1.Green House Automation System

8/12/2019 1.Green House Automation System

1/84

GREEN HOUSE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

INDEX

CONTENTS1. Abbreviations

2. Figures locations

3. Introduction

. !loc" Diagra#

$. !loc" Diagra# Descri%tion

&. Sc'e#atic(. Sc'e#atic Descri%tion

). *ard+are Co#%onents

,. Circuit Descri%tion

1-. So t+are co#%onents

a. About /iel

b. E#bedded 0C

11. /EI %rocedure descri%tion

12. Conclusion or4 S5no%sis

13. Future As%ects

1 . !ibliogra%'5


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INT6OD8CTION

E9!EDDED S:STE9;

An e#bedded s5ste# is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike

a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system

performs one or a few prede ned tasks, usually with very speci c requirements.

Since the system is dedicated to speci c tasks, design engineers can optimi e it,

reducing the si e and cost of the product. !mbedded systems are often mass-produced, bene ting from economies of scale.

"ersonal digital assistants #"$As% or handheld computers are generally

considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even

though they are more e&pandable in software terms. 'his line of de nition continues

to blur as devices e&pand. (ith the introduction of the )*) +odel with the

(indows " operating system and ports such as a US port / both features usuallybelong to 0general purpose computers0, / the line of nomenclature blurs even

more.

"hysically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital

watches and +"1 players, to large stationary installations like tra2c lights, factory

controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

3n terms of comple&ity embedded systems can range from very simple with a

single microcontroller chip, to very comple& with multiple units, peripherals and

networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.


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E


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PO.ER SUPP&Y B&O-/$IAGRAM0

Step down 'ransformer

9ilter :egulator )utputridge:ecti er


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HAR$.ARE RE1UIREMENTS0

1 89s52

2 RELAYs

3 LOADs

4 LCD

5 ADC

6 POWER SUPPLY

7 LDR

8 HUMIDITY SENSOR

9 TEMPERATURE SENSOR


7/84

AT23-4) MI-RO-ONTRO&&ER

5EATURES

80C51 !s"# !$%&'("%()$"

4*+ ,("s -. -/*%&' R" $- $! ! " F !s& M" -$,

128 8 RAM

T - 16* '( T' "$ C-)/("$s

F) #) " s"$'! %&!//" B-- "!/ $-%"ss-$

F-)$ 8* '( I O -$(s 32 I O '/"s

M" -$, !##$"ss'/ %! ! ' '(,

64+ ROM !/# 64+ RAM

P- "$ s! " -#"s:

I# " !/# - "$*#- /

S' '/("$$) ( s-)$%"s M-s( '/s($)%('-/s " "%)(" '/ 0;3 )s

CMOS !/# TTL %- !(' "

M! ' ) s ""#: 40 MH< = >%% ? 5>

I/#)s($'! (" "$!()$" ! !' ! "

P!%@! "s ! !' ! ":

40* '/ DIP

44* '/ PLCC

44* '/ P FP


8/84

GENERA& $ES-RIPTION0 THE MI-RO-ONTRO&&ER0

A '%$-%-/($- "$ 's ! "/"$! )$ -s" #" '%" )( (&!( 's "!/( (- $"!# #!(! "$.-$

' '("# %! %) !('-/s -/ (&!( #!(! !/# %-/($- '(s "/ '$-/ "/( !s"# -/ (&-s" %! %) !('-/s; T&"

$' " )s" -. ! '%$-%-/($- "$ 's (- %-/($- (&" - "$!('-/ -. ! !%&'/" )s'/ ! .' "# $- $! (&!(

's s(-$"# '/ ROM !/# (&!( #-"s /-( %&!/ " - "$ (&" '."(' " -. (&" s,s(" ; T&" '%$-%-/($- "$

#"s' / )s"s ! )%& -$" ' '("# s"( -. s'/ " !/# #-) " ,(" '/s($)%('-/s (&!( !$" )s"# (- - "

#!(! !/# %-#" .$- '/("$/! " -$, (- (&" ALU; T&" '%$-%-/($- "$ 's %-/%"$/"# '(& "(('/

#!(! .$- !/# (- '(s - / '/s (&" !$%&'("%()$" !/# '/s($)%('-/ s"( !$" - (' '


9/84

Pi# co#,iguratio# o, AT23c4) Microco#troller


10/84


11/84

PIN $ES-RIPTION :

6--

S) , - (! "

GN$

$-)/#

Port (

P-$( 0 's !/ 8* '( - "/ #$!'/ '*#'$"%('-/! I O -$(; As !/ -)( )( -$( "!%& '/ %!/ s'/@ "' &(

TTL '/ )(s; W&"/ 1s !$" $'(("/ (- -$( 0 '/s (&" '/s %!/ " )s"# !s &' & ' "#!/%" '/ )(s;

P-$( 0 %!/ ! s- " %-/.' )$"# (- " (&" ) (' " "# - -$#"$ !##$"ss #!(! )s #)$'/

!%%"ss (- " ("$/! $- $! !/# #!(! " -$,; I/ (&'s -#" P 0 &!s '/("$/! ) *) s; P-$( 0 ! s-

$"%"' "s (&" %-#" ,("s #)$'/ F !s& $- $! '/ !/# -)( )(s (&" %-#" ,("s #)$'/ $- $!

"$'.'%!('-/; E ("$/! ) *) s !$" $"G)'$"# #)$'/ $- $! "$'.'%!('-/;

Port )

P-$( 1 's !/ 8* '( '*#'$"%('-/! I O -$( '(& '/("$/! ) *) s; T&" -$( 1-)( )( ).."$s

%!/ s'/@ s-)$%" .-)$ TTL '/ )(s; W&"/ 1s !$" $'(("/ (- -$( 1 '/s (&", !$" ) "# &' & , (&"'/("$/! ) *) s %!/ " )s"# !s '/ )(s; As '/ )(s P-$( 1 '/s (&!( !$" " ("$/! , "'/ ) "# -

' s-)$%" %)$$"/( 1 "%!)s" -. (&" '/("$/! ) *) s;

Port %

P-$( 2 's !/ 8* '( '*#'$"%('-/! I O -$( '(& '/("$/! ) *) s; T&" -$( 2 -)( )( ).."$s

%!/ s'/@ s-)$%" .-)$ TTL '/ )(s; W&"/ 1s !$" $'(("/ (- -$( 2 '/s (&", !$" ) "# &' & , (&"'/("$/! ) *) s %!/ " )s"# !s '/ )(s; As '/ )(s P-$( 2 '/s (&!( !$" " ("$/! , "'/ ) "# -

' s-)$%" %)$$"/( "%!)s" -. (&" '/("$/! ) *) s;

P-$( 2 " '(s (&" &' &*-$#"$ !##$"ss ,(" #)$'/ ."(%&"s .$- " ("$/! $- $! " -$,

!/# #)$'/ !%%"ss (- DPTR; I/ (&'s ! '%!('-/ P-$( 2 )s"s s($-/ '/("$/! ) *) s &"/ " '(('/


12/84

1s; D)$'/ !%%"ss"s (- " ("$/! #!(! " -$, (&!( )s" 8* '( #!(! !##$"ss MO> =R1 P-$( 2

" '(s (&" %-/("/(s -. (&" P2 S "%'! F)/%('-/ R" 's("$; P-$( 2 ! s- $"%"' "s (&" &' &*-$#"$

!##$"ss '(s !/# s- " %-/($- s' /! s #)$'/ F !s& $- $! '/ !/# "$'.'%!('-/;

Port *

P-$( 3 's !/ 8* '( '*#'$"%('-/! I O -$( '(& '/("$/! ) *) s; T&" -$( 3 -)( )( ).."$s

%!/ s'/@ s-)$%" .-)$ TTL '/ )(s; W&"/ 1s !$" $'(("/ (- -$( 3 '/s (&", !$" ) "# &' & , (&"

'/("$/! ) *) s %!/ " )s"# !s '/ )(s; As '/ )(s P-$( 3 '/s (&!( !$" " ("$/! , "'/ ) "# -

' s-)$%" %)$$"/( "%!)s" -. (&" '/("$/! ) *) s;

P-$( 3 ! s- $"%"' "s s- " %-/($- s' /! s .-$ F !s& P$- $! '/ !/# "$'.'%!('-/

=ort

%in

Alternate Functions

"1.; : $#serial input port%

"1.< ' $#serial input port%

"1. 3=';#e&ternal interrupt ;%

"1.1 3='


13/84

R"s( '/ )( A -/ (&'s '/ .-$ ( - !%&'/" %,% "s &' " (&" -s%' !(-$ 's $)//'/ $"s"(s (&" #" '%";

A&E+PROG0

A##$"ss L!(%& E/! " 's !/ -)( )( ) s" .-$ !(%&'/ (&" - ,(" -. (&" !##$"ss #)$'/

!%%"ss (- " ("$/! " -$,; T&'s '/ 's ! s- (&" $- $! ) s" '/ )( PRO #)$'/ F !s&

$- $! '/ ;

I/ /-$ ! - "$!('-/ ALE 's " '(("# !( ! %-/s(!/( $!(" -. 1 16 (&" -s%' !(-$ .$"G)"/%, !/#

!, " )s"# .-$ " ("$/! (' '/ -$ % -%@'/ )$ -s"; N-(" &- " "$ (&!( -/" ALE ) s" 's

s@' "# #)$'/ "!%& !%%"ss (- " ("$/! D!(! " -$,;

PSEN

P$- $! S(-$" E/! " 's (&" $"!# s($- " (- " ("$/! $- $! " -$, &"/ (&" AT89%51

's " "%)('/ %-#" .$- " ("$/! $- $! " -$, PSEN 's !%(' !("# ( '%" "!%& !%&'/" %,% "

" %" ( (&!( ( - PSEN !%(' !('-/s !$" s@' "# #)$'/ "!%& !%%"ss (- " ("$/! #!(! " -$,;

EA +6PP

E ("$/! A%%"ss E/! " EA )s( " s($! "# (- ND '/ -$#"$ (- "/! " (&" #" '%" (-

."(%& %-#" .$- " ("$/! $- $! " -$, -%!('-/s s(!$('/ !( 0000& ) (- FFFFH; N-("

&- " "$ (&!( '. -%@ '( 1 's $- $! "# EA ' " '/("$/! , !(%&"# -/ $"s"(; EA s&-) # "

s($! "# (- >%% .-$ '/("$/! $- $! " "%)('-/s; T&'s '/ ! s- $"%"' "s (&" 12* - ( $- $! '/

"/! " - (! " > #)$'/ F !s& $- $! '/ &"/ 12* - ( $- $! '/ 's s" "%("#;

7TA&)

I/ )( (- (&" '/ "$('/ -s%' !(-$ ! '.'"$ !/# '/ )( (- (&" '/("$/! % -%@ - "$!('/ %'$%)'(;


14/84

7TA& %

O)( )( .$- (&" '/ "$('/ -s%' !(-$ ! '.'"$;

OPERATING $ES-RIPTION

T&" #"(!' #"s%$' ('-/ -. (&" AT89C51 '/% )#"# '/ (&'s #"s%$' ('-/ 's:

J M" -$, M! !/# R" 's("$s

J T' "$ C-)/("$s

J I/("$$) ( S,s("

MEMORY MAP AN$ REGISTERS

Memory

T&" AT89C51 &!s s" !$!(" !##$"ss s !%"s .-$ $- $! !/# #!(! " -$,; T&" $- $!

!/# #!(! " -$, %!/ " ) (- 64+ ,("s -/ ; T&" - "$ 4+ $- $! " -$, %!/ $"s'#" -/*

%&' ; T&" AT89C51 &!s 128 ,("s -. -/*%&' RAM; T&" - "$ 128 ,("s %!/ " !%%"ss"# "'(&"$

, #'$"%( !##$"ss'/ -$ , '/#'$"%( !##$"ss'/ ; T&" - "$ 128 ,("s -. RAM %!/ " #' '#"# '/(-

3 s" "/(s !s 's("# " -

1; Register Ba#!s (8*0 -%!('-/s 00H (&$-) & 1FH 32 ,("s ; T&" #" '%" !.("$ $"s"( #".!) (s (-

$" 's("$ !/@ 0; T- )s" (&" -(&"$ $" 's("$ !/@s (&" )s"$ )s( s" "%( (&" '/ s-.( !$"; E!%&

$" 's("$ !/@ %-/(!'/s "' &( 1* ,(" $" 's("$s R0*R7; R"s"( '/'('! '


15/84

3; Scratc' Pa Area0 30H*7FH !$" ! !' ! " (- (&" )s"$ !s #!(! RAM; H- " "$ '. (&" #!(!

-'/("$ &!s ""/ '/'('! '


16/84

Accumulator 9A--:

ACC 's (&" A%%) ) !(-$ $" 's("$; T&" /" -/'%s .-$ A%%) ) !(-$*s "%'.'% '/s($)%('-/s

&- " "$ $"."$ (- (&" A%%) ) !(-$ s' , !s A;

B Register 9B:

T&" B $" 's("$ 's )s"# #)$'/ ) (' , !/# #' '#" - "$!('-/s; F-$ -(&"$ '/s($)%('-/s '( %!/ "

($"!("# !s !/-(&"$ s%$!(%& !# $" 's("$;

Program Status .or 9PS.:

T&" PSW $" 's("$ %-/(!'/s $- $! s(!()s '/.-$ !('-/;

Stac! Poi#ter 9SP:

T&" S(!%@ P-'/("$ R" 's("$ 's "' &( '(s '#"; I( 's '/%$" "/("# ".-$" #!(! 's s(-$"# #)$'/

PUSH !/# CALL " "%)('-/s; W&' " (&" s(!%@ !, $"s'#" !/, &"$" '/ -/ %&' RAM (&" S(!%@

P-'/("$ 's '/'('! '


17/84

-o#trol Registers

S "%'! F)/%('-/ R" 's("$s IP IE TMOD TCON SCON !/# PCON %-/(!'/ %-/($- !/# s(!()s

'(s .-$ (&" '/("$$) ( s,s(" (&" T' "$ C-)/("$s !/# (&" s"$'! -$(;

TIMER+-OUNTERS

T&" IS89C51 &!s ( - 16* '( T' "$ C-)/("$ $" 's("$s: T' "$ 0 !/# T' "$ 1; A ( - %!/

" %-/.' )$"# (- - "$!(" "'(&"$ !s T' "$s -$ " "/( %-)/("$s; As ! T' "$ (&" $" 's("$ 's

'/%$" "/("# " "$, !%&'/" %,% "; T&)s (&" $" 's("$ %-)/(s !%&'/" %,% "s; S'/%" ! !%&'/"

%,% " %-/s's(s -. 12 -s%' !(-$ "$'-#s (&" %-)/( $!(" 's 1 12 -. (&" -s%' !(-$ .$"G)"/%,;

As ! C-)/("$ (&" $" 's("$ 's '/%$" "/("# '/ $"s -/s" (- ! 1*(-*0 ($!/s'('-/ !( '(s

%-$$"s -/#'/ " ("$/! '/ )( '/ T0 !/# T1; T&" " ("$/! '/ )( 's s! "# #)$'/ S5P2 -. " "$,

!%&'/" %,% "; W&"/ (&" s! "s s&- ! &' & '/ -/" %,% " !/# ! - '/ (&" /" (

%,% " (&" %-)/( 's '/%$" "/("#; T&" /" %-)/( ! )" ! "!$s '/ (&" $" 's("$ #)$'/ S3P1 -. (&"

%,% " .- - '/ (&" -/" '/ &'%& (&" ($!/s'('-/ !s #"("%("#; S'/%" ( - !%&'/" %,% "s 24

-s%' !(-$ "$'-#s !$" $"G)'$"# (- $"%- /'


18/84

T&" s "%'! .)/%('-/ $" 's("$s )s"# '/ (' "$s !$"

TMOD R" 's("$

TCON R" 's("$

T' "$ T0 (' "$ T1 R" 's("$s

9i: TMO$ Register0

TMOD 's #"#'%!("# s- " , (- (&" ( - (' "$s T0 T1 ;

T&" (' "$ -#" SFR 's )s"# (- %-/.' )$" (&" -#" -. - "$!('-/ -. "!%& -. (&" ( -(' "$s; Us'/ (&'s SFR ,-)$ $- $! !, %-/.' )$" "!%& (' "$ (- " ! 16* '( (' "$ -$ 13

'( (' "$ 8* '( !)(- $" -!# (' "$ -$ ( - s" !$!(" (' "$s; A##'('-/! , ,-) !, %-/.' )$"

(&" (' "$s (- -/ , %-)/( &"/ !/ " ("$/! '/ 's !%(' !("# -$ (- %-)/( " "/(s (&!( !$"

'/#'%!("# -/ !/ " ("$/! '/;

I( %!/ %-/s'#"$ !s ( - #) '%!(" 4* '( $" 's("$s "!%& -. &'%& %-/($- s (&" !%('-/ -. -/"

-. (&" (' "$s;

9ii: T-ON Register

T&" (' "$ %-/($- SFR 's )s"# (- %-/.' )$" !/# -#'., (&" !, '/ &'%& (&" 8051 s ( -

(' "$s - "$!("; T&'s SFR %-/($- s &"(&"$ "!%& -. (&" ( - (' "$s 's $)//'/ -$ s(- "#

!/# %-/(!'/s ! . ! (- '/#'%!(" (&!( "!%& (' "$ &!s - "$. - "#; A##'('-/! , s- " /-/*

(' "$ $" !("# '(s !$" -%!("# '/ TCON SFR;

T&"s" '(s !$" )s"# (- %-/.' )$" (&" !, '/ &'%& (&" " ("$/! '/("$$) ( . ! s !$"

!%(' !("# &'%& !$" s"( &"/ !/ " ("$/! '/("$$) ( -%%)$s;

9iii: TIMER ( 9T(:0

TO T' "$ 0 - &' & !##$"ss 8A 8C &


19/84

T&"s" ( - SFR s (!@"/ (- "(&"$ $" $"s"/( (' "$ 0; T&"'$ " !%( "&! '-$ #" "/#s

-/ &- (&" (' "$ 's %-/.' )$"# '/ (&" TMOD SFR &- " "$ (&"s" (' "$s ! !,s %-)/(

) ; W&!( 's %-/.' )$! " 's &- !/# &"/ (&", '/%$" "/( '/ ! )";

TH0 TL0

9i


20/84

'#(& "!s)$" "/(s; TR1 's ! %-/($- '( '/ (&" S "%'! F)/%('-/ R" 's("$ TCON; !(" 's '/

TMOD;

T&" 13* '( $" 's("$ %-/s's(s -. ! "' &( '(s -. TH1 !/# (&" - "$ .' " '(s -. TL1; T&"

) "$ (&$"" '(s -. TL1 !$" '/#"("$ '/!(" !/# s&-) # " ' /-$"#; S"(('/ (&" $)/ . ! TR1 #-"s/-( % "!$ (&" $" 's("$s;

M-#" 0 - "$!('-/ 's (&" s! " .-$ T' "$ 0 !s .-$ T' "$ 1 " %" ( (&!( TR0 TF0 !/# INT0

$" !%" (&" %-$$"s -/#'/ T' "$ 1 s' /! s; T&"$" !$" ( - #'.."$"/( ATE '(s -/" .-$ T' "$ 1

TMOD;7 !/# -/" .-$ T' "$ 0 TMOD;3 ;

Mo e )

M-#" 1 's (&" s! " !s M-#" 0 " %" ( (&!( (&" T' "$ $" 's("$ 's $)/ '(& ! 16 '(s; T&"% -%@ 's ! '"# (- (&" %- '/"# &' & !/# - (' "$ $" 's("$s TL1 TH1 ; As % -%@ ) s"s !$"

$"%"' "# (&" (' "$ %-)/(s ) : 0000H 0001H 0002H "(%; A/ - "$. - -%%)$s -/ (&" FFFFH*(-*

0000H - "$. - . ! ; T&" (' "$ %-/('/)"s (- %-)/(; T&" - "$. - . ! 's (&" TF1 '( '/ TCON

(&!( 's $"!# -$ $'(("/ , s-.( !$"

Mo e %

M-#" 2 %-/.' )$"s (&" T' "$ $" 's("$ !s !/ 8* '( C-)/("$ TL1 '(& !)(- !('% $" -!# !s

s&- / '/ F' )$" 10; O "$. - .$- TL1 /-( -/ , s"(s TF1 )( ! s- $" -!#s TL1 '(& (&"

%-/("/(s -. TH1 &'%& 's $"s"( , s-.( !$"; T&" $" -!# "! "s (&" TH1 )/%&!/ "#; M-#" 2

- "$!('-/ 's (&" s! " .-$ T' "$ C-)/("$ 0;

Mo e *

T' "$ 1 '/ M-#" 3 s' , &- #s '(s %-)/(; T&" ".."%( 's (&" s! " !s s"(('/ TR1 ? 0;

T' "$ 0 '/ M-#" 3 "s(! 's&"s TL0!/# TH0 !s ( - s" !$!(" %-)/("$s; T&" - '% .-$ M-#" 3 -/

T' "$ 0 's s&- / '/ F' )$" 11; TL0 )s"s (&" T' "$ 0 %-/($- '(s: C T ATE TR0 INT0 !/#

TF0; TH0 's -%@"# '/(- ! (' "$ .)/%('-/ %-)/('/ !%&'/" %,% "s !/# - "$ (&" )s" -. TR1 !/#

TF1 .$- T' "$ 1; T&)s TH0 /- %-/($- s (&" T' "$ 1 '/("$$) (;


21/84

M-#" 3 's .-$ ! '%!('-/s $"G)'$'/ !/ " ($! 8* '( (' "$ -$ %-)/("$; W'(& T' "$ 0 '/

M-#" 3 (&" AT89C51 %!/ ! "!$ (- &! " (&$"" T' "$ C-)/("$s; W&"/ T' "$ 0 's '/ M-#" 3

T' "$ 1 %!/ " ()$/"# -/ !/# -.. , s '(%&'/ '( -)( -. !/# '/(- '(s - / M-#" 3; I/ (&'s %!s"

T' "$ 1 %!/ s(' " )s"# , (&" s"$'! -$( !s ! !)# $!(" "/"$!(-$ -$ '/ !/, ! '%!('-/ /-(

$"G)'$'/ !/ '/("$$) (;

INTERRUPT SYSTEM

A/ '/("$$) ( 's !/ " ("$/! -$ '/("$/! " "/( (&!( s)s "/#s (&" - "$!('-/ -. '%$-

%-/($- "$ (- '/.-$ '( (&!( ! #" '%" /""#s '(s s"$ '%"; I/ '/("$$) ( "(&-# &"/" "$ !/, #" '%"

/""#s '(s s"$ '%" (&" #" '%" /-('.'"s (&" '%$- %-/($- "$ , s"/#'/ '( !/ '/("$$) ( s' /! ; U -/

$"%"' '/ !/ '/("$$) ( s' /! (&" '%$- %-/($- "$ '/("$$) (s &!(" "$ '( 's #-'/ !/# s"$ "s (&"

#" '%"; T&" $- $! !ss-%'!("# '(& '/("$$) ( 's %! "# !s '/("$$) ( s"$ '%" s) $-)('/"

ISR ;M!'/ !# !/(! " '(& '/("$$) (s 's (&!( (&" '%$- %-/($- "$ %!/ s"$ " !/, #" '%"s;

Bau Rate

T&" !)# $!(" '/ M-#" 0 's .' "# !s s&- / '/ (&" .- - '/ "G)!('-/; M-#" 0 B!)# R!("

? Os%' !(-$ F$"G)"/%, 12 (&" !)# $!(" '/ M-#" 2 #" "/#s -/ (&" ! )" -. (&" SMOD '( '/

S "%'! F)/%('-/ R" 's("$ PCON; I. SMOD ? 0 (&" !)# $!(" 's 1 64 -. (&" -s%' !(-$ .$"G)"/%,;

I. SMOD ? 1 (&" !)# $!(" 's 1 32 -. (&" -s%' !(-$ .$"G)"/%,;

M-#" 2 B!)# R!(" ? 2SMOD Os%' !(-$ F$"G)"/%, 64;

I/ (&" IS89C51 (&" T' "$ 1 - "$. - $!(" #"("$ '/"s (&" !)# $!("s '/ M-#"s 1 !/# 3;

NUMBER O5 INTERRUPTS IN 23-4)0

T&"$" !$" !s'%! , .' " '/("$$) (s ! !' ! " (- (&" )s"$; R"s"( 's ! s- %-/s'#"$"# !s !/

'/("$$) (; T&"$" !$" ( - '/("$$) (s .-$ (' "$ ( - '/("$$) (s .-$ " ("$/! &!$# !$" '/("$$) ( !/#

-/" '/("$$) ( .-$ s"$'! %- )/'%!('-/;

M" -$, -%!('-/ I/("$$) ( /! "

0000H R"s"(


22/84

0003H E ("$/! '/("$$) ( 0

000BH T' "$ '/("$$) ( 0

0013H E ("$/! '/("$$) ( 1

001BH T' "$ '/("$$) ( 1

0023H S"$'! COM '/("$$) (

L- "$ (&" "%(-$ &' &"$ (&" $'-$'(,; T&" E ("$/! I/("$$) (s INT0 !/# INT1 %!/ "!%& "

"'(&"$ " " *!%(' !("# -$ ($!/s'('-/*!%(' !("# #" "/#'/ -/ '(s IT0 !/# IT1 '/ R" 's("$ TCON;

T&" . ! s (&!( !%()! , "/"$!(" (&"s" '/("$$) (s !$" (&" IE0 !/# IE1 '(s '/ TCON; W&"/ (&"s"$ '%" $-)('/" 's "%(-$"# &!$# !$" % "!$s (&" . ! (&!( "/"$!("# !/ " ("$/! '/("$$) ( -/ , '.

(&" '/("$$) ( !s ($!/s'('-/*!%(' !("#; I. (&" '/("$$) ( !s " " *!%(' !("# (&"/ (&" " ("$/!

$"G)"s('/ s-)$%" $!(&"$ (&!/ (&" -/*%&' &!$# !$" %-/($- s (&" $"G)"s( . ! ;

T&" T' "$ 0 !/# T' "$ 1 I/("$$) (s !$" "/"$!("# , TF0!/# TF1 &'%& !$" s"( , !

$- - "$ '/ (&"'$ $"s "%(' " T' "$ C-)/("$ $" 's("$s " %" ( .-$ T' "$ 0 '/ M-#" 3 ;W&"/ ! (' "$

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'/% )#'/ C!# ') S) &'#" L"!# S) &'#" !/# (&" -$" %- -/ , )s"# s" '%-/#)%(-$

!("$'! s '/% )#'/ " S' !/# !As;

F' 3;3;1: * S%&" !('% S, - -. LDR

R6R

R5R

t

RT 1T HERMI ST O R

1

2 VCC_CI RCLE

VCC_CI RCLE

R5R

Q 1BC107

3

2

1


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A ' &( #" "/#"/( $"s's(-$

T&" &-(- $"s's(-$ -$ L' &( D" "/#"/( R"s's(-$ .'/#s !/, )s"s !s ! - %-s( &-(-

s"/s'(' " " " "/( !/# !s )s"# .-$ !/, ,"!$s '/ &-(- $! &'% ' &( "("$s !s " !s -(&"$

! '%!('-/s;s)%& !s . ! " s -@" !/# )$ "$ #"("%(-$s %!$# $"!#"$s !/# ' &('/ %-/($- s .-$ s($""( ! s;U/'(s .-$ (&" ' &( '/("/s'(, !$" L) -$ L) "/%";

Basic structureA (&-) & (&"$" !$" !/, !,s '/ &'%& LDR s -$ &-(- $"s's(-$s %!/ " !/).!%()$"# (&"$ !$"

/!()$! , ! ." -$" %- -/ "(&-#s (&!( !$" s""/; Ess"/('! , (&" LDR -$ &-(- $"s's(-$

%-/s's(s -. ! $"s's(' " !("$'! s"/s'(' " (- ' &( (&!( 's " -s"# (- ' &(; T&" &-(- $"s's(' "

" " "/( %- $'s"s s"%('-/ -. !("$'! '(& %-/(!%(s !( "'(&"$ "/#; A (&-) & !/, -. (&" !("$'!

)s"# .-$ ' &( #" "/#"/( $"s's(-$s !$" s" '%-/#)%(-$s &"/ )s"# !s &-(- $"s's(-$s (&", !$" )s"#

-/ , !s ! $"s's(' " " " "/( !/# (&"$" !$" /- */ )/%('-/s; A%%-$#'/ , (&" #" '%"s )$" ,

!ss' ";

A (, '%! s($)%()$" .-$ ! L' &( D" "/#"/( R"s's(-$ )s"s !/ !%(' " s" '%-/#)%(-$ !,"$ (&!(

's #" -s'("# -/ !/ '/s) !('/ s) s($!("; T&" s" '%-/#)%(-$ 's /-$ ! , ' &( , #- "# (- "/! " '(

(- &! " (&" $"G)'$"# " " -. %-/#)%(' '(,; C-/(!%(s (&"/ !%"# "'(&"$ s'#" -. (&" " -s"# !$"!;

I/ !/, '/s(!/%"s (&" !$"! "( ""/ (&" %-/(!%(s 's '/ (&" .-$ -.

T&'s ! ' '


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? 1 F(% ? 10;764 ) "/s

F' 3;3;2: * C&!$!%("$'s('%s -. LDR

LDR pp!ications:

LDR s !$" "$, )s".) "s "%'! , '/ ' &( #!$@ s"/s-$ %'$%)'(s; N-$ ! , (&" $"s's(!/%" -.

LDR 's "$, &' & s- "(' "s !s &' & !s 1000@ -& s )( &"/ (&", !$" ' ) '/!("# '(& ' &(

$"s's(!/%" #$- s ' "#'!(" ,;

1; C! "$! ' &( "("$s;

2; C -%@ $!#'-s;

3; S"%)$'(, ! !$ s;

4; O ('%! s '(%&"s;

5; F!$ '/.$!$"# #"("%(-$;6; S($""( ' &(s;

Testin" circuit of LDR:

Vout

470K

+5v

&$R

F' 3;3;3: * T"s('/ C'$%)'( -. LDR

7U+3$3'C S!=S):S


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7umidity sensors are gaining more signi cance in diverse areas of

measurement and 6ontrol technology. +anufacturers are not only improving the

accuracy and long-term drift of their sensors, they are improving their durability for

use in diDerent environments, and simultaneously reducing the component si e and

the price.

9ollowing this trend, Swiss-based Sensation AE has introduced a new generation

of integrated, digital, and calibrated humidity and temperature sensors using 6+)S

0micro-machined0 chip technology. 'he new products, SC7 and SC7- S, are a

single chip relative humidity and temperature multi sensor module with a calibrated

digital output which allows for simple and quick system integration.

6onventional sensors determine relative air humidity using capacitive

measurement technology. 9or this principle, the sensor element is built out of a lm

capacitor on diDerent substrates #glass, ceramic, etc.%. 'he dielectric is a polymer

which absorbs or releases water proportional to the relative environmental

humidity, and thus changes the capacitance of the capacitor, which is measured by

an onboard electronic circuit.


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7umidity is a important factor in personal comfort and in quality control for

materials, machinery etc. =ow we are using SC7 and SC7- S humidity sensors in

most of the circuits.

S%eci>cations;

3tems SC7 and SC7- S

:ated voltage A6


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Storage temperature -1;/I?degrees centigrade

Storage humidity within F?G:7

7umidity accuracy J5- ?G:7 #at ?degrees centigrade,@;G:7%

7umidity response time K@;sec #>;-I-G:7%

7ysteresis J5- G:7 #>;-I;G:7%


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CD i?uid Cristal Dis%la54

Introduction;

A liquid crystal display #L6$% is a thin, 4at display device madeup of any number of color or monochrome pi&els arrayed in front of a light source or

re4ector. !ach pi&el consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended

between two transparent electrodes, and two polari ing lters, the a&es of polarity

of which are perpendicular to each other. (ithout the liquid crystals between them,

light passing through one would be blocked by the other. 'he liquid crystal twists

the polari ation of light entering one lter to allow it to pass through the other.

A program must interact with the outside world using input and

output devices that communicate directly with a human being. )ne of the most

common devices attached to an controller is an L6$ display. Some of the most

common L6$s connected to the contollers are


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available. Line leng


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+any microcontroller devices use Msmart L6$M displays to output visual

information. L6$ displays designed around L6$ ='-6


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#< %. uilt-in oscillator.

$ata can be placed at any location on the L6$. 9or


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!ven limited to character based modules,there is still a wide variety of shapes

and si es available. Line lenghs of I,,1 and >; charecters are all standard,

in one, two and four line versions.

Several diDerent L6 technologies e&ists. OsupertwistP types, for e&ample, oDer

3mproved contrast and viewing angle over the older Otwisted nematicP types. Some

modules are available with back lighting, so so that they can be viewed in dimly-lit

conditions. 'he back lighting may be either Oelectro-luminescentP, requiring a high

voltage inverter circuit, or simple L!$ illumination.


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Electrical bloc! iagram0

Power su""ly ,or lc ri


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+ost L6$s with < controller has "ins and L6$s with controller has


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-ONTRO& &INES0

EN :

L'/" 's %! "# E/! "; T&'s %-/($- '/" 's )s"# (- (" (&" LCD (&!( ,-) !$" s"/#'/ '(#!(!; T- s"/# #!(! (- (&" LCD ,-)$ $- $! s&-) # !@" s)$" (&'s '/" 's - 0 !/# (&"/ s"(

(&" -(&"$ ( - %-/($- '/"s !/# -$ )( #!(! -/ (&" #!(! )s; W&"/ (&" -(&"$ '/"s !$" %- "(" ,

$"!#, $'/ EN &' & 1 !/# !'( .-$ (&" '/' ) ! -)/( -. (' " $"G)'$"# , (&" LCD

#!(!s&""( (&'s !$'"s .$- LCD (- LCD !/# "/# , $'/ '/ '( - 0 ! !'/;

RS :

L'/" 's (&" R" 's("$ S" "%( '/"; W&"/ RS 's - 0 (&" #!(! 's (- " ($"!("# !s !%- !/# -$ s "%'! '/s($)%('-/ s)%& !s % "!$ s%$""/ -s'('-/ %)$s-$ "(%; ; W&"/ RS 's &' & 1

(&" #!(! "'/ s"/( 's (" ( #!(! &'%& s-) # " #'s !,"# -/ (&" s%$""/; F-$ " ! " (- #'s !,

(&" "(("$ T -/ (&" s%$""/ ,-) -) # s"( RS &' &;

R. :


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L'/" 's (&" R"!# W$'(" %-/($- '/"; W&"/ RW 's - 0 (&" '/.-$ !('-/ -/ (&" #!(!

)s 's "'/ $'(("/ (- (&" LCD; W&"/ RW 's &' & 1 (&" $- $! 's ".."%(' " , G)"$,'/ -$

$"!#'/ (&" LCD; O/ , -/" '/s($)%('-/ "( LCD s(!()s 's ! $"!# %- !/#; A -(&"$s !$"

$'(" %- !/#s s- RW ' ! -s( ! !,s " - ;

F'/! , (&" #!(! )s %-/s's(s -. 4 -$ 8 '/"s #" "/#'/ -/ (&" -#" -. - "$!('-/ s" "%("#

, (&" )s"$ ; I/ (&" %!s" -. !/ 8* '( #!(! )s (&" '/"s !$" $"."$$"# (- !s DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3

DB4 DB5 DB6 !/# DB7;

&ogic status o# co#trol li#es0

J E * 0 A%%"ss (- LCD #'s! "#

* 1 A%%"ss (- LCD "/! "#

Q :5( - ; (riting data to L6$

- < :eading data from L6$

Q :S - ; 3nstructions

* < 6haracter

riting data to t'e CD;

% Set ! line to high

?% Set ! line to low

6ead data ro# data lines i it is reading4on CD;


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% Set ! line to high

?% Set ! line to low

Entering Te


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OupP #logic


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Initiali@ation b5 Instructions;


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3f the power conditions for the normal operation of the internal

reset circuit are not satis ed, then e&ecuting a series of instructions mustinitiali e L6$ unit. 'he procedure for this initiali ation process is as above

show.

6E A:S

Introduction;

A $" !, 's !/ " "%($'%! s '(%& (&!( - "/s !/# % -s"s )/#"$ (&" %-/($- -. !/-(&"$ " "%($'%!%'$%)'(; I/ (&" -$' '/! .-$ (&" s '(%& 's - "$!("# , !/ " "%($- ! /"( (- - "/ -$ % -s" -/" -$

!/, s"(s -. %-/(!%(s; A $" !, 's ! " (- %-/($- !/ -)( )( %'$%)'( -. &' &"$ - "$ (&!/ (&" '/ )(

%'$%)'( '( %!/ " %-/s'#"$"# (- " '/ ! $-!# s"/s" ! .-$ -. !/ " "%($'%! ! '.'"$;

:elays are usuallly S"$' #single pole double through switch%or $"$' #double

pole double through switch% but they can have many more sets of switch contacts,

for e&ample relays with > sets of changeover contacts are readily available.


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Basic o"eratio# o, a relay0

A/ " "%($'% %)$$"/( (&$-) & ! %-/#)%(-$ ' $-#)%" ! ! /"('% .'" # !( $' &( !/ "s (- (&"

#'$"%('-/ -. " "%($-/ . - ; I. (&!( %-/#)%(-$ 's $! "# '/(- ! %-' s&! " (&" ! /"('% .'" #

$-#)%"# ' " -$'"/("# ! -/ (&" "/ (& -. (&" %-' ; T&" $"!("$ (&" %)$$"/( (&" $"!("$ (&"

s($"/ (& -. (&" ! /"('% .'" # ! -(&"$ .!%(-$s "'/ "G)! ;


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I/#)%(-$s $"!%( ! !'/s( %&!/ "s '/ %)$$"/( "%!)s" -. (&" "/"$ , s(-$"# '/ (&'s ! /"('%

.'" #; W&"/ " %-/s($)%( ! ($!/s.-$ "$ .$- ( - '/#)%(-$ %-' s !$-)/# ! %- -/ '$-/ %-$" "

)s" (&'s .'" # (- ($!/s."$ "/"$ , .$- -/" %-' (- (&" -(&"$; H- " "$ (&"$" !$" s' "$ !/# -$"#'$"%( )s"s .-$ " "%($- ! /"('% .'" #s (&!/ (&" ! '%!('-/s "K " s""/ '(& '/#)%(-$s !/#

($!/s.-$ "$s; T&" ! /"('% .'" # $-#)%"# , ! %-' -. %)$$"/(*%!$$,'/ '$" %!/ " )s"# (- " "$(

! "%&!/'%! .-$%" -/ !/, ! /"('% - "%( )s( !s " %!/ )s" ! "$ !/"/( ! /"( (- !(($!%(

! /"('% - "%(s " %" ( (&!( (&'s ! /"( .-$ "# , (&" %-' %!/ " ()$/"# -/ -$ -.. ,

s '(%&'/ (&" %)$$"/( -/ -$ -.. (&$-) & (&" %-' ;

I. " !%" ! ! /"('% - "%( /"!$ s)%& ! %-' .-$ (&" )$ -s" -. !@'/ (&!( - "%( - "

&"/ " "/"$ '


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Biased Relays:

B'!s"# $" !,s &! " ! "$ !/"/( ! /"( ! - " (&" !$ !()$"; T&" $" !, - "$!("s '. (&"

%)$$"/( (&$-) & (&" %-' '/#'/ "s(! 's&"s ! ! /"(-* -(' " .-$%" (&!( - -s"s (&" . ) , (&"

"$ !/"/( ! /"(; I. (&" . ) "s !$" '/ (&" s! " #'$"%('-/ (&" $" !, ' /-( - "$!(" " "/ .-$ !$"!("$ %)$$"/( (&$-) & (&" %-' ;

Polarized Relays:

L'@" (&" '!s"# $" !,s (&" - !$'


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(&" %-/(!%(s; A /-$ ! $" !, -) # " s - !/# !@" s !$@s &'%& '/ ()$/ !, " # (&" %-/(!%(s

(- "(&"$;

A $" !,s &! " ( - - "$!('/ ! )"s - (! "s -/" '%@*) !/# (&" -(&"$ -(&"$ #$-

! !,; T&" '%@*) ! )" 's &' &"$ (&!/ (&" #$- ! !, ! )";

A""licatio#s0

'o control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of

modems or audio ampli ers, 'o control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter

solenoid of an automobile,

'o detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening

and closing circuit breakers #protection relays%,

'o isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are

at diDerent potentials, for e&ample when controlling a mains-powered device

from a low-voltage switch. 'he latter is often applied to control o2ce lighting

as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often

moved as needs change. 'hey may also be controlled by room occupancy

detectors in an eDort to conserve energy,

'o perform logic functions. 9or e&ample, the boolean A=$ function is realised

by connecting =) relay contacts in series, the ): function by connecting =)

contacts in parallel. 'he change-over or 9orm 6 contacts perform the ):

#e&clusive or% function. Similar functions for =A=$ and =): are accomplished

using =6 contacts. 'he Ladder programming language is often used for

designing relay logic networks.

o !arly computing. efore vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were

used as logical elements in digital computers. See A::A #computer%,

7arvard +ark 33, Wuse W , and Wuse W1.

o Safety-critical logic. ecause relays are much more resistant than

semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-


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critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling

machinery.

'o perform time delay functions. :elays can be modi ed to delay opening or

delay closing a set of contacts. A very short #a fraction of a second% delay

would use a copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly.

6urrent 4owing in the disk maintains magnetic eld for a short time,

lengthening release time. 9or a slightly longer #up to a minute% delay, a

dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston lled with 4uid that is allowed to

escape slowly. 'he time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the

4ow rate. 9or longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed

SOFT A6E DESC6I=TION

ABOUT SO5T.ARE

S-.( !$" )s"#:XHeil software for c programming

A!O8T /EI SOFT A6E;

3t is possible to create the source les in a te&t editor such as =otepad, run the6ompiler on each 6 source le, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler oneach Assembler source le, specifying another list of controls, run either the Library


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+anager or Linker #again specifying a list of controls% and nally running the )bTect-7! 6onverter to convert the Linker output le to an 3ntel 7e& 9ile. )nce that hasbeen completed the 7e& 9ile can be downloaded to the target hardware anddebugged. Alternatively H!3L can be used to create source lesY automaticallycompile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and

nally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to 6 variablesand memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice isclear. H!3L Ereatly simpli es the process of creating and testing an embeddedapplication.

=roBects;

'he user of H!3L centers on OproTectsP. A proTect is a list of all the source lesrequired to build a single application, all the tool options which specify e&actly howto build the application, and Z if required Z how the application should be simulated.A proTect contains enough information to take a set of source les and generatee&actly the binary code required for the application. ecause of the high degree of 4e&ibility required from the tools, there are many options that can be set tocon gure the tools to operate in a speci c manner. 3t would be tedious to have toset these options up every time the application is being builtY therefore they arestored in a proTect le. Loading the proTect le into H!3L informs H!3L which sourceles are required, where they are, and how to con gure the tools in the correct way.H!3L can then e&ecute each tool with the correct options. 3t is also possible to create

new proTects in H!3L. Source les are added to the proTect and the tool options areset as required. 'he proTect can then be saved to preserve the settings. 'he proTectis reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the desired windows areopened. H!3L proTect les have the e&tension

Si#ulator Debugger;

'he simulator5 debugger in H!3L can perform a very detailed simulation of amicro controller along with e&ternal signals. 3t is possible to view the precisee&ecution time of a single assembly instruction, or a single line of 6 code, all theway up to the entire application, simply by entering the crystal frequency. A windowcan be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of theperipheral. 'his enables quick trouble shooting of mis-con gured peripherals.reakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of 6 code, ande&ecution may be stepped through one instruction or 6 line at a time. 'he contentsof all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to nd speci c variables.


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3n addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what themicrocontroller is doing at any point in time.

'he Heil Software I;?< development tools listed below are the programsyou use to compile your 6 code, assemble your assembler source les, link your

program together, create 7! les, and debug your target program. [8ision for(indows\ 3ntegrated $evelopment !nvironmentB combines "roTect +anagement,Source 6ode !diting, and "rogram $ebugging in one powerful environment.

6?< A=S3 )ptimi ing 6 6ross 6ompilerB creates relocatable obTect modules fromyour 6 source code,A?< +acro AssemblerB creates relocatable obTect modules from yourI;?< assembler source code,L?< Linker5LocatorB combines relocatable obTect modules created by thecompiler and assembler into the nal absolute obTect module,L3 ?< Library +anagerB combines obTect modules into a library, which may beused by the linker,)7?< )bTect-7! 6onverterB creates 3ntel 7! les from absolute obTectmodules.

.'at@s New i# 6isio#*

[8ision1 adds many new features to the !ditor like 'e&t 'emplates, *uick 9unction=avigation, and Synta& 6oloring with brace high lighting 6on guration (i ard fordialog based startup and debugger setup. [8ision1 is fully compatible to [8isionand can be used in parallel with [8ision .

.'at is 6isio#*

[8ision1 is an 3$! #3ntegrated $evelopment !nvironment% that helps you write,

compile, and debug embedded programs. 3t encapsulates the followingcomponentsB

A proTect manager. A make facility. 'ool con guration. !ditor. A powerful debugger.

'o help you get started, several e&ample programs #located in the C$1 E


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[8ision creates a new proTect le with the name ":) !6'


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of the 6"U you have selected are con gured from the $evice.

Database selection;

you have made when you create your proTect target. :efer to page ?I for more

3nformation about selecting a device. Cou may select and display the on-chipperipheral components using the $ebug menu. Cou can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog bo&es.

Start Debugging;

Cou start the debug mode of [8ision with the $ebug Z Start5Stop $ebug

Session command. $epending on the )ptions for 'arget Z $ebug

6on guration, [8ision will load the application program and run the startup

code [8ision saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of thelast debug session. 3f the program e&ecution stops, [8ision opens an

editor window with the source te&t or shows 6"U instructions in the disassemblywindow. 'he ne&t e&ecutable statement is marked with a yellow arrow. $uringdebugging, most editor features are still available.

9or e&ample, you can use the nd command or correct program errors. "rogramsource te&t of your application is shown in the same windows. 'he [8ision debugmode diDers from the edit mode in the following aspectsB

_ 'he O$ebug +enu and $ebug 6ommandsP described on page I areAvailable. 'he additional debug windows are discussed in the following.

_ 'he proTect structure or tool parameters cannot be modi ed. All build

6ommands are disabled.

Disasse#bl5 indo+

'he $isassembly window shows your target program as mi&ed source and assemblyprogram or Tust assembly code. A trace history of previously e&ecuted instructionsmay be displayed with $ebug Z 8iew 'race :ecords. 'o enable the trace history, set$ebug Z !nable5$isable 'race :ecording.

3f you select the $isassembly (indow as the active window all program stepcommands work on 6"U instruction level rather than program source lines. Cou can


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select a te&t line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or theconte&t menu commands.

Cou may use the dialog $ebug Z 3nline Assembly] to modify the 6"Uinstructions. 'hat allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to

the target program you are debugging.

SOFT A6E CO9=ONENTS

About /eil

1. 6lick on the Heil u 8ision 3con on $esktop

2. 'he following g will appear


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3. 6lick on the "roTect menu from the title bar

. 'hen 6lick on =ew "roTect

$. Save the "roTect by typing suitable proTect name with no e&tension in u rown folder sited in either 6B` or $B`


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&. 'hen 6lick on Save button above.

(. Select the component for u r proTect. i.e. Atmel]]

). 6lick on the J Symbol beside of Atmel


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,. Select A'IF6?< as shown below

1-. 'hen 6lick on O)HP

11. 'he 9ollowing g will appear


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12. 'hen 6lick either C!S or =)]]]mostly O=)P

13. =ow your proTect is ready to US!1 . =ow double click on the 'arget


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1$. 6lick on the le option from menu bar and select OnewP

1&. 'he ne&t screen will be as shown in ne&t page, and Tust ma&imi e it bydouble clicking on its blue boarder.


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1(. =ow start writing program in either in O6P or OAS+P

1). 9or a program written in Assembly, then save it with e&tension O. asmPand for O6P based program save it with e&tension O .6P


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)3= N- $' &( % '%@ -/ S-)$%" $-) 1 !/# % '%@ -/ A ,iles to Grou" Source

%(= N- ,-) ' "( !/-(&"$ '/#- -/ &'%& , #".!) ( C .' "s ' ! "!$;

%)= N- s" "%( !s "$ ,-)$ .' " " ("/s'-/ ' "/ &' " s! '/ (&" .' "


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%D= N- C '%@ -/ (&" P"$' &"$! s .$- "/) !$ !/# %&"%@ ,-)$ $"G)'$"# -$( !s s&- /

'/ .' " -

%2= D$! (&" -$( ! s'#" !/# % '%@ '/ (&" $- $! .' ";

%3= N- @"" P$"ss'/ .)/%('-/ @", F11 s - , !/# - s"$ ";

*(= Y-) !$" $)//'/ ,-)$ $- $! s)%%"ss.) ,


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E#bedded C;

'at is an e#bedded s5ste#J

An embedded system is an application that contains at least one

programmable computer and which is used by individuals who are, in the main,

unaware that the system is computer-based.

'ic' %rogra##ing language s'ould 5ou useJ

7aving decided to use an I;?< processor as the basis of your embedded system,

the ne&t key decision that needs to be made is the choice of programming

language. 3n order to identify a suitable language for embedded systems, we might

begin by making the following observationsB

6omputers #such as microcontroller, microprocessor or $S" chips% only

accept instructions in machine code # obTect codes %. +achine code is, byde nition, in the language of the computer, rather than that of the

programmer. 3nterpretation of the code by the programmer is di2cult and

error prone. All software, whether in assembly, 6, 6JJ, ava or Ada must ultimately be

translated into machine code in order to be e&ecuted by the computer. !mbedded processors Z like the I;?< Z have limited processor power and

very limited memory availableB the language used must be e2cient. 'he language chosen should be in common use .

Su##ar5 o C language Features;


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3t is mid-level , with high-level features #such as support for functions and

modules%, and low-level features #such as good access to hardware via pointers%.

3t is very e2cient.

3t is popular and well understood. !ven desktop developers who have used only ava or 6JJ can soon

understand 6 synta&. Eood, well-proven compilers are available for every embedded processor #I-

bit to 1 -bit or more%.

1.Green House Automation System

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Transcript of 1.Green House Automation System