Progressivism Day 1 Notes - WordPress.com...•Chapter 28 •Progressivism and the Republican...
Transcript of Progressivism Day 1 Notes - WordPress.com...•Chapter 28 •Progressivism and the Republican...
Progressivism Day 1—Notes
Mr. Mac January 22, 2012
The Early Progressive Movement
• Chapter 28
• Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
Chapter Themes
• Theme1: – The strong progressive movement successfully
demanded that the powers of government be applied to solving the economic and social problems of industrialization. Progressivism first gained strength at the city and state level, and then achieved national influence in the moderately progressive administrations of Theodore Roosevelt.
• Theme 2:
– Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor, William H. Taft, aligned himself with the Republican Old Guard, causing Roosevelt to break away and lead a progressive third-party crusade.
What was Progressivism?
MANY HISTORIANS BELIEVE IT WAS THE URBAN COUNTERPART TO RURAL POPULISM
IT CAN ALSO BE DEFINED AS THE BEGINNING OF MODERN “LIBERALISM”
LIBERALS/PROGRESSIVES BELIEVED:
THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE MORE ACTIVE
SOCIAL PROBLEMS SHOULD BE ADDRESSED THROUGH GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION
PUBLIC FUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO ADDRESS SOCIAL PROBLEMS
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ORIGINS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
MOVEMENTS THAT LED TO PROGRESSIVISM
NEW INTEREST IN
THE POOR CHARITY
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
SOCIAL GOSPEL
SETTLEMENT HOUSES
GOOD GOVERNMENT
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WHO WERE THE PROGRESSIVES?
small business
owners
teachers
and social
workers
reform
minded
politicians
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PROGRESSIVISM
Immigration
restrictions
Prohibition
End of child
labor
Anti-trust legislation
Rate regulation
of private utilities
Women’s suffrage
End of urban
political machines
Americanization
of immigrants
End to white
slavery, prostitution
,
and sweat shops
Political reform
Progressives
• Against:
– Monopolies
– Corruption
– Inefficiency
– Social injustice
– Laissez-faire policy
Alcohol
• 1900 – 1 saloon for every 200 people in cities
– Gambling and prostitution
• Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
– Anti-saloon League
– 1 million members
• By WWI (1914) – ½ of pop lived in dry territories
– Major cities wet
Role of the Media in Exposing and reporting Problems in America
Magazines and newspapers
Muckrakers
Upton Sinclair
Ida Tarbell
Jacob Riis
Ray Stanndard Baker
Lincoln Steffens
Frank Norris
“Muckrackers”
• Named by T.R. in 1906 • Mudslinging magazines • Attacked governments, corporations, oil,
railroads, trusts, and social evils – “The Treason of the Senate“ by David Phillips
• Paid up to $3000 to receive accurate info • $.10 - $.15 Magazines • Led to books:
– “Following the Color Line” (1908) – “The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906)
NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES EXPOSED THE PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
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THE MUCKRAKERS
Lincoln Steffens
Ida Tarbell
Upton Sinclair
Jacob Riis
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John Spargo
Ray Stanndard Baker
Frank Norris
Lewis Hine
"Men with the muckrake
are often indispensable
to the well-being of
society, but only if they
know when to stop
raking the muck." TR
1905
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FRANK NORRIS
This literary novel
exposed the
stranglehold
railroads had over
wheat and other
farmers. It called
for regulation of
railroad
corporations.
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UPTON SINCLAIR
HIS BOOK, THE JUNGLE DESCRIBED THE FILTHY
CONDITIONS IN THE MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY
AND LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE FEDERAL
MEAT INSPECTION ACT OF 1906
MOVIE MADE
FROM THE BOOK
IN THE EARLY
1900’S
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“…old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and
white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into
the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There
would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and
sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted
billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great
piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it,
and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in
these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over
these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of
rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put
poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread,
and meat would go into the hoppers together… the meat would be
shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not
trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things
that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat
was a tidbit.”
EXCERPT FROM THE JUNGLE
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IDA TARBELL
Miss Tarbell, in her book, revealed
after years of diligent research the
illegal means used by John D.
Rockefeller to monopolize the early
oil industry.
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CARTOON SHOWING THE
“OCTOPUS” STANDARD OIL
SEIZING THE NATION’S OIL
BUSINESSES
IDA TARBELL
T.R. and Muckrackers
• "the man who did nothing else was certain to become a force of evil.”
• “I hail as a benefactor…every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in turn remembers that that attack is of use only if it absolutely truthful”
Political Progressivism
• Goals
– (1) use state power to curb the trusts
– (2) improve common person’s condition to prevent socialism
• Mostly middle class
• Widespread
Power to the People
• Referendums and Initiatives
• Recalls – remove corrupt officials
• Secret ballots
• Limit donations and gifts
• Direct election of U.S. Senators
– 17th amendment (1913)
• Women – “Taxation Without Representation”
Progressivism in cities and states
• Business outside of politics
• Juvenile delinquency
• Prostitution
• Sale of franchises
• Regulation of railroads, trusts, and public utilities
Progressivism and Women
“An extension, not rejection of social norms” Settlement house movement
Side door to public life Open eye to poorer class conditions
Literary Clubs Focused later on politics and current events
Women’s Trade Union League and National Consumer League
Children’s Bureau (1912) and Women’s Bureau (1912)
Settlement House Movement
The settlement house movement began in the late 1880’s and lasted up through the Great Depression of the 1930’s.
Middle-Class educated women and men volunteers lived and worked in settlement houses.
Settlement houses were often converted residential buildings in poor urban neighborhoods. By 1910, there were over 400 settlement houses in the U.S.
The goal was to improve the lives of poor families by providing amenities and services that were not provided by government.
They offered clubs, classes, social gatherings, playgrounds, arts programs, sports and summer camps, clean milk stations, well-baby clinics and other innovative programs.
Settlement workers saw their mission as social reform. The settlement houses became laboratories for developing new techniques and offering training in the new field of social work.
• The first settlement house in the United States, University Settlement in New York, was founded in 1886.
• It served as a school, community center, research institute, and welfare agency.
• The settlement house pioneered many services, including kindergartens and public baths, which were later supported or assumed by municipal government.
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• JANE ADDAMS AND ELLEN GATES STARR WERE THE CO-FOUNDERS OF HULL- HOUSE WHICH WAS THE CUTTING EDGE OF REFORM FOR THE NATIONS IMMIGRANTS AND POOR.
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ELLEN GATES STARR JANE ADDAMS
Problems in the Rapidly Growing Cities
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INCREASED IMMIGRATION AND MASS MOVEMENT TO URBAN AREAS CREATED SERIOUS PROBLEMS
The lure of city jobs attracted
Americans from farms and small
towns.
Millions of immigrants poured
into the U.S, the majority settling
in the new urban centers.
Slums
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TENEMENTS WERE APARTMENT BUILDINGS WITH MANY SMALL ROOMS WHERE WHOLE FAMILIES WOULD LIVE, CROWDED TOGETHER WITHOUT
ADEQUATE AIR, WATER OR SANITARY FACILITIES.
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“5 CENTS A SPOT” THE PRICE FOR A BED
FOR THE NIGHT
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WHERE THE POOR SLEPT
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PROBLEMS IN THE NEW CITIES #2 DISEASE
Poor sanitation,
backed up
sewers, crowded
poorly ventilated
apartments led to
the rapid spread
of disease.
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By the end of the 19th century
a bacterial disease called
tuberculosis was the most
dreaded illness known to
mankind. It was also known
as "TB" or the "White Plague.”
As the disease worsened, its
victims became pale in skin
color, hence the term. It
spread from person to person
by the inhalation of airborne
germs from coughs or
sneezes. At the time, there
was no cure and its victims
often died.
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“DON’T TALK TO US ABOUT DISEASE, IT’S BREAD WE’RE AFTER!”
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Evicted
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Mueller v. Oregon (1908)
• Constitutionality of laws protecting women workers
• Closed male jobs to women
• Paved way to less employer control in the workplace
Fire at Triangle Shirtwaist Company - 1911
• NYC
– Lack of enforcement of factory regulations
– 146 workers died
– Emergence of workmen’s comp
T.R’s Square Deal
• 3C’s (KNOW THESE)
– Control of Corporations
– Consumer Protection
– Conservation of Natural Resources
1902 Coal Strike
• PA
• Schools and hospitals shut down
• T.R. threatened to seize mines
• 10% pay raise and 9 hour days
• 1903
– Department of commerce
• Bureau of Corps – interstate commerce
T.R. the trust smasher
• Elkins Act (1903) – Fines for giving and receiving rebates
• Hepburn Act (1906) – Bribery and free enterprise restricted
• Dissolved the Northern Securities Company – J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill
• Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• GOAL: Prove government power
The Environment – pre T.R.
• Desert Land Act of 1877 and Carey Act of 1894
– Purpose to irrigate and use western land
• Forest Reserve Act of 1891
– 46 million acres
T.R and Beyond
• Newlands Act (1902) – Irrigation projects from sale of
public land
– Dams (Roosevelt Dam in 1911)
• Banned Xmas tree
• Other projects – Jack London “Call of the Wild”
– Boy Scouts
– Sierra Club
“Roosevelt Panic of 1907”
• Selling of stocks
• Criminal indictments against speculators
• Fiscal Reforms – Aldrich-Vreeland Act –
national banks to issue emergency currency backed with collateral
• Led to Federal Reserve Act of 1913
William Taft
• Elected in 1908
• Politically handicap (political cartoon pg 675)“
• Dollar Diplomacy”
– U.S. $$ in foreign markets
– Strengthen defense and foreign policy
• Trustbuster
– Dissolved Standard Oil in 1911
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act
“Read my lips…”
• Raised tariffs instead of lowering them
• Allowed public lands to be opened for development
• Split the Rep. party
• T.R. became an enemy
– Taft broke up U.S. Steel which T.R. had helped to form
Election of 1912…
• T.R. decided to run for 3rd term
• Convention in Chicago
– Roosevelt supporters claimed fraud and didn’t vote
– Taft won the nomination
– Roosevelt was not giving up…