BIOLOGY HONORSBy Isabelle

Outline

Driving Question

Cellular Respiration

ATP

Mitosis & cell cycle

Cancer

Warburg Effect

Connection

Thinking deeper

Literature

Driving Questions

How does cellular respiration and other cell processes work?

How do they relate to and affect cancer?

Cellular Respiration

The way cells process energy stored in food

Three stages

Glycolysis: glucose - pyruvate

Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

Electron transport chain

Aerobic

Anaerobic

glycolysis is the first stpe- glucose enters cells and turns into pyruvate. Produces 4 atp mols. but uses 2!

Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria, takes the pyruvate produced in glycolysis and produces NADH and FADH2, (co-enzymes that help with metabolism and reactions in the body) Produces 2 ATP mols.

ETC, the final step, also takes place in the mitochondria, breaks down NADH and FADH molecules produced and producing a whopping 32 ATP molecules, making the final total after factoring in the atp used 36 atp.

anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen. cancer cells use both- lactic acid fermentation (anerobic)

the only goal of fermentation reactions is to convert nadh to nad+ to use in glycolysi. no energy is gined.2 atp’s produced. from glycolysis

ATP

Adenosine TriPhosphate

ATP is the energy produced from cell respiration

Used around the body

Reproduction, movement, temp. regulation, synthesis

Necessary for life

Mitosis uses ATP

Cell Cycle & MitosisCells life cycle & reproduction

Asexual - exact copies

Interphase “resting”

Prophase

Metaphase

Ananphase

Telophase

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/mitosis.htm

If something is not picked up by the monitors and there is bad DNA, the cells can mutate & constantly reproducethose cells can be cancerous and with the constant reproduction tumors form

How do cancer cells form?Sometimes during cell growth & division, things go wrong

Mutations, “typos”

Usually, the cells detects this and shuts itself down or is destroyed

Enough mutations can bypass these regulations causing the cell bad cell to divide anyway and recklessly

The incorrect info is passed along to the cells offspring.. it’s cancer

CancerCancer is the uncontrolled grow of abnormal cells in the body.

The growth of these cells causes lumps, called tumors

If not treated properly can result in death.

It is estimated that this year there will be 1,660,290 new cases of cancer in the US. (American Cancer Society)

Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death among Americans, following heart disease.

Ask class, “As you can see, cancer is unfortunately very common. Who here has been impacted by cancer?”

Types

Cancerous cells can grow anywhere in the body.

CausesFactors can work together or individually

Internal factors

Hormones

Inherited mutations

Immune conditions

External factors

Tobacco

Chemicals/radiation

Signs & Symptoms

Unexplained weight loss

Fever

Fatigue

Pain

ie. Headache - brain tumor

Skin changes

Yellowish, darker, reddened, itching

sign can be noticed by someone else such as a loved one or a doctor, ie. fever, abnormal lung sounds through a stethoscope can be a SIGN of pnomieoua

symptom can be noticed only by you, ie. weakness, feeling short of breath symptom of pnomuia

Treatments

Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Hormone Therapy

Biological Therapy

Targeted Therapy

say what each individual treatment does to treat cancer,

surgery removes the tumor

radiation uses high energy radiation to kill cancer cells (and normal cells too) by damaging their DNA

hormone therapy- slows down or stops the growth of hormone dependent cancer cells by either stopping hormones being made or preventing hormones from making cancer cells grow and divide

Biological therapy- helps fight cancer by working like chemo or helps control side effects from other cancer treatments like chemotherapy.

target therapy is medicine that blocks the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with the growth of cancer cells

chemo uses drugs to kill cancer cells by stopping/slowing their growth, which leads to talking about cells...

Warburg EffectObservation that cancer cells obtain their energy from anaerobic metabolism to convert glucose to ATP, even in the presence on oxygen

Observation that most cancer cells produce energy by high rate of glycolysis & lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol

Normal cells use low rate of glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria (aerobic)

1st though to be a cause of cancer - highly debated- now considered a result of mutations, not a cause

subject of debateotto warburg

Connections

Cancer cells:

Rely on only glycolysis for their energy

Thus, consume 18-19x more glucose than normal cells to survive and reproduce.

Cancer cells have high aerobic glycolysis

Provides powerful growth advantage

cont.

Cancer cells form by being overlooked during the cell cycle

Treatments affect cell processes

Chemo & radiation interfere with cell division

Looking deeper

If a way is found to stop mitosis and cellular respiration ONLY in cancer cells and not in the body’s normal cells, then cancer can be cured.

The more frequently a cell divides, the more likely the drug is to kill it

Every time a cell divides it opens itself up to attack because drugs work by disrupting cell division

cont.Cells that reproduce the most are affected the most

Hair

Skin

Gut

Blood

Side affects because these cells are being harmed

Hair loss, skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, pain

Literature

Peer edited scientific journal “Cellular Respiration & Carcinogenesis”

American cancer society “Cancer Facts & Figures 2013”

Thanks for watching!Any questions?

In memory of CedarBone cancer victim

CitationsTED-Ed | How do cancer cells behave differently from healthy ones? - George Zaidan. (n.d.). TED-Ed | Lessons Worth Sharing. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http:/ ed.ted.com/lessons/how-do-cancer-cells-behave-differently-from-healthy-ones george-zaidan

The Warburg Hypothesis and the ATP Sup... [Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI. (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22204369

Warburg effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Warburg_effect

What diseases have been eliminated by vaccines? - Curiosity. (n.d.). Curiosity : Discovery Channel. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://curiosity.discovery.com question/what-diseases-eliminated-by-vaccines

1800's, t. l., & that, s. h. (n.d.). Introduction. The Department of Biology at the University of Oregon. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://biology.uoregon.edu/reference ort_mitosis/Introduction.html

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta: American Cancer

Society; 2013.

Cancer cell metabolism kills: Possible new therapies targeting energy supply of cancer cells?. (n.d.). Science Daily. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from www.sciencedaily.com releases/2013/04/130415172228.htm

Concept 5 Review: Lactic Acid Fermentation. (n.d.). Prentice Hall Bridge page. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place biocoach/cellresp/review5a.html

Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide

GPiklaov. (n.d.). ATP - definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference - Biology Online. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary Atp

Glycolysis. (n.d.). University of Illinois at Chicago - UIC. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect12.htm

Health and Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. (n.d.). Shmoop: Homework Help, Teacher Resources, Test Prep. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http:/ www.shmoop.com/cell-respiration/health.html

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide

semenza, G. L., Apte, S. P., & Sarangarajan, R. (2009). Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis. Cellular Respiration and Carcinogenesis, 1, 1-195

Signaling Pathways: Warburg Effect. (n.d.). Cell Signaling Technology. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/pathway/warburg_effect.html