(2014) Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples (II): Inuit Nation (73.2 MB)
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Transcript of (2014) Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples (II): Inuit Nation (73.2 MB)
Inuit—Who Are They? What Are They Doing?STUDY CANADA Summer Institute for (the best ever!) K-12 Educators
30 June 2014, Montréal, Québecpresented by Nadine C. Fabbi, Canadian Studies Center
Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattlepart of the Pacific Northwest National Resource Center for the Study of Canada
Lost in the Storm, 2001Napachie Pootoogook
Napachie Pootoogook (1938-2002)
1. Who are Inuit? Where are Inuit?2. Arctic/Inuit in the Imagination of the Qallunaat (400 BCE to 1600)3. History of Contact (1600 to 20th century)4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward)5. 21st Century Influence
Arctic Council Members, Nuuk, Greenland, May 2011
Silent Hunter, by Kananginak, 2002
1. Who are Inuit?Where are Inuit?
Arctic Circle - parallel of latitude – approx. 66˚1/6th of earth’s surface4 million people / 400,000 indigenous
© 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Eight Arctic nation-states.
Indigenous peoples in the North.
Norwegian Polar Institute.
12 language families altogether.
North America:1. Eskimo-Aleut2. Athabaskan3. Algonkian
Norwegian Polar Institute.
Inuit globally.
Arctic Council Members, Nuuk, Greenland, May 2011
35 million Canadians
1.8 million indigenous
4.3% total population
First Nations (850,000)
Métis (450,000)
Inuit (60,000 – 4.2% indigenous population
(census 2011)
First Nations
12,000-24,000 years ago
Inuit migration
4,000 years ago
Kananginak Pootoogook (1977))Hunter's Camp
Land + Climate = Culture
Eskimo - “eaters of raw meat”
inuksuk ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ inuksuit ᐃᓄᒃᓱᐃᑦ
Man Harnessing DogSaila, 1985, $35025 x 32”19/50
“Crossing the River by Kayak” (27/30) - stonecutLeah Qumaluk, 1973Povungnituk, Nunavik
Couple w/ Snow Goggles, Helen Kalvak - Holman Island, 1982
Woman Today (1989), Napachie Pootoogook
2. Arctic/Inuit in the Imagination of the Qallunaat (400 BCE to 1600)
Pytheas 4th century BCE
Thule / Ultima Thule
Carta Marina, 1539Magnus, Swedish cartographer
Mercator 1569 world map
Mercator, 1569
narwhal
Nuuk, Greenland, 2005
Rome, early 1600s
Paris, Tapestry, 15th century
King Christian IV (1577-1648)Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen
Photo, Kristen Laidre, University of Washington
Colombo - 1492Caboto - 1497
Amerigo Vespucci - 1500-04 Verrazzano - 1524/25
Cartier - 1534
“It is still the only thing left undone,” wrote Sir Martin Frobisher, “whereby a notable mind might be made famous.”
1576
Frobisher “Strait” Bay
Iqaluit
Frankenstein, Mary Shelley, 1818
Franklin Expedition - 1845Terror and Erebus
John Torrington, 20 (1981)Owen Beattie, U of Alberta“Franklinalia”
http://rock.rapgenius.com/Stan-rogers-northwest-passage-lyrics
Roald Amundsen
1903-06
children dancing to whaler's jigELISAPEE ISHULUTAQ (1983)
3. History of Contact (1600 to 20th century)
1576
Frobisher “Strait” Bay
Iqaluit
up to 700, baleen “hairs”
Baleen700 hairs
1850s – early 19th century
Whaling, by Abraham Storck (1654-1708)
18th century engraving showing Dutch whalers hunting bowhead whales in the Arctic
“INUIT WHALERS,” Jeetaloo Akulukjuk (1998)
children dancing to whaler's jigELISAPEE ISHULUTAQ (1983)
Napachie Pootoogook WHALER'S EXCHANGE (1989)
Richard Harrington
White fox fur trade
Early 20th century to WWI
John Diefenbaker, 1957-63
“I see a new Canada -- a Canada of the North. This is the vision."
4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) – Domestic Level
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada18 February 1971
Toronto
Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project, 1976
1993
2005
1975
1984
Nunavik - “big land”
Northern Québec
10,000 Nunavimmiut
1975 – James Bay and Northern Québec AgreementMakivik Corporation
Nunavik Creations Kuujjuak
Nunavut Eastern Arctic Shipping (three Inuit corp)
Nunavik Research Centre, Inukjuak
HySou
Inuvialuit - “the real people” – 150 individuals at turn of 20th century
Nunavut“our land”
1 April 1999
20% land mass
85% Inuit
“The birth of Nunavut is a significant step in Canada’s nation building. The territory’s creation is anchored in the central idea that Canada’s flexible federation supports diversity. Nunavut is both an historic and extraordinary achievement. At a time when borders are often a source of strife, the map of Canada is being redrawn in peace and partnership.”
1993
1975
1984
2005
Newfoundland and LabradorNunatsiavut, “our beautiful land”5,300 Inuit & Kablunângajuit“ethnic government”
William Andersen III and Jose Kusugak - June 2005
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, 1971
“Inuit are united in Canada”
Terry Audla
4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) – International Inuit
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005
Copenhagen, Denmark
Arctic Peoples Conference, 1973
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
Eben Hopson, Inupiat, Alaska
1977
“We Eskimo are an international community sharing common language, culture, and a common land along the Arctic coast of Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Although not a nation-state, as a people, we do constitute a nation.”
Charter of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference
Nuuk, Greenland, 1980
When I heard of Eben's death . . . I thought about the story of Moses. We all know that Moses led his people out of Egypt to find the Holy Land, the land of the Jewish people.
Bishop Jens Christian Chemnitz
Church of Greenland
Artist: Moses Wassilie
Eben Hopson
1922-1980
7 November
International Inuit Day (2006)
4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) – International w/ Nation-States
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005
© 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Eight Arctic nation-states.
Arctic Council, 1996.
Murmansk Speech, 1987
1. Centralizes Arctic as new region for international cooperation
2. Singles out importance of indigenous peoples in international affairs
3. Marks first time the environment serve as the basis for global security.
International Indigenous Organizations
1. Saami Council, 19562. Inuit Circumpolar Council,
19773. Russian Association of
Indigenous Peoples of the North, 1990
4. Aleut International Association, 1998
5. Gwich’in Council International, 1999
6. Arctic Athabascan Council, 2000
Cartographer / Designer, Philippe Rekacewicz, 2005
Nuuk, Greenland, 2011 – policy-shaping to policy makingAgreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic
Council Members
Permanent Observers1. France2. Germany3. Netherlands4. Poland 5. Spain6. United Kingdom
2013 … 1. India2. South Korea3. Japan4. China5. Singapore6. Italy
5. 21st Century Influence – Climate Change & Human Rights
Owl Incognito, 2008, Ohotaq Mikkigak
Influence on politics of climate change
Arctic Council &International Arctic Science Committee, 2004
Sheila Watt-Cloutier, President Inuit Circumpolar Council, 2002-06
Kuujjuak, Nunavik, Québec
- 7 December 2005, Inter-American Commission for Human Rights- charges US for human rights abuses, ¼ greenhouse 5% population- violation of the cultural and environmental rights of Inuit as guaranteed in Declaration (1948)
Sheila Watt-Cloutier
This was the first international legal action on climate change.The Inuit effectively transformed the politics of climate change.The Inuit put a human face on climate change.
5. 21st Century Influence – Inuit Foreign Policy
© 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Canada 2000/2010
Finland 2010/2013
Norway 2006/2009
Russia 2008
U.S. 1994/2009/2013
Denmark 2008
Iceland 2011 Sweden 2011
Inuit Circumpolar Council 2009 & 2011
Influence on foreign policy
“Sovereignty … used to refer to the absolute and independent authority of a community or nation … Sovereignty is a contested concept, however … old ideas of sovereignty are breaking down as different governance models, such as the European Union, evolve.” Article 2.1
5. 21st Century Influence – Challenges to Domestic Arctic Policy
New MapInuit Nunaat, 2005Inuit Nunangat, 2009
Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future26 July 2009
“Inuit find it unacceptable that a map labeled 'Canada's North' on pages six and
seven leaves out all the Inuit communities in Nunavik (Northern Quebec) - where I live - as well as those in Nunatsiavut (Northern
Labrador).”
Mary Simon, PresidentInuit Tapiriit Kanatami
New MapInuit Nunaat, 2005Inuit Nunangat, 2009
Northwest Passage
Inuit Printmaking – James A. Houston
Cape Dorset, NunavutJames Houston
Un’ichi Hiratsuka“Owl,” 1967
Sōsaku hanga movement
Kenojuak Ashevak, “The Enchanted Owl,” 1960http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/tresors-treasures/?page_id=2605&lang=enhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ9cgA8VjIk
Stiletto (2010)Kavavaow Mannomee
Inuit – Who They Are, What They are Doing?
Thank you!
Merci!
Nakurmiik!