Reconstruction

Readmit the South

Francis Harper – 1st female Professor in Ohio, worked on railroad, widowed,

traveled with daughter to abolish slavery

- People did not know what to do

Formed organizations (KKK)

Competition for jobs

Main Groups

1. Republicans

2. Former Slaves

3. White Southerners

Military Reconstruction Districts Reconstruction Basis

Southern military leaders could not hold office

South resented North “carpetbaggers” who took advantage of S.

African Americans held public office

African Americans gained = rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

which authorized the use of Fed. Troops for its enforcement

North soldiers supervised the South

Jefferson Davis – in charge of the South

Subsistence farming

Emancipation Good intentions & the effects of paternalism

10% plan (Proclamation of Amnesty) – [1863] if 10% pledged allegiance to

Union they can come back [Lincoln]

Wade Davis Bill – punish; 50% say sorry & let slaves go

President vs. Radical Republicans 13

th Amendment – slavery is ended [1865]

Black Codes – laws and curfews for blacks; sharecropping

Civil Rights Act of 1866 – be fair; allowed to vote

Radical Reconstruction begins in 1867

14th

Amendment – citizenships for ex slaves, born here naturalized citizen, =

rights

Freedman’s Bureau (1865) Mobility

Edu.

Avery Normal Inst. And Paternalism

New visibility for the black community

Election of 1868 and the 15 th Amendment

Allow American citizens to vote

Black political involvement

Reconstruction II

The limitation of Sharecropping & the Black Codes

Failure to gain economic traction

Unable to own land

Freedmen’s Bureau

Contract workers

Sharecropping

Problems w/ the Election of 1868

Southern backlash at election time

Domestic terrorism and the KKK

Ulysses S. Grant performance in the South

The Force Acts passed to combat the KKK

Lost cause - transformed social order; convinced ppl it was an ideal world

Corruption

Southern Republicans

Railroads –subsidies from Gov.

Panic and Redemption

Build economic success

Railroads

Economic problems took priority over F.B.

Civil Rights Act of 1875 – require Gov.

Compromise of 1877

Officially ended Reconstruction

Centered on the contested Election of 1876

Hayes vs Tilden

Deal: if troops were withdrawn from the filibuster for Tilden

Republican president, but the well being of A.A. abandoned

Native American

Ecological History of the Plains The W. covers every major facet of history

Collision of visions of power

Horses vs. Gold

1820s-1860s, settler’s quest for gold

Trade brings guns and horses

Livestock and pop. are related

Indians fail to grasp Law of the Minimum – an organism’s limits are set by the mini.

Availability of necessary resources

Changes in Native Lifestyle Trade marriages and social status dead end

Newspapers and the buildings boom

Indians become 2nd

class citizens

Colorado Territory (1861)

Energy management

Fed. Indian Policy Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Gold Rush Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 -1

st law targeted at a particular group of people

2 Essay Questions 3-5 Identifications (Recall & Analyzation)

Expansion Exodusters –leaving slavery in the S.

Mormons

Major Legislation

Morril Land-Grant College Act 1862 –as Gov. sold land out west, they used the $

to fund agricultural

Homestead Act -5 yrs 160 acres without going bankrupt you could keep it

Pacific Railway Act

Foundations of Myth Railroads brought <2 million immigrants to the entrance to the W. between 1870-

1900

1865-1900 4 major industries:

1. Railroad

2. Farming

3. Ranching

4. Mining

Farming Misconceptions High levels of rain between 1878-1886 leading them to think that was the norm

Issues with new types of insects

Unpredictable market prices

Sudden drop in prices pushed many farmers into foreclosure because most carried

high levels of debt to finance

The Grange Promoted fellowship, frat, and edu.

By the early 1870s the org. had several hundred thousand loyal members

Panic of 1873

Turned the Grange into a powerful political org.

Enacted Granger Laws- protected farmers

1876 Centennial Exposition in Philly

Role of Government Helped where it could and initially did not want to regulate industry

Eager to promote economic growth

Real Gross National Product increased 4% every year between 1865 and 1914,

making it one of the longest periods sustained growth ever

Railroad Expansion

Dramatically affected economic and social life

New type of business, differing from European lines

Made possible a national market and in doing so pointed the way toward lass

production and mass consumption, 2 of the hallmarks of 20th

century society

By 1900 the US have more tracks in all of Europe combined

Competition- local interests rather than through traffic governed the routes of the

tracks. Diff. railroads used diff. gauges, tracks, and

Big Business Emerges Rapidly growing workforce; opposed few restraints

Late 19th

century industrial economy was the emergence of large corporations

Modernization of Biz Practices Railroads influenced “ “

Stock

Management

Standardization

Horizontal and Vertical Integration

Corporate Power

Monopoly

Captains of Industry/Social Darwinism [Carnegie & Rockefeller –Robber barons]

Rise of Advertising 1867, businesses spent about $50 million on advertising; in 1900 they spent more

than $500 mill. , and the figure was increasing rapidly

Department stores and catalogs

From Salvation to Self -Realization The creation of a consumer culture required a favorable moral climate

Therapeutic ethos

Advertising strategies

The use of half truth created conflict in whether ads were to be taken literally

Hard Times 4 Workers Workers often toiled 12 hrs each day, 6 days a week, for wages that barely covered a

weekly basic living experiences

So many children in the labor force that when people spoke of child labor, they often

meant boys and girls under the age of 14

Video- No compensation, Doctrow, locked doors, women no rights, Triangle Short waist

Factory, people killed if they tried to form unions

The Rise of Labor Unions Record # of strikes

1881-1905 American workers staged 36,757 strikes that involved < 6 mill.

Workers

Challenges of factory discipline from farm folk

Knights of Labor - 1886 founded for everyone

American Federation of Labor – skilled workers; had more power

Great Railroad Strike 1877 – Gov. sends national guard; Pittsburg/Philly

Gov. Regulation Injunction

Mediators

Cities Urban pop. Grew between 1860-1900

Ag. Became more mechanized, lowering demand for farm labor, increasing # of men

migrating to urban areas

Black Migration 300,000 migrated to northern cities between 1890-1910 [Chi]

Between 1910-1940, 1,750,000 AA left the S.

Black newspapers (Pitts. Courier& Chi Defender), encouraged blacks to move N

*Bull weevil

Migration of Women Jobs

Marriage

Dance Halls & Hostesses

Professional Dating

Immigrants By far the greatest source of urban pop. Growth during this period was mass

immigration from Europe with significant numbers also from Latin America,

Caribbean and Asia

Ethnic Enclaves

Faced hostility and discrimination

Conditions in the City Tenements- multiple family dwellings of 4-6 stories housing dozens of families,

became the most common form housing for poor dwellers by the 1860s

Settlement houses- institutions est. cities beginning in the 1880 dedicated to helping

the poor by providing a wide range of social and edu. Services

Reformers

New Thought on the City City Beautiful Movement- the belief that held by certain architects, landscapers, and

urban planters, that many of a city’s probs could be lessened by comprehensive

planning and grand redesign of urban space

Fredrick Law Olmstead

New Urban landscape, central biz districts and suburbs

Changes in Family Life

Varies by class

Victorian norms

Isolation of wife and kids

Bored upper class women and the temperance movement (Social Darwinism)

Immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act

America Protectove

Federal Involvement

1890- est. of immigrates

Ellis Island, most famous

Immigration Restriction Laws

Immigration Quotes

Changes in Racial Identity New Ideas on Whiteness

Protestant

Social Darwinism

Disease and Socialism

The Reorganization of KKK –hate everybody

African Americans 1870s to protect the rights of African Americans, the feds did little more to ensure

that states to adhering to the spirit of the law rather than just letter of the law

Late 1870s early 1880s, southern political leaders began to create a social and legal

system of segregation (Jim Crow), named from derogatory black character and pop.

Minstrel show.

Early Civil Rights Case Hall v. DeCuir – waterways; segregation is illegal on Gov. owned property

Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1st class train

Turn of the Century Politics Boss Tweed- 1870; largest steel owners in city; 2 mistresses; Apr. 12,1878 died in a

jail he built

Thomas Nest posted cartoons got Tweed arrested in Spain

Stalemate 6 presidential elections from 1876-1896, an average of almost 79% of the electorate

voted, a higher % been noted before and after

Congress refused to pass a constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage, and

between 1870 and 1910 nearly a dozen states defeated referenda to grant women the

vote

The Billion $ Congress Sherman Antitrust Act – Congress ban on big biz (regulation; mergers)

“ Silver Purchase Act – quadrupled silver

Populism

The National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union, was one of the largest

reform movements in American history

2 branches, the national farmer’s alliance, located on the plains west of the

Mississippi and known as the NW Alliance the farmers alliance and Industrial

union, based in S known as Sothern Alliance

Ocala Demands – don’t forget your drink

Party reflect

Basis of Interpretation

Advances in comm.

o Isolation to imperialism

Increased contact with foreigners and/immigrants

The end of the frontier and the search for a new American identity

o Officially announced in 1890 census

o Growth must take place abroad

o 1898- U.S. exported more than imported until 1960

Teddy Roosevelt Called for war w/ Spain for 3 reasons:

1. Free Cuba (Monroe Doctrine)

2. Benefit American by gaining something other than $

3. Army and Navy needed practice

Intellectual Theories

o Rough Rifer demo

o Manly and adventures nations rise to the top

Savages since Catholic

Progress depended on regular racial mixing

Equal rights for Asians and A.A.

Est. bonds of war character

The New Navy Mobile aggressive Navy seen as the key to world power

Steel battleships

Alfred Thayer Mahan

o THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY, 1660-1783

o Distant markets and ports needed protection

o Rush 4 power

Spanish American War made the U.S. a dominant force

Yellow Journalism and the Spanish American War

William Randolph Hearest and Joseph Pulitzer

USS Maine

Teller Amendment – use of Army and Navy to expel Spain

o Also promised not to annex Cuba

Treaty of Paris

Different ideas for different places

Annexing Mexico and Canada

o Alaska and Sewards Plans

o Pan-American Unity against the Old World

o Hawaii for shipping to Asia, seen as large clients for agricultural goods

o Tariff Reciprocity in the Caribbean

o Hawaii

Duty Free Sugar

Exclusive use of Pearl Harbor

Protestant Missions and Women

Western culture led to understanding Christianity

“White Man’s Burden” – moral crusade; duty to spread civilization like whites

Suffragist opportunities

o The vocab of expansion

o Women as a civilizing force

Upper 2% had control

Basics of Progressivism

An approach that a formal environment

Muller vs Oregon: max laws for workers

Influence of muckrakers and Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive goals True democracy and efficiency

Make the Gov., the steward and social affair fiat

o Funded 16th

amendment 1913, which authorized income taxes

Bring big biz in line

o Clayton Anti-Thurs

DEfs,

It has many roots and def. depending on reference to people, political party, or

movements

Looking for reform

It is sometimes seen a backward looking movement

Reforms Org, Revolution creating Gov. protection agencies for consumers

o Meat Inspection Act 1906

o Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

o Federal trade Commission 1914

Morals and Science Progressives were deeply moralistic, decided to remedying the its of society

Social Gospel: the belief that Christians had a responsibility to create an ethically

sound and morally upright society

Scientific bases could also have an ugly side to reform

o Eugenics

o Teddy Roosevelt

The Progressives Expand Problems with Reform

Transatlantic Influence

o Muckrakers and Socialism

Don’t bite the hand that feeds you

Scientific Segregation

Holier than Thou

Black Reforms

W.E.B. Dubois

o Talented Tenth

NAACP as a Reform Movement

Woodrow Wilson Pres. Of Princeton

Moral Leadership

New Nationalism

World Police

Americans turn inward following Spanish American Was

1898, the US left the peace table possessing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and

Guam

Becoming a Global Nation Panama

o Modernization of the army

Stretching his authority to the limits, Roosevelt took steps to consolidate the

country’s new position in the Caribbean and Central America

Hay- Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 with Colombia

Canal Construction

A French company tried and failed after losing 21,900 workers

U.S. had a 99 year lease, with options of renewal, on the canal zone 6 miles in

width

Panamanian Revolt of 1903

Hay-Bunau-Varilla-Treaty with Panama granted U.S. control of a canal zone 10

miles wide across the isthmus of Panama

Influence in Latin America 1903-1920 the U.S. intervened often in Latin America to protect canal, promote

regional stability, and exclude foreign influence

Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – adds on to Monroe Doctrine

Ventures in the Far East Open Door Policy

Roosevelt wanted to balance Russian and Japanese power, and he was not

unhappy at 1st war broke out in 1904

Taft-Satkura Agreement (1905) – letting Japan control Korea

Dollar vs. Moral Diplomacy Taft

o Tried his best to continue Roosevelt’s policies

o “$ Diplomacy” to promote American financial and business interests

abroad

Wilson

o Believed in ethics and moral purpose over material interests

o Wilson and Bryan, promised a dramatic new approach in Latin America,

concerned not only with the pursuit of material interest but with human

rights and national integrity

The War at Home Neutrality and the Progressives

Wilson proclaimed the U.S. neutral

Many thought war violated the very spirit of progressive reform because

demanding safer factories was useless if the materials would be used to kill

millions

Women’s Progressive Activism Jane Addams and Florence Kennedy*

o Union Against

o Militarism

o League to Limit Armament

o Women’s Peace Party

Black Military Service in WWI

10,000 blacks regulars in Army, 5000 in Navy, but virtually all were cooks,

waiters, and strokers for ship builders

13% of all draftees black

The War Flu Epideictic

Selective service

War Powers Committee on Public relations

Espionage Act of 1917* - Gov. looking for people who are disloyal

War Industries Board – ranked industries

Food Administration – cut back and save food; price control (Hoover)

Race Riots Most white Americans clung to social Darwinism and white supremacy

10 black men lynched in 1919

ATL 1906, Springfield 1908, East St. Louis 1917, Chi 1919, Rosewood 1923

The Troubled Twenties The Promise of the Twenties

Henry Ford and the assembly line at River Rouge

2nd

industrial revolution allowed Americans to high the highest standard of living

in the world

Automobile and Change

Transit based developments, hotels, gift shops

Roadside architecture

Changes in dating, cars seen as a house of prostitution

Dangers of cars and electricity

The Rise of Consumer Culture Welfare capitalism and scientific management became more popular in the

twenties

Scientific Racism controlled hiring practices

Efficiency made quality goods cheap

More leisure led to a need of things to fill time

Radio culture

o Sports

o Jazz

Harlem Renaissance

o Marcus Garvey and the UNIA

Dignified black people throughout

Weekly Newspaper Negro World

Back to Africa Movement (Black Star Line)

Controversy with the Klan, conflict with other black leaders

o The arts and white patronage

Fundamentalism Prohibition

The temperance movement was one of the oldest reform movements, but it found

a new life after WWI due to the idea that German beer was out to destroy us all

Anti-Saloon League

18th

Amendment

o Prohibition and the Volstead Act – the band on manufacture sale or

selling; anything that has 0.5% alcohol

Problems with enforcement Congress never appropriated enough money for wide scale enforcement

Organized Crime

o NASCAR

o Speak easys

o Bar Culture

National production

o The Great Depression and the 21st

The Red Scare* The Russian Revolt and the triumph of Marxists frightened many Americans.

A wave of anti-Communist, anti foreign, and anti labor that swept over America

at the end of WW!

Immigration Act of 92 - allowed unrestricted UF

Religious Fundamentalism

World Christian Fundamentals and Association

Dayton, Tennessee

Scoops trial

Fundamentalism v. Modernism

Urban Sophistication vs Rural Hillbillies

The Great Depression Hoover vs FDR on Federalism Intervention

Hoover did not share the progressive view

o Rags to riches

o Food Administration

o Fed the Filipinos

o Believed in voluntary and cooperative approach

G.D. 1929-1939 Largest debate over Gov. action since Reconstruction

Hoover responded w/ service minded individualism

o Asked industry leaders not to lay off

o Labor leaders to accept shorter workday

o State Gov. to accelerate public work projects

Tariffs made things work

Reconstruction Finance Corp. supported essential industries, farm mortgage, and

RRs

o First year 1.5 billion given, but no trickle down

Hoovervilles- “employment rate @ 20% in 1932

o Bonus Army –vets from WWI

Causes Overproduction

Decline for cars, construction, and appliances

Un= distribution of income limited buying power In a customer based society

o 1923-1929 62% profit with only 8% wage increase

Protective tariffs kept foreign goods expensive; other countries responded in kind

o U.S. companies were too slow to lower prices

Farming overproduction due to machines

Stock Market Crash 1929

Speculators took over market

o Inflation of prices

o Stock bought on margin, or loans to be paid back by quick sales

o Speculators using bank $ from savings accounts though only 10% of

Americans actually owned stock, millions lost their life savings

11/29/1929, Black Tuesday

Social Aspects of the Depression The depression changes marriage patterns and gender roles

o More people stayed single for longer

o Women in 1930s make it on their own and contributing to the support of

their parents’ households

1930s Hollywood presented the image of independent women and = of sexes,

even advocating divorce

This suggested that marriage could not satisfy a career minded women

30% of women entered the workforce

The New Deal An avalanche of legislation from 1933-1938 intended to promote economic

recovery, reform American capitalism, and offer security to ordinary Americans

When Roosevelt took office in 1933, the nation’s economy was on the brink of

collapse

Fireside Chats and Recovery 1933-1944

The next day the nation’s largest and strongest banks open their doors, customers

had deposited more cash then withdrawn

Threw Gov. resources behind banks

The 100 Days The Brain Trust

Eleanor

Roosevelt sent 15 major requests to congress and received back 15 piece of

legislation. Creates agencies that became part of American life

The TVA

One of the most ambitious of Roosevelt’s

New deal measures

WW1 Impact

Civilian Concerts Corporations Civilian conservation put jobless young man from cities to work

Works Progress Admin $5 million put the employed on the federal so they could earn enough to meet their basic

needs and help stimulate the stagnant economy

Wagner Act 1939

Other New Deal Programs

Reconstruction Finance Corporations

National Industrial Recovery Act

Glass- Steagall Act of 1933

S.S. Act of 1935

Fair Labor Standards 1935

National Recovery Administration Declared unconstitutional

Social Impacts of the New Deal

Race and New deal

Both Progressives and Conservatives suspicious of relief programs

Applying for help was humiliating

Consumerism New Deal also empowering the consumer

Roosevelt N.D. institutionalized the consumer view point in many of its agencies,

although concrete achievements in protecting consumers’ rights and needs

remained limited

Women’s Consumer Activism

Race and Consumerism

Going Global, WWII

Isolation After WWI and the Depression

o Foreign policy remote and unimportant

o Unemployment made people apathetic

Pacifism

Trouble for FDR in 1940

o Aid allies all out and violates neutrality

o Outrage, as the Nazis not seen as a threat to national security

Neutrality

Cash/Carry Program

Lend – Lease Program

Results in undeclared naval warfare

FDR still stick to Monroe Doctrine

Allied Command Dedicated to defeating axis powers and formed complete partnership and joint

command between Britain in the U.S.

Both agreed the Nazis were the most dangerous and therefore gave the European

theatre priority

Trouble w/ command

o Left to fight Germany on their own

o Sets bad precedent and lack of trust

Pearl Harbor Long been despised in the U.S.

Life and Time magazine

Discriminatory laws against Asian immigrants

Panic Americans eager for explanations

Japanese torpedo attacks off the Cali coast. Defense factories camouflaged their

plants.

American-born children of Japanese immigrants recruited to form of the 442nd

regimental combat team; became the most decorated American unit

Internment Camps Civilian Exclusion Order #5 of April 1942 was an order from the military

informing all people of Japanese ancestry that they would be evacuated to I.C. by

April 7.

The Arsenal of Democracy American industry made the nation’s single most port contribution to victory

Manufacturing plants that had run at half capacity in the 1930s now hummed with

activity

o Henry Ford and Willow Run

FDR’s war production board allowed businesses to claim rapid appreciation and

huge tax credits for new plants and awarded lucrative cost-plus contracts for

urgently needed goods.

Mothers to Work The war emergency required the society to restructure itself and opened the way

for the emancipation of women on an unprecedented scale of 60% of women were

employed in 1945

War sped up family life as rumors of draft deferments for married men and

impending service for men spread

Wartime increasingly sexualized women as they were valued to their wifely

potential and feared for their powers of corruption

Economic Changes

Jobs were plentiful and wages are high. GNP rose 60% and 17 mill jobs were

created

The Gov. tried to curb inflation by instituting price and wage controls

The Gov. rationed many things by distributing coupon books that allotted families

a certain amount of each item

Benefits of war Absorbed all surplus labor and creating a labor shortage

Massive Gov. spending on the war ended the depression

Took until 1974 for the Gov. to finish off its war debt

Racism at Home 1941 A. Phillip Randolph threatened to assemble 10,000 blacks in front of the

Lincoln memorial in D.C.

In exchange for cancelling the march, FDR agreed to issue an executive order that

forbids discrimination and the defense industry and Gov. Also he created the fair

employment processing connive

The Labor Movement in Wartime

The birth of Consumption Gov. started to intervene between private transaction between customers and

retailers

Customers urged to save today

A Cold Peace The Division of Europe

Victory against Hitler came at a huge cost for the S.U.

To protect his nation’s borders, Stalin installed communist govs. Throughout E.

Europe to create a border between Germany and the S.U.

The U.S. upheld the principle of national self-determination and insisted people in

each country should freely choose their postwar fate

The Iron Curtain

The Cold War

Americans never fought the Soviets directly

To Stalin the American monopoly on nuclear weapons placed the S.U.

Long telegram and containment

NATO

o Formed to enforce containment as dictated by the Truman Doctrine and

Marshall Plan (restore European faith by giving them $119 bill. and

rebuilding)

The Bomb American spy plane detected radioactive fallout in the desert in 1949

Mao Zedong

The Department of Defense and NSC-68 (est.)

Truman increases troops in W. Europe and authorized the development of a super

bomb

Family Life

Est. multicultural households

Domesticity

Rural real estate boomed in 1950 out of fears of nuclear attack

The family was a safe haven in times of nuclear threat

o Duck and cover

Suburbs and Race Sexual Containment

Sex earlier but marriage also earlier

Baby boom national ideology

Children provided tangible results of successful marriage

Baby Boom=Housing Boom Commodities reinforce family roles

New ranch style houses were built for consumer goods

1946 a majority of white families lived in the homes they owned

Pressure raised on men to provide for their families as their main reason for

working

People demonstrated a fierce desire to stay together though many women were

dissatisfied with their marriages or with their job satisfaction as housewives

Drive in Culture

Americans after WWII saw their nation as the model for the world of a society

committed to mass consumption and what were assumed to be its far-reaching

benefits

National strategy for private consumption fueled by Gov. movements

Promise of Affluence appeared attainable to an unprecedented # of white

Americans

G.I. Bill- paid for veterans to pay for college

Disney and the American Dream Privatized public space

Dress code

Sanitized history

“Legal” Segregation and the Problem in Detroit

Deindustrialization

o Flight of jobs

o Persistence of work-place discrimination

o Racial segregation in housing

The Formation of Black neighborhoods Blacks were trapped in the city’s worst housing, in strictly segregated sections in

the city

o Housing shortages

o Detroit

o Covenants barred purchasing or occupancy

Desegregation Labor trouble and Civil Rights

Heyday of the labor movement

When the price regulation dropped after WWII, prices of goods skyrocketed and

workers wanted a share of profit

Black & White picketed together, demonstrating the success of the CIO in healing

racial divides that had previously weakened the labor movement

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

Desegregation Truman’s Executive Order 9981

Brown v. Board of Ed. Of Topeka

Desegregation V. Integration

Fed. Hesitation

o Gradualism

o Noncompliance Suits

o Freedom of Choice plans

Little Rock 9

Opposite of Oxford Progressive

N.C. acquired a sense of Ireland and a rep

1960 – 4 students

Woolworths lunch counter

Greensboro

Civil Rights Legislation C.R. Act of 1965, 1964

Voting's right Act of 1965

24th

Amendment- declared that poll taxes that required payment from voters were

unconstitutional

JFK and the New Frontier Cut Taxes

Health Professions Edu. Assistance Act of 1963

Food Stamps

Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962

= Pay Act of 1963 –pay people by position

Cold War Conflicts Khru. Support for wars of national liberation

Vietcong adv.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Cuban missile Crisis

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam

LBJ’s Great Society War on Poverty

o Job Corps and Head Start

Great Society

o Medicare and Fed. Financial Aid

o Civil Rights Act of 1968- housing

Culture Rev. Anti-War

Women

Black Power

Men

In search of Another Country Conservative Counter Movements

Orange county grassroots

o John Birch society

Claimed that Civil Rights Act of 1964 violated the 10th

Amendment

o Anti-Communism

o Lily Whites vs Black and Tans

o Milt. Industrial Complex

Individual achievement, individualism, and faith in free enterprise

o A result of the conservatives lack of influence in Washington

Cast hopes with Gold Water, and then Reagan

Conservatism in the South

Practical segregation was the preferred nomenclature and mode of action to

maintain the color line, similar to the Progressive mystique

Citizens Councils

Gov. Coleman

o State Level FBI

o Public Relation Org.

o Coleman believed that Meredith attending school for a year with armed

guards hardly amounted to integration

Limits of Resistance Hard liners framed the struggle for segregation as a flight against communism and

a fight for racial justice

Gen. Legislative Investigative Committee

o Tours of investigations to examine churches and other things for

communist roots

o Denominational Division

Gov. interference instead of white backlash

Opposed the Civil Rights bill of 1964 through the coordinating Committee for

Fundamental American Freedoms

APWR

Committee of Concern

John Stennis – MS Democrat Fought school segregation by pressing for equal enforcement in the N.

This aggravated things by introducing the busing crisis to N. cities like Detroit

Stennis successfully demonstrated that laws to root out S. exceptionalism created

a double standard

The Results – ATL The city too busy to Hate

Methods to perfect the realities of racial segregation Outside the realm of law and

politics

Desegregation Of public spaces hardly ever meant true integration Instead it

created a primarily black public realm and an increasingly white private one

White Flight development The “politics of suburban secession”

The suburbs cut all ties of Inc. and public transportation