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CHAPTER 15IN THE WAKE OF WAR:

CONSOLIDATING A TRIUMPHANT UNION

1865-1877

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“The Black Hills belong to me. If the whites try to take them, I will fight.”

Sitting Bull

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TIMELINE1865 Freedman’s Bureau

Andrew Johnson, President

Thirteenth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment passed

Sherman promises 40 acres and a mule

1866 Ku Klux Klan formed

The Mineral Act

The Southern Homestead Act

The Equal Rights Association

The National Labor Union founded

1867 Reconstruction Act passed by Congress

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TIMELINE continued1868 Ulysses S. Grant elected President

Custer’s massacre at Washita River

Burlingame Treaty

1869 Fifteenth Amendment passed

1871 Ku Klux Klan Act passed by Congress

Whitman’s “Democratic Vistas”

1872 The Apex Mining Act

Yellowstone Park created

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TIMELINE continued1873 The Timbur Culture Act

Nationwide Depression

1875 Civil Rights Act

1876 Presidential Election (Tilden-Hayes)

1877 Desert Land Act

1878 Greenback Labor Party formed

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IN THE WAKE OF WAR Overview

The Struggle over the SouthClaiming Territory for the UnionThe Republican Vision and Its

Limits

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THE STRUGGLE OVER THE SOUTH

Wartime Preludes to Postwar PoliciesPresidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867The Southern Postwar Labor ProblemBuilding Free CommunitiesCongressional, or “Radical,”

Reconstruction

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Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies

Rehearsals for RestorationThe Sea Islands of Port Royal Sound, South CarolinaNew Orleans, southern Louisiana

Pledges and OathsThe Ten Percent Plan: New government for states

for 10% pledge of allegiance

The Wade-Davis Bill: Requires majority to take loyalty vote

The Freedmen’s Bureau

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Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867

Andrew Johnson’s proclamationsReport on the Condition of the SouthBlack codes

State laws with vague provisions used to imprison blacks or enforce labor

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Presidential Reconstruction Continued

The Thirteenth AmendmentThe Fourteenth AmendmentCarpetbaggers and scalawagsKu Klux KlanNovember, 1866: Republicans gain

majority in both houses

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The Southern Postwar Labor Problem

The Freedman’s BureauLiaison between freed people and southern

whitesFree labor system with annual contracts

General Sherman’s Field Order Number 15Forty acres and a mule

Sharecroppers

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Building Free CommunitiesThe new order

Public accommodation lawsBlack conventionsThe ability to vote, own land, and

educate childrenSelf-help organizations and black

churchesValued family ties

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Radical Reconstruction

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Congressional, or “Radical” Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act of 1867, Tenure of Office Act, Command of the Army ActDenied vote to thousands of former

confederatesConfederate states must ratify 14th

amendment to be in UnionGuaranteed black men the vote

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Reconstruction continuedUnion Leagues and black elected

officialsJohnson impeachment: 1868Grant elected in November, 1868The Fifteenth Amendment

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CLAIMING TERRITORY FOR THE UNION

Federal Military Campaigns Against Plains Indians

The Postwar Western Labor ProblemLand Use in an Expanding NationBuying Territory for the Union

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Federal Military Campaigns Against Plains Indians

1871: Federal government seeks to subdue Native Americans

Railroad expansionThe Native American struggle

GeronimoCuster’s massacre at Washita riverRed Cloud’s peace delegationsSitting Bull: “The Black Hills belong to me.”The Little Big Horn

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High Plains Indian Wars, 1865–1900

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The Postwar Western Labor Problem

1865: Central Pacific goes eastCentral Pacific imports Chinese

laborers1867: 5000 Chinese laborers strike1870: 40,000 Chinese in California and

less 70,000 Indians

Agribusiness’ growth in the West

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Land Use in an Expanding Nation

The Santa Fe RingRailroads, minerals, and cattleThe Apex Mining Act of 1872The National Parks system

John Muir and Jay Cooke

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Buying Territory for the Union

America expandingThe Alaska purchase

$7.2 million for 591,004 acres full of fish, timber, minerals, and water power

The failed annexation of the Dominican Republic

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THE REPUBLICAN VISION AND ITS LIMITS

Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement

Worker’s OrganizationsPolitical Corruption and the

Demise of Republican Idealism

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Postbellum Origins of the Woman Suffrage Movement

1866: Equal Rights Association1869: National Woman Suffrage

AssociationStanton, Anthony, Stone and Truth1872: Victoria Woodhull forms

Equal Rights Party and runs for President

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Worker’s Organizations1867: National Grange of the Patrons

of Husbandry 1866: National Labor Union1868: Colored National Labor Union1869: Knights of Labor1878: Greenback Labor Party

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Political Corruption and the Demise of Republican Idealism

1870’s: Tweed and Tammany Hall1872: Crédit Mobilier and

Congress1875: Whiskey Ring1876: The Hayes-Tilden

compromise

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The Election of 1876Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican

Popular Vote: 4,036,572Electoral Vote: 185

Samuel J. Tilden, DemocratPopular Vote: 4,284,020Electoral Vote: 184

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The Compromise of 1877