new states.
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Shays’ RebellionEvents:
1. Farmers rebel because of taxes
2. Federal Government cannot stop them
3. Congress realizes Articles of Confederation sucks.
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Convention of 1787Philadelphia Convention
• Called to revise the Articles of Confederation• Trashed the Articles of Confederation• New Constitution was written.
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-Wrote the Virginia Plan
-Father of the Constitution
James Madison
-Studied for a whole year about history and politics
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Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
- 3 Branches
- # of Reps based on population
- 3 Branches
- Equal #of reps for all
states
Two different plans for New Constitution
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Great Compromise: 1787(Mixed the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan)
This is bi-cameral: Two houses of Congress
Article 1Article 2 Article 3
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Makes LawsMakes Taxes
CongressLegislative Branch:
Job:
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Enforce Laws/Command Army
PresidentExecutive Branch:
Job:
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Interpret (explain) the lawsAll courtsJudicial Branch:
Job:
Highest Court: Supreme CourtHighest Judge: Chief Justice
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Three-Fifths Compromise• Settled how slaves would be counted
for taxation and representation purposes.
• Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 people in population
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17872 Groups fought over the ratification of the
ConstitutionFederalist Anti-Federalist
• Liked the Constitution as it was written
• Believed in a stronger Federal government
• Against the Constitution.
• Feared a loss of states rights
• Wanted a Bill of Rights
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Federalist PapersWritten by these guys to
convince anti-federalist to ratify the Constitution
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay
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Patrick Henry
-Gave speeches against RATIFICATION
-Did not go to the Constitutional Convention because he “smelled a rat”
George Mason
-Leader of the Anti-Federalist
-Believed in restricting the federal governments power
-Wanted a Bill of Rights for peoples protection
-Virginia Delegate
Anti-Federalist
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Bill of Rights• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution.• Protects Unalienable rights.
1. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, petition
2. Right to bear arms
3. No quartering of soldiers
4. No search and seizure w/out warrant
5. Right to due process / remain silent
6. Right to a speedy trial
7. Right to a trial by jury
8. No cruel and unusual punishment
9. You have more rights then these
10. Rights not given to the Federal government is given to the states
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7 principles of the Constitution
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1. Limited Government
• All authority figures must obey the law.
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40. Republicanism
• People hold the power through the election of representatives.
People Elect Representatives
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41. Checks and Balances• Prevents one branch of the
government from becoming too powerful.
EXAMPLES:
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42. Federalism• The sharing of power between a
national government and states.
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43. Separation of Powers• Each branch of the government is
assigned specific powers.
LMake Laws
ECarries
out Laws
JCourt
System
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44. Popular Sovereignty
• Political power rests with the people.
• Exercised through voting.
Power of the People
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2/3 of States-OR-
Ratified by ¾ States
Amendment Process
2/3 of Congress
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Early Nation
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1789
George Washington-Sets Precedents-Creates cabinet-Neutrality-Farewell Adress
First president-
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Hamilton’s - 4 part Financial plan
Part 1: Pay off War Debt
Part 2: Whisky Tax
Part 3: Protective Tariffs
Part 4: Create a National Bank
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48. Bank of the United States• Bank chartered by the National government to
provide bank notes to be used as money and to regulate state banks.
• A big fight between Jefferson and Hamilton
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Whisky Rebellion• Americans near Pennsylvania angered by
the tax on Whisky• Stopped by the Federal Government
(Different then Shay’s Rebellion)
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A Fight Started
V.S.
America says,
“Neutrality!”
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Washington’s Farewell Address• Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements,
regional differences, and having a debt.
1. Alliances that will drag us to war
2. Political parties that will tear us a part
3. Sectionalism or Geographical differences
4. Getting into Debt
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John Adams-2nd President- XYZ Affair
- Sedition Acts
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XYZ Affair
3. -American’s want war
- Adam’s wants peace
1. France stealing US ship cargo
2. Adams sends reps to France
4. Adams signs treaty
5.Americans write bad stuff about Adams
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Alien and Sedition
ActsAdams has congress make a law that makes it illegal to speak
against the government.
Against 1st Amendment right.
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Thomas Jefferson- 3rd President
- Louisiana Purchase- Louis and Clark
- Embargo act of 1807- Believed in Neutrality
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• Thomas Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.
• Doubled the size of the U.S.
Louisiana Purchase - 1803
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Lewis and Clark
Sacagawea
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British ships started to stop American ships to look for
soldiers who ran away from Britain.
They also started to kidnap US sailors and force them to fight with
them.
Impressments
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Embargo Act
To stop this from happening Jefferson
made the....
This act said that ships could not trade with
anybody from Europe. This act did not work and really hurt the Economy
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Marbury v Madison• John Marshall-Supreme
Court case which est. Judicial Review.
( Constitutionality of the Law)
• Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.
M & M’s = Jolly Ranchers
Marbury vs. Madison = Judicial Review
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James Madison-4th President-War of 1812
1st to declare war
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Causes of the War of 18121. Impressments
2. England encouraging Indian attacks
3. England blocking trade with France
4. Warhawks – Like Calhoun
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U.S. win the War of 1812
This starts the Era of Good Feelings
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James Monroe- 5th President
- Monroe Doctrine- Missouri Compromise
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53. James Monroe• His doctrine
stated European countries were to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.
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Missouri Compromise (1820)• Missouri- slave state. Maine free state. • First sectional issue between the North and
South.• More states mean more power in Congress.
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Henry Clay-Congressman-Nicknamed the “great compromiser”-Wrote the Missouri Compromise
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Industrial Revolution
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56. Industrial Revolution• Production of goods and products
in factories by machines. • Led to more goods being produced
at lower prices.
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57. Urbanization• Major movement of people from
rural (Countryside) to cities (urban).
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58. Interchangeable Parts• Eli Whitney.• Parts are made exactly the same to make
it easier to replace defective parts.
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59. Agricultural Inventions• Cotton Gin- Eli
Whitney- Created a demand for slaves.
• Steel Plow- John Deere- Increased agricultural production.
• Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick- Increased grain production.
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60. Transportation
• Steamboat- Robert Fulton. Decreased travel time on water.
• Canals- Man made waterways found mainly in the Northeast. Connected cities by water.
• Railroads- Fastest form of transportation on land. Led to growth of cities and westward expansion.
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61. Commerce• McCulloch v. Maryland-
Supreme Court case which stated Congress had the power to carry out its power stated in the Constitution.
• Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court case which stated Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
Maryland, you can’t tax the Bank of the U.S.
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62. Improvement in Communication
• Telegraph- Samuel Morse. Allowed people to communicate over long distances.
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Manifest Destiny
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63. Manifest Destiny• Belief that the U.S. was destined to
run from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
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64. U.S.-Mexican War• Occurred over the annexation
(addition) of Texas.• After its victory, the U.S. acquired most
of the present day American Southwest (Mexican Cession).
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Age of Jackson and Reform Movements
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65. Andrew Jackson• His election was
one for the Common Man.
• Believed in a strong national government.
• Hero of the Battle of New Orleans.
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66. Democratic Party• Revolved around the beliefs of
Jackson.• Strong Federal Government.• Supported by Southerners and slave
owners.
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67. Daniel Webster• Represented the viewpoint of the North.• Believed in preserving the Union was
most important.Remember what George Washington said about
what geographical differences will do to our
country.
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68. Henry Clay• “Great Compromiser”.• Worried how the spread of slavery would
affect Western Territories.
Lets make a deal.
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69. John C. Calhoun• Represented the South.• From South Carolina.• Believed in slavery and states’ rights.
Long live slavery and
states’ rights!
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70. Protective Tariff• Tax on
imports meant to protect U.S. industries.
• Made imports more expensive and encouraged people to buy products made in the U.S.
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71. States’ Rights• Belief that
states don’t have to follow Federal law if that state feels that law violates the Constitution.
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72. Nullification Crisis• Occurred when
South Carolina refused to enforce the Protective Tariff of 1828.
• President Jackson threatened to enforce the tariff
• South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.
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73. Indian Removal Act of 1830
• All Indians East of the Mississippi would be moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
• The Indian’s land was wanted for farming.
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74. Trail of Tears• The Cherokee Indians were forced to
march to Indian Territory. • One fourth of them died on the trip.
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75. Reform Movements
• Women’s Rights- Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The “Declaration of Sentiments” from the Seneca Falls Convention called for equal rights for women.
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75 Reform Movements
• Public (Common) School- Led by Horace Mann. Called for education for all students regardless of background.
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75. Reform Movements• Temperance-
Against the abuse of alcohol. Believed it caused problems like family violence and poverty.
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75. Reform Movements
• Abolitionist- Wanted to do away with slavery. Found in the North.
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75. Reform Movements• Mental Illness and
Prison Reform- Dorothea Dix. Wanted to improved conditions for the mentally ill and better treatment of prisoners.
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The Coming of The Civil War
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55. Sectionalism• When one part of the country
looks out for its own interests.
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76. Frederick Douglass • Former
slave who spoke against slavery and for human rights.
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77. Compromise of 1850• California admitted as a free state.• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.
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78. Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.• Antislavery novel
which caused many Northerners to oppose slavery.
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79. Kansas-Nebraska Act• Allowed Popular Sovereignty to
determine legality of slavery in these territories.
• Led to violence.
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80. Dred Scott v Sanford• Supreme Court case which stated
slaves were not citizens.
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81. Election of 1860• Abraham Lincoln elected president.• Caused Southern states to secede from
the Union.
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82. Lincoln’s Inaugural Addresses
• First Inaugural Address- North would leave slavery alone but would act to preserve the Union.
• Second Inaugural Address- Wanted to treat the Southern states without malice after the Civil War.
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Civil War
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83. 1861-1865
• Years of the Civil War.
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84. Confederate States of America
• Formed by former Southern states.
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85. Jefferson Davis• President of the Confederate
States.
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86. Ulysses S. Grant
• Commander of Union (North) forces during the Civil War.
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87. Robert E. Lee
• Commander of the Confederate (South) forces during the Civil War.
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88. Fort Sumter
• Opening battle of the Civil War.
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89. Battle of Gettysburg• Northern victory which was the
turning point of the war in the East.• Southern troops withdrew.
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90. Gettysburg Address• Speech by Lincoln which reaffirmed
the North’s commitment to winning the war.
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91. Battle of Vicksburg• Northern victory which was the turning
point of the war in the West.• North controlled the Mississippi River.
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92. Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued by Lincoln.
• Freed the slaves in the rebelling states (south).
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93. Appomattox Court House
• Civil War ended with a Union victory when Lee surrendered to Grant.
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Reconstruction
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94. Reconstruction Amendments• 13th- Ended slavery
and made it illegal.• 14th- Defined
citizenship and gave equal protect under the law.
• 15th- Granted Black men the right to vote.
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95. Andrew Johnson• Became
President after Lincoln’s assassination. Wanted to treat the South leniently.
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96. Black Codes • Passed by
Southern states to limit the civil rights and freedom of the freedmen.
To all Freedmen:
Any Freedman found without a job will be fined
and possibly jailed!
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97. Freedman’s Bureau • Created to help
freedmen adjust and to set up schools to educate them. They were given food, clothing and medical care.
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98. Homestead Act • Allowed any
citizen to own 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it. Contributed to people moving westward.
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99. Morrill Act • Gave each state
30,000 acres of federal land times the number of its members of Congress. States could sell land to fund public colleges.
Colleges Established Under the Morrill Act
• Iowa State• Kansas State• Michigan State• Rutgers University• Penn State University• University of Vermont• University of Minnesota• University of Missouri• University of Wisconsin
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100. Dawes Act• Broke up Indian
tribes and promoted the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. Caused Indians to lose most of their lands.
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Maps To Know
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Maps To Know