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CHAPTER 16STANDARDIZING THE NATION:

INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY,

BUSINESS, AND CULTURE

1877-1890

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“…the great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered through the course of many years in trifling amounts.”

Andrew Carnegie, Wealth, 1889

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TIMELINE1877 Great Labor Uprising

Edison develops the phonographMunn v. Illinois

1878 Self-binding harvester1879 Edison develops the electric light1880 Presidential Election: Garfield elected1881 Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor1882 Gold discovered in Coeur d”Alene region

Self-steering, self-propelled traction engineJohn L. Sullivan wins boxing world championshipBuffalo Bill Cody produces “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West”

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TIMELINE continued1883 Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus”

The Supreme Court and the Civil Rights caseSumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other

1884 Twine binder adapted to rice cultivationFrance presents America with the Statue of Liberty

1886 Wabash v. Illinois1887 Interstate Commerce Act

Dawes Severalty Act1888 Electric streetcar invented1889 First “All America” team in football1890 The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Afro-American League foundedMassacre at Wounded Knee

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STANDARDIZING THE NATION Overview

The New Shape of BusinessCities Set the Standard: The Creation of a

National Urban CultureThrills, Chills, and Bathtubs: The

Emergence of Consumer CultureDefending the New Order

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THE NEW SHAPE OF BUSINESS

New Systems and Machines—and Their Price

Alterations in the Natural EnvironmentInnovations in Financing and Organizing

BusinessNew Labor Supplies for a New EconomyThe “Science” of Factory Management

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New Systems and Machines —and Their Price

1876-1879: Bell and Edison: the telephone, the phonograph, and electric light

Improved manufacturing and technology reduces labor needs: some workers pay the price

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Alterations in the Natural Environment

Innovation’s effects on the environmentLumber mills deplete forestsImproved seafood harvesting depletes

shellfish reservesHydraulic mining contributes to soil

erosion and water pollutionThe benefits and negative impact of the

railroads

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Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business

The consolidation of the railroad business

The growth of big business and national enterprises

Vertical integration: CarnegieHorizontal integration: Rockefeller Small businesses proliferate as well

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New Labor Supplies for a New Economy

New wave of immigration to AmericaIn 10 years (1880-1890) , 5.2 million

immigrantsGermans, Scandinavians, English, Italians,

Russians, Polish

Immigrants find their ethnic “niche”Providing community and introduction to

American society

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Population of foreign-born, by region, 1880

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The “Science” of Factory Management

Efficiency at the factoriesDiscriminatory hiring practices in

the South

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CITIES SET THE STANDARD: THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL URBAN CULTURE

Economic Engines of Urban GrowthBuilding the CitiesLocal Government Gets Bigger

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Economic Engines of Urban Growth

Cities draw populations from outside and inside the countryImmigrantsRural migrants

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Building the CitiesThe “menace” to civilization, cities become

technological marvelsWater supplies, transportation, illumination,

elevators

Industrialists and factory owners build cities for their employeesPullman outside of Chicago, textile towns in the

Piedmont region, lumber towns of Texas, phosphate industries in Florida

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Local Government Gets Bigger

Zoning and infrastructure call for new forms of local government

Urban machinesIllegal activitiesInfrastructure built by bosses, paid for by the

tax payersSports and commercial leisure activities

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THRILLS, CHILLS, AND BATHTUBS: THE EMERGENCE OF CONSUMER CULTURE

Shows as SpectaclesMass Merchandising as Spectacle

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Shows as SpectaclesSports

Baseball, football, and boxing1876 National Baseball League and 1900 the

American League

Performances1882: “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West”

and the medicine shows

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Mass Merchandising as Spectacle

Department storesMarshall Fields, Wanamaker’s,

Lord and Taylor, Macy’s

Mail-order cataloguesMass production and mass

advertising

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DEFENDING THE NEW ORDERThe Contradictory Politics of Laissez-

FaireThe “Natural” State of Society

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The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire

Edmunds Act: outlawing polygamy

Chinese Expulsion Act: bars Chinese from entering US

Wabash v. Illinois: only Congress can control interstate transportation

Civil Rights Act declared unconstitutional: states cannot discriminate, but private industry may

Dawes General Allotment Act: eliminates tribal ownership in favor of private property

President Cleveland invokes laissez-faire denying farmers seeds, “the government should not support the people.”

Social Engineering Laissez-Faire

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The “Natural” State of Society

Social DarwinismHenry Ward Beecher: “great laws of

political economy” (anti-union/pro-business)

Using Darwinism to rationalize social hierarchies and promote the perceived superiority of “whites”