1. The Progressive movement begins2. Roosevelt becomes a progressive3. Progressivism continues under Taft4. Woodrow Wilson declares a “New Freedom”

Chapter 21 The Chapter 21 The Progressive EraProgressive Era

ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

As America entered As America entered into the 20into the 20thth century, century, middle class reformers middle class reformers addressed many social addressed many social problems problems

Work conditions, Work conditions, rights for women and rights for women and children, economic children, economic reform, environmental reform, environmental issues and social issues and social welfare were a few of welfare were a few of these issues these issues

Section 1: The Progressive Section 1: The Progressive Movement BeginsMovement Begins

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement• 4 Goals4 Goals

1. Protecting Social Welfare1. Protecting Social Welfare

2.2. Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform

3.3. Promoting Moral ImprovementPromoting Moral Improvement

4. Fostering Efficiency4. Fostering Efficiency

• Religious Groups Seek ReformReligious Groups Seek Reform• YMCA & YWCAYMCA & YWCA• Salvation ArmySalvation Army

1.PROTECT SOCIAL 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFAREWELFARE

Industrialization in the Industrialization in the late 19late 19thth century was century was largely unregulatedlargely unregulated

Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward responsibility toward their workerstheir workers

As a result Settlement As a result Settlement homes and churches homes and churches served the communityserved the community

Also the Also the YMCAYMCA and and Salvation Army took on Salvation Army took on service rolesservice roles

MUCKRAKERS EXPOSE MUCKRAKERS EXPOSE SOCIAL EVILSSOCIAL EVILS

Teddy Roosevelt coined the term, Teddy Roosevelt coined the term, “Muckrakers” and he felt they pointed “Muckrakers” and he felt they pointed out only the bad in society.out only the bad in society.

Journalists known as “Muckrakers” Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in businessexposed corruption in business

Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

Progressive Movement Progressive Movement ContinuedContinued

• MuckrakersMuckrakers• Lincoln Lincoln

SteffensSteffens

• Ida M. TarbellIda M. Tarbell

• Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair

exposed Standard Oil exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating methods of eliminating competitioncompetition

Though Though most Progressivesmost Progressives did not did not embrace socialism, many writers saw embrace socialism, many writers saw

the truth in Debs’ criticismthe truth in Debs’ criticism

• Radical GroupsRadical Groups

• Socialist Party & Eugene V. DebsSocialist Party & Eugene V. Debs

2. CREATE ECONOMIC 2. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORMREFORM

The Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 prompted some prompted some Americans to question Americans to question the capitalist the capitalist economic systemeconomic system

As a result some As a result some workers embraced workers embraced socialismsocialism

Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized the organized the American Socialist American Socialist Party in 1901Party in 1901

Debs encouraged workers to reject American Capitalism

3. PROMOTE MORAL 3. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Some reformers felt Some reformers felt that the answer to that the answer to societies problems societies problems was personal behaviorwas personal behavior

They proposed such They proposed such reforms as prohibitionreforms as prohibition

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included thealcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU)(WCTU)

4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY

Many Progressive Many Progressive leaders put their faith leaders put their faith in scientific principles in scientific principles to make society betterto make society better

In Industry, Frederick In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using Taylor began using time & motion studies time & motion studies to improve factory to improve factory efficiencyefficiency

Taylorism became an Taylorism became an Industry fad as Industry fad as factories sought to factories sought to complete each task complete each task quickly quickly

Cleaning up GovernmentCleaning up GovernmentReform MayorsReform Mayors

• Hazen Pingree-Detroit--- unemploymentHazen Pingree-Detroit--- unemployment

built schools & parksbuilt schools & parks

lowered street car priceslowered street car prices

• Thomas L. Johnson-ClevelandThomas L. Johnson-Cleveland

hired honest workers, held large city hired honest workers, held large city

meetings in tents “open transperency”meetings in tents “open transperency”

• Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones-ToledoSamuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones-Toledo

believed in applying the teachings of Christ to believed in applying the teachings of Christ to citizenscitizens

Reforming Local GovernmentsReforming Local Governments

Galveston, Texas- Galveston, Texas- Commission form of Commission form of governmentgovernment

5 member commission of EXPERTS

Dayton, Ohio- Dayton, Ohio- Council-Manager form of Council-Manager form of governmentgovernment

City elects a council who then appoints a City elects a council who then appoints a managermanager

Under the progressive Under the progressive Republican leadership of Republican leadership of Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette, , WisconsinWisconsin

led the way in regulating led the way in regulating big businessbig business

State Level---Reform State Level---Reform GovernorsGovernors

Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette “Fighting Bob”-Wisconsin“Fighting Bob”-Wisconsin

targeted the Rail Road targeted the Rail Road IndustryIndustry

Protecting WorkersProtecting Workers• Minimum WageMinimum Wage• Minimum HoursMinimum Hours• Child Labor LawsChild Labor Laws

Reforming ElectionsReforming Elections• Oregon SystemOregon System

• Direct Primary—people not party leaders Direct Primary—people not party leaders elect candidates of the elect candidates of the

PartyParty

• 1717thth Amendment—Direct election of Amendment—Direct election of Senators by the people, not the members Senators by the people, not the members of the House of Representatives.of the House of Representatives.

• Initiative– Ohio hasInitiative– Ohio has• Referendum--- Ohio hasReferendum--- Ohio has• RecallRecall

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERSROUGH RIDERS

Roosevelt grabbed Roosevelt grabbed national attention by national attention by advocating war with advocating war with Spain in 1898Spain in 1898

His volunteer cavalry His volunteer cavalry brigade, brigade, the Rough the Rough Riders,Riders, won public won public acclaim for its role in acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan the battle at San Juan Hill in CubaHill in Cuba

Roosevelt returned a Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon hero and was soon elected governor of NY elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s and later McKinley’s vice-president vice-president

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Section 2: Roosevelt Becomes Section 2: Roosevelt Becomes a Progressive Leadera Progressive Leader

• Assassination of William Assassination of William McKinleyMcKinley

• T.R. becomes youngest T.R. becomes youngest PresidentPresident

• Square DealSquare Deal• Increasing Federal PowerIncreasing Federal Power• Federal ArbitrationFederal Arbitration

• Coal Strike (1902)Coal Strike (1902)• Trust BustingTrust Busting• Regulating TransportationRegulating Transportation• Protecting HealthProtecting Health• Conserving Natural ResourcesConserving Natural Resources

TRUSTBUSTINGTRUSTBUSTING

By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – – legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in to hold stock in many companies – many companies – controlled 80% of controlled 80% of U.S. industriesU.S. industries

Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits antitrust suits under the Sherman under the Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act

1902 COAL STRIKE1902 COAL STRIKE

In 1902 In 1902 140,000 140,000 coal minerscoal miners in in Pennsylvania went on Pennsylvania went on strike for increased wages, strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionizeright to unionize

Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to bargainbargain

Roosevelt called in both Roosevelt called in both sides and sides and settled the settled the disputedispute

Thereafter, when a strike Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, threatened public welfare, the federal government the federal government was expected to step in was expected to step in and helpand help

PURE FOOD AND DRUG PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTACT

In response to In response to unregulated claims unregulated claims and unhealthy and unhealthy products, Congress products, Congress passed the passed the Pure Pure Food and Drug ActFood and Drug Act in in 19061906

The Act halted the The Act halted the sale of contaminated sale of contaminated foods and medicines foods and medicines and called for truth and called for truth in labelingin labeling

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other

harmful ingredients off the market

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS

Roosevelt set aside Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of 148 million acres of forest reservesforest reserves

He also set aside 1.5 He also set aside 1.5 million acres of million acres of water-power sites water-power sites and he established 50 and he established 50 wildlife sanctuaries wildlife sanctuaries and several and several national national parksparks

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTSRIGHTS

Roosevelt failed to Roosevelt failed to support Civil support Civil Rights for African Rights for African AmericansAmericans

He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such as individuals such as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington

NAACP FORMED NAACP FORMED To PROMOTE RIGHTSTo PROMOTE RIGHTS

In 1909 a number of In 1909 a number of African Americans and African Americans and prominent white prominent white reformers formed the reformers formed the National Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored PeopleColored People

The The NAACPNAACP had 6,000 had 6,000 members by 1914 members by 1914

The goal of the The goal of the organization was full organization was full equality among the racesequality among the races

The means to achieve The means to achieve this was the court this was the court systemsystem

Section 3: Progressivism Section 3: Progressivism Continues Under TaftContinues Under Taft

• William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft• Heaviest PresidentHeaviest President• Only person to be Only person to be

both President & both President & Chief Justice of the Chief Justice of the U.S.S.C.U.S.S.C.

• Tariff IssueTariff Issue• Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff

• Public LandsPublic Lands• ConservationConservation• Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

Progressivism Under TaftProgressivism Under Taft• Joe “Uncle Joe” Joe “Uncle Joe”

CannonCannon• ConservativesConservatives• Reform-minded Reform-minded

RepublicansRepublicans• Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

• ““New Nationalism”New Nationalism”• Roosevelt againRoosevelt again• Republican Party splitsRepublican Party splits

• Election of 1912Election of 1912• TaftTaft• RooseveltRoosevelt• WilsonWilson

1912 ELECTION1912 ELECTION Republicans split in 1912 Republicans split in 1912

between Taft and Teddy between Taft and Teddy Roosevelt (who returned Roosevelt (who returned after a long trip to Africa)after a long trip to Africa)

Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft nominated Taft

Some Republicans Some Republicans formed a third party – formed a third party – The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose Party and and nominated Rooseveltnominated Roosevelt

The Democrats put The Democrats put forward a reform - forward a reform - minded New Jersey minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Governor, Woodrow WilsonWilson

Republicans split in 1912

Wilson Declares a “New Wilson Declares a “New Freedom”Freedom”

• Progressive Reform Progressive Reform Continues Under Continues Under WilsonWilson

• Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff• Banking System Banking System

ReformedReformed• LiberalsLiberals• Elastic CurrencyElastic Currency• Federal Reserve Federal Reserve

SystemSystem

WILSON’S NEW WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMFREEDOM

As America’s newly As America’s newly elected president, elected president, Wilson moved to Wilson moved to enact his program, enact his program, the “New Freedom”the “New Freedom”

He planned his He planned his attack on what he attack on what he called the triple wall called the triple wall of privilege: of privilege: trusts, trusts, tariffs, and high tariffs, and high financefinanceW. Wilson U.S. President

1912-1920

CLAYTON ANTITRUST CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACTACT

In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which Antitrust Act which strengthened the strengthened the Sherman ActSherman Act

The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from acquiring stock from another company from another company (Anti-monopoly)(Anti-monopoly)

The Act also The Act also supported workers supported workers unionsunions

FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED

The FTC was formed The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” a “watchdog” agency to end agency to end unfair unfair business practicesbusiness practices

The FTC protects The FTC protects consumers from consumers from business fraud business fraud

Today the FTC has been working on protecting consumers from ID theft

FEDERAL INCOME TAX FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVESARRIVES

Wilson worked hard Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, to lower tariffs, however that lost however that lost revenue had to be revenue had to be made up made up

Ratified in 1916, the Ratified in 1916, the 1616thth Amendment Amendment legalized a legalized a graduated graduated federal federal income taxincome tax

WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGEWOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE Native-born, educated, Native-born, educated,

middle-class women middle-class women grew more and more grew more and more impatient impatient

Through local, state Through local, state and national and national organization, vigorous organization, vigorous protests and World protests and World War I, women finally War I, women finally realized their dream in realized their dream in 19201920The 19th Amendment gave women

the right to vote in 1920

1919thth Amendment Amendment

Women’s Women’s Suffrage= Suffrage= – women get women get

the right to the right to votevote

LIMITS OF LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

While the While the Progressive era Progressive era was responsible for was responsible for many important many important reforms, it failed to reforms, it failed to make gains for make gains for African AmericansAfrican Americans

Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil retreated on Civil Rights once in Rights once in officeoffice

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s