PLANNING 1 – SITE

PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE

Presented and compiled by: Ar. DIANE A. JOSE

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The artistic and functional arrangement of buildings,

open spaces, service areas, circulation and other

external areas; techniques in the enhancement and

design of exterior environments.

No. of units per lecture/studio: 3 units - Lecture

No. of contact hours per week: 3 hours - Lecture

COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Explain the art of site planning & landscape

architecture, exposition on their principles and methods of

construction.

2. Describe the ecological, social, psychological, aesthetic

& functional basis of site planning.

3. Relate the social Issues & implications of site planning.

4. To relate history & planning theories to ecology and

sustainable development.

COURSE OUTLINE

1.0 Introduction to Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

2.0 Parameters of Site Selection and Analysis

3.0 Ecological Considerations of Site:

3.1 Ground form

3.2 Soil and geology

3.3 Water Resources

3.4 Microclimate

3.5 Orientation

COURSE OUTLINE

4.0 Social and Psychological Considerations

4.1 Site Values/Social Impact

4.2 Behavior Settings

4.3 User requirements

4.4 Cultural/Historical Significance

4.5 Activity/Communication Linkages

4.6 Pertinent Laws

4.6.1 Local government ordinances

4.6.2 Land use and zoning

4.6.3 Others

COURSE OUTLINE

5.0 Aesthetic and Physical Considerations

5.1 Site Context

5.2 Image/Symbols

5.3 Sensuous Qualities

5.4 Vocabulary of space

5.4.1 Sensuous Forms

6.0 Movement Systems:

6.1 Pedestrian

6.2 Vehicular

6.3 Road layouts

COURSE OUTLINE

7.0 Site Development

8.0 Landscape Design

9.0 Concepts and Principles of Green Architecture as

applied in site planning and landscape design

10.0 Cost Factors

GRADING SYSTEM

PERFORMANCE-BASED OUTCOMES (70% Passing Grade)

Class Requirements (CR): 60%

Quizzes, Drawings, Project

Major Examinations (ME): 40%

SEMESTRAL GRADE COMPUTATION:

Midterm Grade (40% SG) = CR + ME

Final Grade (60% SG) = CR + FE

SEMESTRAL GRADE (SG) = MG (40%) + FG (60%)

CLASS MGT AND POLICY

30mins leeway (will start at 1:31PM)

NO MAKE-UP TESTS FOR LATE COMERS AND ABSENT STUDENTS except for students with valid reasons according to EARIST STUDENT HANDBOOK:

FORCE MAJEURE

DEATH OF IMMEDIATE FAMILY

SICKNESS (with MEDICAL CERTIFICATE)

Arrange and clean the room before the class starts

Multimedia Projector Payment = Php100.00 per hour

FUNDAMENTALS OF SITE

PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Presented and compiled by: Ar. DIANE A. JOSE

SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE

Sustainability and Site Design

FACTS:

Humans have a significant impact on the world environment.

60 percent of the earth’s land surface is under the management of people but that 100 percent of the world is affected by the practices of that management.

Relationship of people, per capita rate of consumption, and the economic efficiency of consumption.

I = PAT (Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology)

Definition of Terms:

Population – total of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole

Affluence – abundant of flow or supply or property.

Source: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc.

CASE STUDY:

Although the United States has more efficient and cleaner technologies than some nations, these benefits may be offset by the rate of consumption afforded by its relative affluence. Even though China has many more people, their relative affluence and level of technology were low historically, but China’s affluence and technology level have been increasing rapidly in recent years. In either case the environmental footprint is significant.

Source: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc.

Action:

To avoid or at least minimize the environmental

impacts of human behaviour it is necessary for

society to adopt a sustainable approach to

development. Sustainability was defined as “meeting

the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own

needs.”

Source: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc.

Description, Site Elements, Site Selection and Site Analysis

WHAT IS SITE PLANNING?

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Definition

Site planning is the art and science of arranging the

structures on the land and shaping the spaces

between, an arts of arranging USES of land linked

to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture,

and city planning. Site plans locate objects and

activities in SPACE and TIME. These plans may

concern a small cluster of houses, a single building

and its grounds, or something as extensive as a

small community built in a single operation.

Source: Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack; Site Planning, MIT press, Cambridge 1996

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SITE ELEMENTS

Foreground

Building area

Service area

Play area

Private area

entourage

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Scope of work

Site Planners designate

the uses of land in

detail by selecting and

analyzing sites, forming

land use plans,

organizing vehicular

and pedestrian

circulation, designing

visual form and

materials concepts,

readjusting the existing

landforms by design

grading, providing

proper drainage, and

finally developing the

construction details

necessary to carry out

their projects.

No matter sites are large or small, they must be viewed as part of the total environment.

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Related Profession

Site planning is

professionally exercised

directly by landscape

architects, but there are

related profession

involved which are

architects, urban and

regional planners,

engineers.

On larger commissions

the landscape architect

often serve as a member

of a closely coordinated

professional team, which

includes architects,

engineers, planners, and

scientist-advisors.

Urban Planning

Architecture Landscape Architecture

Civil Engineering

Site Planning

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Environment and quality of life

Site planning is the organization of the external

physical environment to accommodate human

behavior. It deals with the qualities and locations

of structures, land, activities and living things. It

creates a pattern of those elements in space and

time, which will be subject to continuous future

management and change.

Spirit of place

Character of the place

Nature of the project

Behavioral studies

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Four basic models

of site planning in

history

1.Fixing the place

2.Defining the

enclosure

3.Sense of order

4.Form of axial

Brief History

Fixing the space

Sense of order

Defining the enclosure

The form of axial

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Brief History

The image and form of

the object building are

capable of fixing a place

Fixing the space

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Brief History

Defining the enclosure

A collection of independent

structures, which although

unattached, create a coherent

image of place

9/3/2004 /Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning

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Brief History

Sense of order

The form of a building can

be such that a place may be

fixed by the enclosure of

the facades

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Brief History

The form of axial

Although the kinetic implications of the word

“path” are somewhat contradictory, paths are

nonetheless capable of forming coherent,

meaningful images.

From SITE ANALYSIS onwards

Where to start?

“Site Planning” by Kevin Lynch and Gary Hack

Site Analysis

is the analysis of the building site which includes the assessment

of its better features as well as its constraints and liabilities

is a vital step in the design process. It involves the evaluation of

an existing or potential site in relation to the development

program, environmental impact, impacts on the community and

adjacent properties, project budget, and schedule.

identifies environmental, program, and development constraints

and opportunities. A well-executed site analysis forms the

essential foundation for a cost-effective, environmentally sensitive,

and rational approach to project development.

SITE APPRECIATION AND ANALYSIS CAN BE EARNED

OUT IN EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING TWO

SITUATIONS:

SITE FACTORS – those relating to the characteristics of the site

USE FACTORS – those relating to the proposed use of the site, i.e. the building

program.

Where the proposed use of the site is predetermined, and site analysis and site planning

are concerned with determining, how best the proposed use can be fitted to the site.

In particularly large scale regional situations site appreciation and analysis may be

carried out to determine what the land is best suited for.

Whereas the first type of situation relates to the architectural scale (e.g. site planning of

housing. campuses etc.) the second is concerned with decisions at the town planning and

landscape planning scale.

Whenever a site is to be developed for a particular building program, two sets of

factors have to be considered.

PLANNING PROCESS

How to start?

John Simond’s

PLANNING - DESIGN PROCESS

Synthesis Gap

SYNTHESIS - combining of various components into

whole: the process of combining different ideas,

influences, or objects into a new whole.

Synthesis Gap

Synthesis Gap

3 General Activities of the

Planning-Design Process

1. Research

Program Development

Site Inventory

2. Analysis

Site Analysis

3. Synthesis

Conceptual Design

Preliminary Design

Site Plan/Master Plan

SURVEY

Getting started…

Methods of Survey

A survey is a checklist of information or data

pertaining to a site. Such a list would be drawn up

after an initial analysis of the problem. To guide the

first survey, information would be gathered

continuously as the problem develops.

Examples of Physical Attributes

Sub-Category Attribute

Soils Bearing Capacity

Stability

Erodability

Fertility

Topography Elevation

Slope

Hydrology Surface Drainage

Aquifer recharge areas

Depth to seasonal water table

Geology Seismic hazards

Depth to bedrock

Climate winds

Solar access

Examples of Biological Attributes

Sub-Category Attribute

Vegetation Plant communities

Specimen trees

Exotic invasive species

Wildlife Endangered of threatened species habitats

Examples of Cultural Attributes

Sub-Category Attribute

Land Use Prior land use

Land use on adjoining properties

Legal Land ownership

Land use regulations

Easements and deed restrictions

Utilities Water

Electric

Sanitary sewer

Circulation Traffic volume

Street function (e.g. arterial, collector)

Historic Archeological sites

Sensory Noise

Visual quality

Odors

Survey

Steps that could be followed in conducting a

survey:

Initial Personal Reconnaissance

Notes

Sketches

Photographs

Apparent character

Possibilities

Collection of existing data based on available Contour maps

Aerial photographs

Geologic info. and maps

– soil and water survey

Climatological records

Ecological studies

Market reports

Traffic studies

Legal and public controlled

documents

Official proposals

Historical records

Current controversies

Survey

Survey

Summary description of the off-site

context and its changes:

Geographic location

Surrounding population

Social and political structure

General economy, i.e., agricultural, industrial, trade,

etc.

Ecological and hydrographic systems, i.e., streams,

rivers, plant life

Land use pattern, i.e., zoning, industrial, residential, etc.

Access systems. i.e., road networks, transit networks,

etc.

Principal off-site estimation of facilities

Survey

Data on the site and its

immediate context:

Personal data

Geology and Soil Data

Underlying geology, rock

characteristics and depth

Soil type and depth value as

an engineering medium and

as plant medium

Hills, ledges, land or rock

slides

Survey

Water

Existing water bodies; its purity and variation

Natural and man made drainages, channel-flows; its

capacity and purity

Surface drainage systems/patterns; its amount of

blockages, undrained depressions

Water table, its elevation and fluctuation

Water supply, quality and quantity

Survey

Topography

Pattern of landform, i.e.,

rocky, ridges, ledges, sandy,

etc.

Contour, i.e., sloping, rolling,

level terrain

Slope analysis

Visibility analysis

Circulation analysis

Unique features, i.e,, bodies of

water, water falls, view, etc.

Survey

Climate

Regional data and variations of:

Temperature and precipitation

Humidity

Solar angle

Cloud cover

Wind direction and force

Survey

Local micro-climates:

Warm and cold

Slope, i.e., rise and fall of various climates

Air

Drainage

Wind deflection, i.e., breeze direction

Shade

Heat reflection

Storage plant indications, i.e., plant cover

Atmospheric quality, i.e., smell, sound

Survey

Ecology

Dominant plant/animal communities, location and relative stability

Dependence on existing factors, self-regulation and sensitivity to change

Tapping of general plant cover including wooded areas

Survey

Man-made structures

Existing buildings, i.e., building outline, location, floor area, height, elevation,, type, condition, use

Circulation facilities, i.e., roads, paths, rail links, transit points

Utilities, i.e., storm sewers, sanitary sewers, water lines, electricity, telephone, etc., location, elevation, capacity

Survey

Sensuous qualities

Character and relation of

visual spaces

Viewpoints, vistas, visual focal

points

Character and rhythm of visual

sequences

Quality and variation of light

and sound, smell and feel

Survey

Cultural Data

Residents and using population

No. and composition, i.e., male and female, age group, etc.

Social structures and institutions: tribal community, church-based

org., cultural compositions, etc.

Economic structure: depressed areas, slum, affluent, etc.

Political structure: gov’t. agencies, mayor, gang leader, radical

groups/MILF, MNLF, etc.

Current changes and problems

Survey

On-site and adjacent behavior

Settings

Nature

Location

Rhythm

Stability

Participants

Conflicts

Survey

Site-values, rights and

restraints:

Ownership, easements and

other rights

Economic values

Accepted “territories”, i.e.,

gang lands

Political jurisdictions, i.e.,

boundaries

Survey

Past and future

Site history and its traces

Public and private intentions for future use of the site,

conflicts

Images

Group and industrial identification and organization

of the site

Markings attached to the site, symbolic expressions

Hopes, fears, wishes, preferences

Data Correlation

Use of Correlation

Data correlation

Classification of site by areas of similar structures, quality

and problems

Identification of significant key-points, lines and areas

Data correlation

Analysis of current and likely future changes in the

dynamic aspect of the site

Identification of significant problems and possibilities

Data correlation

When selecting a site it should be noted that future

considerations and expansions should be met. Never

select a site for its immediate application.

Site planning, then, is the organization of the external

physical environment to accommodate human behavior. It

deals with the qualities and locations of structures, land,

activities and living things. It creates a pattern of those

elements in space and time, which will be subject to

continuous future management and change. The technical

output - the grading plans, utility layouts, survey

locations, planting plans, sketches, diagrams, and

specifications - are simply a conventional way of

specifying this complex organization.

Comprehensive Definition

NEW DOCTRINE OF SITE DETERMINISM

“A place has an inherent right to its proper

form, a “carrying capacity,” a “best use.”

References:

A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning by Harvey

M. Rubenstein

Site Planning by Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack

Site Planning and Design by Thomas Russ