2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Social Nonconformity: Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior Situational Context: Social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place Cultural Relativity: Judgments are made relative to the values of ones culture In America, mental illness is far more common than most people realize. Over 15% of the population suffers from diagnosable mental health problems. Another study found that during any given year, the behaviors of over 56 million Americans meet the criteria for a diagnosable psychological disorder (Carson et al. 1996). Over the lifespan, as many as 32% of Americans suffer from some psychological disorder (Regier et al., 1988). Statistically speaking, any behavior is atypical if it is not exhibited by 68% of the people in a particular group or culture What common behaviors would be considered abnormal if we followed this definition of abnormality? Who would suffer discrimination if this standard was enforced? What ways of life would be abnormal? Single parent or two parent households? What styles of dress? What music preferences? Post high school choices? 13 14 Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered 15 1. Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest. 2. Deviant behavior must accompany distress. 3. If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder. In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal. As with most topics in psychology, there are multiple perspectives on psychological disorders. The medical model takes a disease view. Psychology, on the other hand, sees psychological disorders as an interaction of biological, mental, social and behavioral factors. Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicInternal, unconscious drives HumanisticFailure to strive to ones potential or being out of touch with ones feelings. BehavioralReinforcement history, the environment. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Socio-culturalDysfunctional Society Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D --xgZTsN2E 20 1. Critics argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. 2. Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy. 3. Insanity labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. Asylum baseball team Theodore Kaczynski (Unabomber) Definition: A legal term; refers to an inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions Those judged insane (by a court of law) are not held legally accountable for their actions Can be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital Some movements today are trying to abolish the insanity plea and defense; desire to make everyone accountable for their actions How accurate is the judgment of insanity? Insanity Defense: Person was incapable of knowing right from wrong while committing a crime Must understand wrongfulness of actions to be held responsible for them If suffering from mental disease preventing person from knowing right from wrong, can be deemed insane Taking of a life due to insanity is not murder Irresistible Impulse: Uncontrollable urge to act Diminished Capacity: Temporary loss of ability to control actions or to know right from wrong Legal insanity defense created Mental Hospital or Prision? Jeffrey Dahmer (1991): killed 17 men and ate body parts Kip Kinkel (1998): killed his parents and two others while injuring 25 Andrea Yates (2002): drowned her 5 children in the bathtub Where did they end up? JAIL! 1999 Justice Dept. study found that 283,000 inmates had severe mental disorders 24 Elaine Thompson/ AP Photo Larry Robison (1999) was twice hospitalized for paranoid schizophrenia, as were multiple family members, and was denied treatment after the insurance coverage ran out He was discharged, killed 5 people, and eventually executed in Texas Who should we hold responsible? Should we treat or punish? If a perpetrators terrible crime indicates a disorder, does this create a social basis for evading responsibility? Example: If you kill your parents, should you demand mercy because you are an orphan? 25 26 27 1.Generalized anxiety disorders 2.Phobias 3.Panic disorders 4.Obsessive-compulsive disorders Anxiety Disorders: a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety patients fears something awful will happen to them They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOk9sR8 hS8c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOk9sR8 hS8c Dementophobia: Insanity Gephyrophobia: Bridges Herpetophobia: Reptiles Mikrophobia: Germs Murophobia: Mice Numerophobia: Numbers Nyctophobia: Darkness Ochlophobia: Crowds Ophidiophobia: Snakes Ornithophobia: Birds Phonophobia: Speaking aloud Pyrophobia: Fire Thanatophobia: Death Trichophobia: Hair Xenophobia: Strangers 30 Acrophobia: Heights Aerophobia: Flying Agoraphobia: Open spaces Ailurophobia: Cats Amaxophobia: Vehicles, driving Anthophobia: Flowers Anthropophobia: People Aquaphobia: Water Arachnophobia: Spiders Astraphobia: Lightning Brontophobia: Thunder Claustrophobia: Closed spaces Cynophobia: Dogs Psychiatrists and psychologists have labeled over 700 specific fears and estimate that there are thousands more. When such fears are persistent and debilitating, they are considered to be phobias. Among those specifically identified are the following, listed under their appropriate Greek or Latin name 34 35 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWsl bsNM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWsl bsNM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9 SM4g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9 SM4g 36 38 Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety 39 41 42 Multiple ideas Hyperactive Desire for action Euphoria Elation Manic Symptoms Slowness of thought Tired Inability to make decisions Withdrawn Gloomy Depressive Symptoms 44 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj TOs1L3SBg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckF rksg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYwckF rksg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kb- 6IzGAI1I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kb- 6IzGAI1I About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia The literal translation is split mind It is NOT multiple personality split but rather to a split from reality that shows itself in the following: Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1. Disorganized thinking 2. Disturbed Perceptions 3. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Example: John Nash- A Beautiful Mind Somebody is out to get me!!!! Avoidant personality disorder: anxiety and fearful sensitivity to rejection, withdrawal 51 Schizoid personality disorder; emotionless disengagement Different from Schizophrenia as it doesnt impair daily life 52 Histrionic: Needs to be the center of attention, dramatic and impulsive behavior Not as extreme as OCD anxiety A preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g., is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met) Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships Is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts with corresponding compulsions. People with OCD are likely to lead lives where strict routines become essential, repeating tasks over and over again to find relief from their anxieties. OCPD is a personality disorder characterized by an obsessive need for neatness, order, symmetry. People with OCPD are more likely to be called neat freaks al- retentive. 55 Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance Thinking that you are the center of the universe A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing (usually by age 15), even toward friends and family members Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath (legal terms and not used in psychologocial diagnoses) View the world as hostile and look out for themselves typically emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish, and manipulative toward others Many are delinquents or criminals, but many are NOT crazed murderers displayed on television Create a good first impression and are often charming, intelligent, untruthful, not many relationships Cheat their way through life (e.g. Scott Peterson, Charles Manson, Ted Bundy) 58 59 Risk and protective factors for mental disorders