1982 Exxon Primer on CO2 Greenhouse Effect

7/24/2019 1982 Exxon Primer on CO2 Greenhouse Effect

1/46

I

E*g1t

Arrror."

o*o

,*o,*.r*,*o

.o,tro*"

-

I

e.o.

Box

1o1,

FLoRHAM

PARK,

NEwJERSEY 07932

)

M.

8. GLASER

Manager

Envi

ronmenta

I Affai

rs Programs

IIIBG:

rva

Attachments

-

co^

Cable:

ENGREXXON, N.Y.

November

L2,

L982

"Greenhouse"

Effect

I{.

F,l.

WEINBERG

NOV

1

5

i98Z

82EAP 256

TO: See

Distribution

List

Attached

Attached

for

your

information

and

guidance

is

briefing

material

on

the

CO2

"Greenhouse"

Effect

which

is receiving

increased

attention

in

both

the

scientific

and

popular press

as an

emerging

environmental

issue. A brief

surTnnary

is

provided

along

with

a

more

detailed

technical

review

prepared

by CPPD.

The

material has

been

given

wide circulation to

Exxon

managernent

and

is intended to

familiarize

Exxon

personnel

with the

subject. ft

may

be

used

as a

basis

for discussing the

issue with

outsiders

as

may

be

appropriate.

However, it

should

be

restricted

'to-Exxon

personnel

and not

distributed externally.

Very

truly

yours,

7ls

//*

M. B. GLASER


2/46


3/46

Distribution List:

R.

w.

cohen

M.

J.

Connor,

ilr.

E.

E. David, Jr.

c. u. Eidt, Jr.

W. R.

Epperly

R.

L. Hirsch

T.

G.

Kaufmann

D.

G. Levine

G.

It. I"ong

J. R.

Riley

H. R.

Savage

A. Schriesbeim

iI.

F

.

Taylor

D.

T.

Wade

H. N. Weinberg


4/46

-

NGREENHOUSE

EFFECTN

z

0

PRC:::-:A.RY

SUilUARI

Atuospherlc

toonltorlng

prograEs

shon

thc

leve1 of carbon

dlorlde

1n the

attrospbere

has

lncreased about

8l

ovcr

thc

last

tHenty-flve

years

and

not,

stands

at ebout

3q0

ppn.

lttls

observed

lncreasc ls

bclleved

to

bc

tirc con-

tluuatlo

of a

trcnd rblcb

began ln

thc

olddlc of thr

last

century sl

th

thc

start of thc

Industrfal

Revolutlon.

Fossll

fue1

coobustlon

and the clcaring

of vlrgln

forests

(

deforcstatlon)

arc

belleved

to b thc

prlnary

anthropogcnlc

contrl.butors

althougb the

rclatlvc contributlon

of

cach 1

uoc.rtaln.

Thc

carbon

dloxlde

conteDt of tbc

atDosphere ls of concern

1Dce

t

caD

affect

gl,obal

cllnate. Carbon

dtoxldc

and

otbcr

trace

gases-

eontalned

ln

the

atDosphere such as

sater

vepor,

ozoncr

r0ethaDe, carbon

Eonoxldc,

oxldcs

-

of nltrogen,

etc. absorb

part

of the

lnfrared rays.reradlated

by

the earlh.

Tbls

lncrease

tn

absorbed energy

uaros

the atnosphere

inductng HarBlng

at the

earthrs

surfacc.

lbls

phenooenon

1s

referred

to

ss the

ngreenhousc

effcctn.

Predlctlons

of the

cltratologlcal

ltopec of

a

carbon

dloxlde

lnduced

-

ngreenhouse

effectn draH upon

varlous

DEtheDetl,cal

Dodels

to

gauge

lhe eo-

perature

lncrease. The sclentlflc cooDunlty

geocrall.y

dtscusscs

the bpact

ln terDs

of

doubllng

of

the current

carbon dlortde

content

lD

order to

get

beyond

the

nolse

leve1

of

thc

det8.

lle cstlnate

doubllng

could

occur

arormd

the

year

2090

based upoa

.fossll

.fuel

requlrencnts

projected

1r

Erronrs

long

range energy

outlook.

thc

questlon

of

rbl.ch

predlcttons

and

nhlch

oodcls

best

sLEu:.atc

a

carboa

dloride

lnduced elLroate

cbaage

ts

stlU

bclng

debated by

thc

sclentlflc [email protected].

Orr

best

estlnate

ls

tbat

doublhg

of the^currcnt

congeDtrarion could

lncrrasr

average

global

tcBperatur

by

about

l.Je

to

3.1oC.

lbc

lDcreasb

so-uld

not

Ua

nn

t.ior.n

over

tbe earthts

surfacq

nlth

tbe

polar

caps llkcly

to

sce

terprature

lncreases oa

thc

order

of

lO'C and

thc

eguator llttle,

lf

any,

lncrcase.

Consldcr'able uniertalnty

elso surrounds

the

posslble

lnpact

on

soc ,ety

of

such

a

rirnlng trend, should

lt

occur.

A

the Lor cnd

of.

tbe

prcdlcted

teoperature

rangc

there

eould

be sooe. Lupact

on

agrl.crrltural

groyth

and

ralnfall

patterus

rrhlch

could

be

beneflcl.al

in

soEa

reglons

and delrl^nental

ln othcrs. At

tbe

hlgh

end,

sone sctentlsts suggest

there

could

be conslderable

adverse lnpact

lncludlng

lhe

floodtng

of soe

coaslal

laDd Easses as

a

result of a

rlse

ln

sea

level due

to

DeItlDg

of

the

AntarctlQ lce sheet.

Such

an cffect

nould

not

lakc

placc

untll

centurlc

afler

a

3lC

gtoUat

averege tDperaturc

Lncreas

actually

occurred.

there

ls

currently no unanblguous

sclcntlflc cvldence

that

the

earth

ls

warolng.

If

the

earth ls

on

a

warrlng

trend,

uerre not

11kely

to detect

1t

before

1995- llrls is about

thc earllest

proJectlon

of

utten

the teoperaturc

EC-11-5/

A3


5/46

i.

trlght rlse

the

O.5o

needed

fluctuatlons.

On

the

other

exaggerated

the

tenperature

trgreenhouse

effectn

oay not

-2-

to

get

beyond

the

range

of

noraal

tenperature

hand,

lf clfunate

oodellng

uncertalntles

have'

rlse,

lt ls

posslble

ttrat.a

carbon

dloxlde

lnduced

be detected

untll

?O?O

at'the

earllest.

Tbe

ngreenhouse

effectn

ls

not

1lkely

to

cause

substaqtlal

cllnatlc

cbanges

untll

the

average

global

tenperature

rlses

at

least

log

above

todayrs

levels.

Thls

eould occur

ln

the

second

to

thlrd

guarter

of

tbe

nert

century.

goreyer,

there

ts concern

atrong

sone

sclentlfle

groups

thab

once

ttre

effecti

are

neasurable,

they

nlght

not

be

reverslble

and

llttle could

be

done

to

correct

the

sltuatlon

tn

tUe

short tero.

Therefore,

a

nrnber

of

envlronnental

groups

are

calllng

for actton

now

to

prevent

an

undeslrable

future

sltuatloo

fioo

developlng.

Hitlgatlon

of

the

ngreenhouse

effectn nould

regulre

naJor

re?uitlons

1o

fosstJ

fuel conbustlon.

Shlfting

between

fossll

fuels

1s.not

a

feaslble

alternatlve

because

of

ltnlted

long-teno

supply

avallablllty for

cArtaln

fuels

although.

o11 does produee

about

18i less

carbon

dloxlde per Btu

of

heat

released

thau

coal,

and

gas

about

321

less than

o11.

The

energy

outlook

suggests

synthetlc

fuels

will

have.a

negllglble

Lnpact

at

least

through

the

old

21st

eentury

lcontrlbutlng

less

than

fil

of

the

total

carbon

dloxlde

released

frm

fossll

fuel

conbustlon

by

the

year

2050.

Thls

low

1evel

lneludes

the

expecled

eontrlbutlon

froo

carbonaLe

deconposltlon

rhlcb

occurs

durlng

shale

o11

recovery

and

assuues

essenttally

no

efftelency

lmprovenents

in

synthettc.

fuels

processes

above tbose

currently'achlevable.

Overall,

the current

outlook

suggests

potentlally

serlous

cllnate problens

are

not

llkeIy

to

occur

untlI the

late

21st cenlury

or

perhaps

beyond

at

proJected

energy

denand'rates.

Tlrls

sbould

provlde

tlne to

resolve uncertaln-

tles

regardlng'the'overall

earboo

cycle

and

the

contrlbutlon

of

fossll

fuel

conbustton

as

rell

as the

role

of

tbe

oceans

as a

reservolr

for

both

heat

and

carbon

d1oxlde.

It

should

also

allon

tlne

to

better

deflne

the effect

of

carbon

dloxlde

and

other

lnfrared

absorblng

gases

on

surface

cltoate.

ldaklng

slgnlflcant

changes

1n energy

consr.uptlon

patterDs

nor

to

deal

rlth

thls

potenttal

probleo

anld

a1I the

sclentlflc

uncerlalntles

would

be

prenature

1a

vlew.of

tbe

severe

lnpact such

noves

could

have on

the

norldrs

econonles

and

soctetles.

EC-1

1-5lA4


6/46

-."

PROPnIETANT

I}IFOR}IATION

FON

AUTHONIZED

COI{PANI

USE

OTILT

CO^

GNEENHOUSE

EFFECT

I

.

A

TECHNICAL

REVIETI

PREPANED

BT THE

:

COORDIIIATIOil

A}TD

PI.ANNING

DIVISIOI{

EiCIOII

RESEANCH

AIID

ENGII{EEBIIIG CO{PAI{I

APnrL

1,

1982

EC:11-5/A2


7/46


8/46

-1-

CO^ GREENHOUSE

EFFECT

z

A

TECHNICAL

REVIEW

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

BaCkgfOUnda

..

..

.

...

. ...

.. ...

o t.

... . o.

. .. ...

o.. ...

. o. o.. ...

. .. . o. ..

o

Sources

and

Dispositlon

of

Atnospherlc

Carbon

Dtoxide

-

Thil

CanbOn

Cyele..

o

...

o..

... ...

.

..

... ... ... ...

.

.. ...

.

.

o

.

..

..

o

...

.

Desorlptlon

of.Potential

Inpact

on

lleather,

Cllnate'

and

Land AVa1lablllty.

.

.

. .

.

. ..

. ..

.

..

.

....

.

.

.

.

o

r .. ..

.

. ..

o .. .

..

.

.. . .

o

. . o

MaJor

Rgsgarch

Prograns

Underway.

.

. .

.

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . . .

. .

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. . .

Future

Energy

Scenarlos

and

Ttrefr

Potentlal

Impact

on

AtnosPherlc

CafbOn

DlOXldg...

.

. o .

..

.

..

. .

. . . ...

. .. ...

. ..

.

o. . .. ..

. .

..

.

..'.

.. ...

Forecagt

Based

on

Fossll

FueI

ProJected

n

Exxon

Long

Range

Enefgy

O,ttIOOk.....

... r...........

.........

....

o.............

o...

o

Detgctlon

of

-a

COo

Induced

Greenhouse

Effect..............

r........

z

PAGE

NO.

2

17

6

15

1g

26

30

EC-l1-5/A5


9/46

-2-

c02

cREEllnousE

EFFECT

Background

the

butldup

of

co. ln the

atoosphere

has

been

Eonltored

contlnuously'

af

the Natlona1

Oceaflc

and

Atuospherlc

AdDtnlstratloo

I

s

(llOM)

Observatory

8t

Hauna

Loe,

Hanall,

and

perlodtcally

1n

other

places

since

1957.

In

addltlon

to

observlng

a

trend

between

1957

-1979

that

strowed atEospherlc

co2

lncreaslng

fron

315

to

33?

ppn,

Keellng

and others

a13o

observed

a

seasonal

?arlablllty

ranglng

froo

6

lo 10

pp

betreen

a

lox

at

the

end

of

ttre

suDDer

growing

season

(aui

to

phoeosynthesls) and

a

h .gh

at the

end

of

ntnter

(due

to fossll

f\rel.

burnlng

for

heat,

aDd

bloDass

decay).

rhere

ls 11 t1e doubt

that

these

obser-

vatlons

tndleate

a

SroFlh

of stEosPherle

CO"

(see

F 'gure 1). It

ls

also

belleved

that

the

Srowth

of

atEospherlc

Cor-has

beeD

occurrtng

since the

niddle

of

the

past

cenbury,

1.e.,

coincldefit

r{'ltb the start of

the

Industrlal.

Bevolutlon.

I?rere

ls,

however,

Sreat

uncertainty as

to

wbether

the

at[os-

Dherlc

co^

concentration

prlor

to the

Industrlal

Revol.utlon

(ca.

'

1850)

ras

)go-goo

pfin

uhlch one

would

arrlve

at

by

assuulng

atoospherlc

C0"

Srowth

ls

:

due to

fossl1

fuel

burnlng

and

ceoent

Danufacturlng,

ot

260-270

lpu

based

on

-

c'arbon

Lsotope

EeasureEents

ln

tree rlngs.

The lnfortatlol-

9n.

c9z

concentra-

tlon

prlor

to

1850

i3

lnportant

because

lt

rroul d helP

establish

the valld1ty

of cliroatlc

predlctlons nlth respeet

to

the tnceptlon

of a

CO2

I'nduced

tgreenhouse

effectn.

?he

ngreenhouse

effecti

refers

o the

absorbtlon

by

CO2

and

otber

trace

gases-conlained in

the

al66sphere

(such

as rater

vapori ozone,

carbo6

Donottdel

6rldes

of

nltrogen,

freons,

and

netlrane) of

part

of tbe lnfrared

radlation

$hlih

ls

riradlated

by

the

earth.

An

lncrease

ln

absorbed energy

vla thls

route

nould iarn

the

earthts

surface

csuslng

cbaages 1n

cllEate affectlng

.

atDospherlc

and ocean

teEperatures,

ralnfall

Patteins,

solI

uolsture' and

over

cenbuiles

potentially ueltlng

the

polar

tce

caps.

Tbe

relatlve

contrlbutlons

of

bioloass

oxldation

(nalnly

due

to deforestatlon)

and

fossll

fuel

cornbustton

go

the observed

atsospherlc

COr

increase

are

not

loom. Ttrere

are

falrly

good

lndlcatlons

that

tbe

anfiual

gronth

of

ataospherlc

CO;

ls oo

lhe order

ot

2.5

Lo

3.0

Gtlar

of carbon

and

the

net

quantlty

of

caFbon

absorbed

by

the

ocean.ls

siu11ar1y

2.5

lo

3

Gtla.

1bu3,

these

tuo

slnks

(atDosphere

and

ocean)

can account

for the

total fosslI

carbon

burned

(lncludlng

0.3

GIC/art

frm

ceuent

nanufaeturlng)

which ls on the

order

of

5-6

Gl/a

and

does

not

alJow

nuch rooo for a

net

contrlbutlon

of

bloness

r

Gt/a

=

glgatons

per

annun

=

10'

Detrl8

tons

per year.

tt

GtC/a

=

glgatons

carbon

per

annun

=

10'

netrlc toDs

of carbon

Per

year.

EC-11-5/

A6


10/46

Eii

o

:9

az

:3

-_a

EE

EP

9.9

=-5

c;

-9

Zg

c3

il

:

9;.

-iE

=a

B

cl=

a=

>E

Ec

oo

EI

gc

oa

t-u

o8

(J5

cE

BI

*s

Eg

ac

r

EE

EE

i ::'a

E;'

c

i

a

I

aio

t

:t

c

I

t

t

B

IT

t


11/46

-4-

carbon. Yet, highly

respcted

sclentlsts

such as

Hcodwe11,

Bolln

and

others

have

postulaled

a

net

blonass

contrlbutlon

to

atDospherlc

C0.

that

ranges

froo 1

to

perhaps

8

GL/a

ot

earbon. Drrlng

1980,

a nrnber

of

dlfferent

groups

Produced

ner estloates

of

the contrlbutlon

of

organlo.

terrestlal

fl|[es

to

atoosphertc

C0r. A

consensus

has

not been

reached,

but esttsates

of

the

net

annual

terFestlal

blosphere

eolsslons

to

the

at&osphere

noH

range

betueen

a

4

GtC/a

source

and

a

2

GtCla

slnk. Flgure

2 al@Earizes

the

Cluxes

and

reservoLrs for the

carbon

cycle.

rt should

be noted that

the

net

blosphere

contrlbutlon

nas assuued

to be 0-2 Cte/a.

The rate

of

forest

clearlng

has been

estfuoatqd

4f

0.5/ Eo

1.51

per

yeaE

of

the

exlstlng

area. Forests

occupy

about

50

x 10-h'

out

of about

150

x lOekn

/

p,fat

,r'l:1,"":':l

1l

/

ttuctu.aiions

/

I

./

-'/a"tt

rC

/

including

co2

effec.

t\L-

/

.\\--

.

/P"rt

ctranges

without

Range

of

\

natural

fluctuations

(climatic

noise)

Lo,

effect

(?l

-

---

v


36/46

_29

_

the

behavtor

of

the

nean

global

tenperature

froo 1850

to

the

present,

contalned

rdthln

an

envelop

scaled

to

lnclude

the

randgn

tenpe5ature

fluctuatlons,

and

proJected

lnto

the t\rture

to

lnclude

the

1.3-

to

3.1'C

range of

uncertalnty

noted

above

for

the

CO,

effect.

Dependtng

on

the

actual global

energy

denand

and

supplY,

1t1-"

po""fble

tbat

sone of

the

eoncerns

about

CO,

Erowtb

due

to fossll

fuel

conbustlon nay

be

reduced

lf foss1l

fuel

use lstdecreaseS

due

to

hlgh

prlee,

scarclty,'and

unavallabll1ty.

The

above

dlscusslon

assunes

that

an

lnstantaneous

cllnatlc

resPonse

results

froa

an

lncrease

ln

atrnosptrerlc

GOo

concentratlon.

In

actuallty'

the

tenperabure

effect

nould llke1y

Ia

the

C0,

change

by about 20

years

beeause

the

oceans

would

tend

to

danp

out

tenperat[re

changes"

Gtven

the

long

tern

nafure

of

the

potentlal

problen

and

the ulcertalntles

lnvo1ved,

tt

rould

appear

that

there ls

tlne

for

firther

study and

nonl'tortng

before

speclflc

acllons

need

be

taken.

At

the

present

tl.ne,

that

actlon

would

Itkely

be curtallnent

of fossll

fuel

consunptlon

uhlch

rculd

undoubtedly

serlously

inpact

tlre

worldts

economles

and

socleties.

Key

Polnts

needlng

.better deflnition

lnclude

the

lnpact

of

fossll

fuel

conbuslon and

the role

of

-ttre

oceans

ln

the

carbon

cycle

and

the lnteractlve

effect

of

carbon dl'oxlde

and

other

trace

atnospherlc

gases

on

clluate-

EC-l1-5/A18


37/46

-30-

BIBLIOGNAPHT

Ad Hoc

Study Croup

on

Carbon Dloxlde

and Cl1Date. 1979.

Carbon

Dioxlde

and

Cllnatl:

A

3clentiflc

Assessnent.

wash.

Dc:

Hat.

affi-ffi

Adans.

J.4.

S.,

l{antovanl.

H.

S.

.'

Lundell

'

L.

L.

1977.

l{ood

versus

fossll

fuel

as a source

of excess.

carbon dtorlde

ln

the

atDospbere: A

prellnlnary

report.

Sctence 196:54-56.

Arerlcan

Frlends

Servtce

Coonittee

(AFSC)

19?2.

Tlte

Agnes

Dlaster

and the

Federal

Response. Pbl1adelphla.

Pa.:

IFSC.

Andrerrs,

J.

T.,

l,tears, A., l{llLer,

G.

H., Pheasant,

D.

R.

1972. llolocene

late

glaclal

naxlnun and

narlne

transgresslon

ln the

Eastern

Canadian

Arctlc.

Iature

Phys.

Scl.

239:147-49.

Arrhenlus,

S.

1896.

On

the

fluence

of

carbonlc

acld

lD

the

alr

upon

the

,

teoperature of

the

ground.

PbiLos.

Hag. 41'.237-76.

-

Augustsson, T.,'Raoanathan,

tl

. 1977.

.A

radlative-convective nodel

study of

the C0^ cllnate

problen.

J.

Atnos. Scl.

34:448-51.

.

Bacastow,

R. 19?9. Dip

in tbe

atEospheric

CO,

Ieve1

during the Eld

1960s.

J.

Geophys. Res.

84:3108-14.

Bacaston,

n.

19?6.

l{odulatlon

of

atoospherlc carbon dloxlde by the

Southern

Oscll1at1on.

Nature 261 :

1

16-18.

Bacaston,

R.'

8.., Keellag,

C.

D. 1973.

Atoosgheric

carbon

dlorlde

and

radlo

carbon ln

the naturaf

earbon

cyele:

Changes froa

A.D.

1700 to

2070

as

deduced

frou

a

geocbeBical

nodel.

In Carbon and

the

Blosphere. CoNF

720510,-

ed.

G.

il.

Hoodwell,

E.

v.

Peca ,

pp.

86-135.

sprtngfleld,

Va.:

rrls.

Bactr,

W. 19?6.

Global

Alr

Pollutlon

and

Clit[ate

Change. Rev.

Geophys.

Space

nrrri.

ttt:le9-Ztl.

Baeh.

l{.,

Pankratlr,

J.,

Ifllllaos,

J.

1980. Interactlons

of

Energy

and

C1loate.

D.

Reldel' Dordrecbt,

Holland.

Baes,

C.

F.

Jr.,

Goel.ler,

Dloxlde

and

CliBate:

H.

E.,

01sen,

J.

S.,

Rotty,

R.

I.

1977.

Carbon

fbe Uncontrolled Experfuoent.

A . Scl. 65 310-20.

Land Use

HanageEent

and Regulatlon 1n

AssessEene,

Boulder,

Co:

Inst.

Behav. Sc1.

'124

pp.

EC-11-5/A19

HcPhee,

J.

G. 19?5.


38/46

-31

-

,".n.r,

O.

O.

1980.

I?rc

globaI

2OOO

report

to the

PreSldent.

A

rePort

prepered

by the

Counctl on

Envlronaental

Quallty

and tbe

DepartEent

State.

[TIS.

Berger,

R., and

Llbby,

H. F.

1960.

Equlllbratlon

of

Atuospherlc

Carbon

Dlorlde

witb

Sea

t{ater:

Posslble

EnzyEatlc

Control

of

the

Rate.

&lence . 1395-6

.

Bolsvert,

n. N.

1975.

t

of

Floods and

Flood

Po11 on

Area

Econorol,c Deve],

Dept.

Agrlc.

ca,

l{I.

71

pp.

BoUn.

8., Degeus, E.

T.,

Kenpc.

S., Ketner. P.,

eds.

'1979.

The

Global

Carbon

Cycle.

SCOPE 13. Nerl York:

t{lley.

491

pp.

Bo]'ln, B. 1977.

Changes of

land.blota

and tbelr bportance for tbe

carbon

cycJ.e.

Sclence. 196:61 .15.

Bolln,

B., Blschof.

l{.

:

atoosphere

ln the

Broeker,

lf.

S.

1975.

d.obaI

WarDing?

Broecker.

l{.

S.,

fossll fuel

206:409-18.

1970.

Yarlatlons

of

northern

henlsphere.

CllDatlc

Change: Are

Science.

189:460-3.

thc

carbon dlorldc content

Tellus 29:171-80.

of

the

lJe

on

the

Brlnk

of

a

Pronounced

Takabashl,

T.,.Slapson. H. J.. Peng,

T.

-H.

1979. Fate

carbon

dtoxlde

and the

global

carbon

bud8et.' Sclence.

of

Broeeker,

W. S.,

lhurber,

D. L.. Goodard, J.' Ku'

1.

l{esolella, K.

J.

1968.

l{1lankovltch

hypothesls

Brysn

.

K.

,

KoEro,

F.

G.

,

l,lanabe

,

S.

,

Spelran,

.

response to

lncreaslng

atoospherlc

carbon

Bryson, R.

4.,

llendland,

W.

ll.,

Ives,

lsochrones

on tbe dlstntegratlon

Alplne

l9s-.

111-14.

Budd,

l{., I'lclnnes, B. 19?8.

}lodellng

surglng

of the

Antarctl.c

lce sbeet. In Clloatlc

-L.

,

,lattheHs,

R.

tr.,

supported

by

prectse

Sclence.

159:298-300.

U. J.

1982.

$anslent cltnate

dloxlde. Sclence.

215156-8.

J.

of

E.,

Andrers,

J.

T.

the

Laurentlde

lce

1969.

Badlocarbon

sheet. Arctlc

Southern

Perspectlve.

ed.

A.

Peterson,

J.

W.

ZlUEan,

pp.

455

PP.

glacl,ers

end

perlodlc

surgtng

B.

Plttock,

L.

A.

Frakes.

D.

Jenssen,

J.

228-34.

NeH lorks

CaBbrldge

Unlv.

Prcas.

A.

Budd,

tJ.

F.,

of tlre'

No.

18,

llelbourne,

Australla. 1?8

pp.

EC-11-5/te.O


39/46

Callendar,

G. S. 1938.

Ihe artificial

produetlon

of

earbon dioxlde and

lts

lnfLuence

on

teEperature.

Q.

J. Roy.

Meteor. Soc. 642223-27.

Carbon

Dloxlde

and

Cllnate

Research

PrograE.

1979.

.Suuaary

qf

e

Carbon

Dloxide

Effeets

Research

and

Assessnent

Progran.

U. S-'Dept.

t{asb. D.C.

37

pp.

of

Energy.

Cess, B.

D., Haoeed,

S.,

Hogan,

J.

S..

1980.

Response

of the

g1oba1'cllDate

to

changes

ln

atDospherlc

chenlcal eoopositlon

due to fosstl

fuel

burnlng.

ASME

Paper

80-llVHT-3.

chen,

K..

tllnter,

R.

C.,

Bergnan, J. K. 1980.

carbon Dloxlde froE Foss11

Fuels-Adapttng

to Uncertalnty.

Energy

Pollcv'

8:318-330.

Choudhury,

B., Kukla,

G. 1979.

Inpact

of Co, on coollng of snor

and

water

surfaces.

Nature.

280:668-71

C1ark,

J.

A.,

Llngle,

c.

S.

1977.

Future

sea-Ievel

changes

due

to

l{es

.

Antarctlc

1ce

sheet fluctuatlons.

alure.

269a2O6-9.

Cllllate

Research

Boaid.

1979.

Toward

a U.S.

Clinate

Progran

P1an.

tlash.

.

D.C.:

Nat.

Acad.

Sct.

91

pp.

C.,

Haas,

J. 8.,

Boyden,

H. J.' Kates'

R. H. 19?q. Soclal

ochrane,

H.

Sclence

ives on

CoElnq San

Franciseo

ctlon

and

Reconstructlon.

Na

Hazard

Res. Worklng

Co.

82

pp.

o. 25,

$1.

'

,

Boulder.

Co1vlll,

A. J. 1977.

lloveDent of

Antarctlc

lce

fronts Eeasured

froE

satel-

I1te

bagery:

Polar

Record.

18:390-94.

Comittee

on Clluate

and

Weather

Fluctuations

and Agrlcultural

Productlon.

1979.

-

C1i_nate

and Food.

llash.

D.C.:

Nat. Acad.

Scl.

212

councll

on Envlronnental

Quallty.

1981.

Global

energy

futures

dloxlde

problen.

Dacy,

D. D., Kunreuther,

H. 1969. The

EconoEica

of Natural Dlsasters.

New Yorkr

ltre

Free

Press.

Delnas,

R. J.,

Ascencio,

J.

M.,

Legrand,

H.

1980.

Polar

ice

evidence that

atuospherlc

c0-

20.000

yr

BP

*as

50t

of

present.

Nature.

284:155-?.

'z

Denton,

G.

H.,

ArnstronS,

R. L., Stulver'

H. 1971,

Itle late Cenozotc

glactal

hlstory

of

Antarctlca.

In

The

Late Cenozoic

Glacla1

Ages,

ed.

K.

Turekian,

pp.

267-306.

ilew

Haven: Yale

Uni.v. Press.

EconoDic

Northeastern Pennsylvanla, 1972.

EconoEle

P.

pp.

and the

carbon

Force,

EC-11-5/ A21

nes on

Luzerne Counly.

Flood

Secovery

Task


40/46

-33-

Enrl1ch,

P.

R.,

Ehr]lch,

A.

H.' Holdren' J.

P. 19n.

Ecosctence.

SaD Francl.sco:

Freeoan.

1051

pp.

Etklns,

R., Epsteln,

E.

s. 198e.

Itte rlsc

of

global'Dcan

sea

level

as an

lndlcatlon

of

ellnate

chenge. sclcnce.

215a287-9.

E 1 ott,

u. F., l{achta,

L., eds.

1979.

Carbon

Dloxlde

fron Fossll

Fuels.

lforkshop on thc Globa]

Effects

of

@NF-770385,

Sprtngfleldr Va: ilTIS.

Elohn.

H. 1974.

Backgrourd

of a

geophyslcal

mdel of the lnltlatlon of

thc

nert

glaclatlon.

Quat.

nes.

4:38H04.

Flohn,

H.

19?8.

lbrupt

events tn cllnatle

history.

Clluatlc

ehan8e and

'

varlablllty:

A

southerp

perspectlve,

Ed.

A. B. Ptttock. et a1..

llen

-York:

canbrj.dge

tnlv. Press.

pP

124-34.

Flotti,

H.

1980.

Posslble

cllnatic

coDsequenccs

of

a

roan-oade

global

rardnL.

.

ILASA

Report

RR-80-30.

92

pp.

Garvey,

E.

A.

,

Prahl

,

R.

,

llazluck, K., Strar.

H. 1982.

fxon

8l.obal,

COz

'

EeasureDent

3ysteE.

IEEE

lrans.

on

Instr.

and

l{easur.

Dl-31

:32-36.

Geopbyslcs

Study

@Edttee.

19n. Cl1Eate,

CllEatlc

Change

and llster SupPly.

llash.

D. C. [at.

Aaad. Scl..

132

pp.

G1lDour,

A.

E. 1979.

Ross

lce

shclf sca tEPrature.

clnsburg,

ll. 1972.

the.

lure

between

land

.and

sea.

?-41

.

Nen

lork:

Dodd

of tldcuater:

Ihc

probleo

In

Paceo

Ln

ltarlbus.

ed.

E.

Sctence.

203:438-39.

of'

thc lnterface

ll.

Borgese,

pp.

Xead.

3E2

pp.

Glovlnetto,'ll.

B. 1970.

The Antsrctlc

lee sbcet and lts blnodel resPonsc

to

.

cllnate.

jh

Int. Syrp.

Antarctic Glaclol.

Erplor.

Int. Assoc.

Scl.

Hydrology

(

IASH)

Conolsslon

on Snow and Ice. tubl.

ilo.

86,

pp.

347+8.

.

ttash.

D.C.:

IASH

(c/o

ln. Geopbys.

Unlon).

clentz,

H. 1979.

A

polltlcal

vleu of cOZ.

l{ature.

280:189-90.

Goraltz,

V.,

Lebcdeffr S.;

aDd

llangen,

J. 1982.

Global

sa

level

trend la

tbc

past

century.

Sclcnca. 215:1611-4.

HaDeed,

s.,

cess,

R.

D.

1980.

Iupact

of a

gIobal

ranalng

on blospherlc

sources of

Dethane and lts

cllEatlc

consequences.

ASHE

Paper

80-I{VHT-2.

HaEeed,

S.,.Cess, R.

D.,

Hog8n,

J.

S.

1980.

nesPonse

of

the

g).oba1

clfulate

to

changes ln

atoospherlc

cbeolcal c@posltlon

due to

fossil

fuel burnlng.

J.

Geophys.

Res.

85.753745.

Hansen. J.,

et.

al., 1981.

Clluate

funpact

of

lncreasing atoosPherlc carbon

dloxlde.

Sclence.

2131957-66.

EC-11-5/tCz


41/46

-34-

Hirschfer.H.M.1981. 'tanrseulssionofcarbondiorldelntotheataosphere'

Atnos.

Environ.

151719-27.

Hoffert,

H.

I. l9?ll.

Global

dlstrlbutlons

of

atoospherlc

carbon dloxlde

in

the

fossll-fuel era:

A

proJectl.on.

AtEos.

Envir

'

8t1?2549'

Holfln,

J.

T.

1965.

l{113onts

lheory

of tce

ages. Niture'

208:12-16'

Ho11ln,

J.

T. 1969.

.Ice

sheet

surges

and

tbe

8eo1o81ca1

record.

can.

J.

Earth Scl.

6:903-10.

Ho11ln,

J.

T.

1972.

Inierglaclal

illoetes

and Antarctic

lce surges' Quat'

Res.2:401-8.

Hoyt'D.v.1g7g.AneEperlcaldelerBlnatlonoftheheatlnsoftheeartbby

the

carbon

dloxtde

greenhouse

effect.

l{ature..

282:388-90'

Hugttes,

T.

1973.

Is

the

lle

st

Antarcltc

lce

sheet

dtsintegratlng?

J.

Geophits.

'

Res.

78:7844-7910.

'Hughes,

T.

1977.

}Jest Antarctic

lce

15: 1-46.

Anlarcttc

iee

sheet:

Instablllty;

dislnlegratlon

eges.

@'

13'502-26'

Harnlng

and.

collapse

of

tbe

l{e st Antarctlc

Ice

9reet.

In

l{orkshoP

on

EnvlronDental

and

Socletal

of

Poten

.

Uash.

D.C.:

Press.

rdso,

s.

B.

.1980.

Trre

cllnatologtcal

signlflcance

of

a

doubllng

of

earthts

---

'etrosph"ric

carbon

dloxlde

concentratlon.

Sclence

20711462-3'

Ives.

J.

D..

lndrers,

J.

T.,

Barry,

R.

C. 1975.

6on h

and

decay

of

lhe

't-aurenilde

ice

sheet

and

conparlsons

wllb

Fenno-Scandlnavla

'

Naturrlssenschaften

62:

1 18-25.

Jacobs,

S.

S.,

Cordon,

A. L.,

Ardal,

J. L.

Jr.

'

1979'

Clrculatlon

and Eeltlng

beneath

ttre

Ross

lce

shelf.

Sclence

203:

q39-{3'

.sireans. Bev.

Geophys.

Space

Phys.

Hughes,

T.

1975.

the

l{est

end lnltlatlon

of

1ce

Hugbeg

,

T.

1980

.

Cll.roatic

Kahn,

H.,

Bronn

'

t{.,

}dartel

,

L.

1976.

Anerica

and

the

World.

NeH TorkS

Jason.

1979.

The

TerD

tofA

c

carbon

oxlde

on

Tech.

Rep.

JSR-

.

SRI

Int..

Ar

,

va.

184

pp.

Jason.

1980.

The

carbon

Dloxlde

Problgni

DgE-

?roFraro

lld

99nera1

Assess-

bent.

recET-nEp.

.lsn-80-06.

SBI

Int.,

lrllngtoa'

VA.

37

pp'

The

}{ext

200

Years:

A

Scenarlo

f9

EC-11-5/423

Horrorr. 241

pp.


42/46

-35-

X""]fng,

C.

D.,

Bacastow,

R.

B.

1977.

Lnpact

of

lndustrlal

Sases

on

c1tlate.

Net. Acad. Scl.

158

pp.

KeeLlng,

C. D.r

Bacastor, R.

B.,

Balnbrldge, A.

E.,

&dahI.-e

.

A.,

Jr.,

Guenther,

P. B.r

l{ateruan,

L. S.,

Chln,

J.

F.

S.

1976.

Ateospherlc

carbon

dloxlde variatlons

at

Marma lpa Observatory,

llauall.

Tellus

28:538-51

Keellng,

C.

D.,

Adani, J.

A.

Jr.' &dahl

,

Jr.r

C.

A.,

Guenther, P. R. 1976.

AtEospherlc

carbon

dlotlde

varlatlons at

the

South Pole. Te11u3.

282552-64.

Kellogg.

H. W.,

Schnelder,

S.

H. 1978.

Global alr

pollutlon

and clloste

change.

fEEE

Trans.

Geosct.

,Electron.

GE16144-50.

.

Kellogg,

W.

W.,

1977.

Elfects

of

hunan

actlvlties

on

global

c1lEate.

lrMo

Pp.

-Ke11ogg,

$. l{..

}lead,

l{., eds.

1977.

Tbe

atoospherlc

resources:

W111

Eankind

behave

ratlonally? In

1ng.

Fogartf Int1.

ccnt.

Proc.

No.

39,

Publ.

Io.

NIH

77-1065.

l{ash.

,

D.C.:

Nat. Inst.

Health.

P9.75-92.

:

Kellogg,

H. S.,

schrave

'

R. 1p81.

Clloate

Change

and

Socletyr

l{estvlew

Press,

Colorado.

Kneese,

A.

V. 1977.

EconoElcs

and

the

Envlrono?nt.

Nr

York:

Penguln.

.

Kopec,

B. J.

-19?1.

Global

ellnate

change

and the lnpact

of a roaxlnun sea

Ievel

on

coastal

developoent. J. Geo8.

?0:541-50.

Kukla,

G.,

and 0av1n, J. 1981.

Recent

changes

1n

the

Snolr and

Ice }larglnal

Belt. Sclence.

214 497-503.

Lauruann.

J.

A. 1979.

l{arket

penetretlon

characterlstlcs

for

energy

pro-

ductlon

arrd

atnospberlc

carbon dtoxlde

grosth.

Sclence

205:896-98.

Lave, L. B..

Seskln,

E.

P.,

1977.

-

Jobn Hopkins

Un1v.

368

pp.

HacDona1d. G. J. F. 1978.

ln

overvlew

of

the

lEpact

of

carboD dloxlde on

clfunate.

l{ re Corporatlon Beport

l{78-?9.

l,lachta,

L., Telegades,_K. 19?tl.-- Ip

Ug-? bel and Clhate

Hodlfl.catlon,

ed.

l{.

N. Hesi,

pp.

697-725.

Ner

York:

lflley

achta,

L.

1972.

Hauna Loa

End

global

trends

ln alr

quallty.

8u11.

Au.

Heteor, Soc.

53-402.20.

EC-11-5/p.4

.iE6r,.

rcie

Ho.

156.

Uuo

No.486,

lJorld Heteor.

Ori.,

Geneva

snltz.T'

Alr

Poll.utlon

and Hu8an

Health.

Bel.tlDore:


43/46

-36-

uadden,

R.

A., RaEanathan,

V.

1980.

Detecting

clinate

change

due

to

increas-

.lng

earbon

dloxlde. Sclence.

209:763-8.

Uanabe,

3..

I'letherald, R. T. 19'15.

ltle effects

of doubllng

the

C0^ concn-

tratlon on

the cllBate

of

a

general

clrculation nodel..

-J.

Atn5s. Scl.

32.3-15.

tlanabe.

S.,

t{etherald, R. ?.

1980.

fu

the dlstrlbutlon

of

cllEate

change

resulting froD

an

lncrease ln COr'content of the

atEospbere.

J. Atpos.

Scl.

37:99-1

18.

anabe,

S.,

Wetherald,

R. T.,

Stouffer,

R. ?.

1981.

Sr:nner

Dryness

Due

to

an

Increase

of

AtEospherlc CoA

CoDceneratlon.

Clinate Change.

3:34?-86.

Harchetti, C.

1975.

CheE.

Econ.

Eng. Rev.

llarchettl

,

C. 1977. On

geoenglneerlDg

aod

Chanse. 1:59-68.

0f f1ce. 1979.

tJash.

D.C.

150

7

29-15.

the COA

proble .

Cltunatlc

Mlrland,

c., Rotty. R. U. 1979.

Carbon

dloxl.de and clluate.

Rev.

Gggptyg.

,

Space

Phys.

1?:1813-24.

l{cRaei

J.8.,

Craedel,

T.

E.

1979.

Carbon

dioxide

ln the

urban

atEosphere:

Dependencles

and

trends. J.

Geophys. Res.

84:5011-1?.

Headors,

D. H.,

Headows, D. L., handers,

J.,

Behrens,

lf. ll.

III.

1972.

LlElts

to Growtb. New York: Unlverse

Books,

241

pp.

the

Hercer, J. H. 1978.

liest Antarctlc

lce sheet end

COA

greenhouse

effect

A

threat

.of

disaster.

Nature

277

1321-25.

Hercer,

J. 1968.

Antarctlc

lce and SangaEon sea

Hydrol.

CoEElsslon of SnoH

and

lce,

General

No,

79,

9p..217-25.

Heyer-Abich,

K. 1980.

Socloecononlc inpacts

of

cl.inabe

cbanges

and the

cooparatlve changes of

alternatlve

polltlcal

responses

-

preventlon,

coEpensatlon and adaptatlon. Cllnattc

Change

3

(ilo.

3)

In Press.

lllchel, n. L.,

Llnlck,

R. W.,

tfilllans,

P.

M. 1979.

Tritlun

and

Carbon-lq

dlstrlbutlons

ln

searrater floo under

the Ross

lce

shelf

project

lce

hole.

Sclence

203:445-46.

Hl1etl

,

D.

S.

1975.

atural Hazard

llarning

SysteEs

ln

the

Unlted States

A

nesearch

Assessoent. Inst.

Behav.

Sci.. Unlv. Colo., Boulder.

Co1o.

97

PP.

National

CllEate

Progran

s-year

Plan.

NOAI.

EC-l1-5/ A5

level.

In

Int.

Assoc.

Scl.

Assenbly

o?.ffiFEF

llat,lonal

Clfuoate

Pro8raa Prellulnary

pp.


44/46

Natlonal

Defensc

D.C.:

at.

llordhaus,

tJ.

probleo.

NerEenn,

A.

D.,

l{oore,

H. S. 1975.

Sea

level events"and

Plelstocenc

coral

ages

ln

the northern

Babatoas.

Quet.

Res.

5,215..24.

Iese1l

,

R.

8., Doppllckr

T. G. 1979.

QucstloDs

coDcernt.ng

the

posslblc

lnfluence

of

antbropogcnlc

C02 oa. atr0ospherlc

teuperaturc.

J.

Appl.

Heteor. 18:822-5.

Nletheus,

F.

1976.

non-1lnear

tandeE

[odel to

future

C0^ and

C-1

-1

.:

\sA Rcp. nl-76-35,

Int. Inst: ADDI.

D. 1977. Econonlc

grot{th

Al{.

Econ.

Rev. 67:341-46.

-37 -

Unlverslty.

1978.

CllEate

change to the

Year

2000.

l'Iash.

Defensc Unlv.

109

pp.

and

cllDate: Ibe carbon dloxldc

Panel'

on

the

Pub]lc

Pollcy

ItlprlcatloDs

of

Ea

Earthouake Predlctlon

and

Publlc

Pollcv.

the

fub]lc

Pollcy

Inpllcatlons

of

Earthquake

Predlctlon.

19?5.

l{ash. D.C.: N8t. Acad. Scl.

-

PearDan,

G. I. 19??.

Rrther

studles of

ttrc coEparabl,llty

of

basellnc

atnos-

phcrlc

carbon

dlorldc Deasurcaents.

Tellus

29:

171-80.

Pearson,

C.. Pryor,

A. 1977. EaYlronnqEt:

llorth

and

Soutb

;-

AD Econodc

Intcrpretatlon.

lleu

lork:

Xlley

355

pp.

Perry,

A. l{. Fulksrson,

l{. 1982, Erergy

supply

and

dcnand lnpllcatlons

of

CO^.

Presented

at

thc

AIAS

l{eetlng,

tJashlngtoD

D.C.

z

RanaBathan,

V;,

Llan,

l{. S., Cess. n.

D. 1g7g.

Incrcascd etoospherlc

COr:

-

Zonal and

seasonal estleates

of ttre effect

on thr

redlatlon

energy

balanee and surface

ter0peralurc. J. Geophy . nca.

84:494F58.

Rasoussen,

R.

A..

Khaltl,

l.l. A. K. 1981.

Increase

ln thc concentratlon

of

.

atoospherlc Dethane. Atoos. Envlron.

15:883-6.

.

-

.'.R1sk/IEpact

Panel..

1980.

Report

of

tbe

8lsk/Ilpact Panel of

tbc

U.S. IJRC

Coton. on ltuclear

and Alternatlv

Energy

Systetls.

Rlsks

and

lppacts of

Alternatlve

EnerSy

SysteBs.

tJash.

D.C.:

Nat. Acad. Scl.

In Press.

Robln.

G.

de

Q.

1975.

Ice

shelves and

lcc

f,los.

llaturc

253|,168-72.

Rust,

B. ll'.,

Botty, R.

H., lbrland,

G. 1979. Inferences draln

floo

atoos-

pberlc

C0, data.

J.

ceophys.

Res.

84:3115-22.

Schneldcr, S. H.

1975.

Or

thc carbon dlorlde-cl1Eate

confuslon.

J.

AtDos.

e .

32-2060-66.

Schnelder,

S.

H.,

Teokln, R.

L. 19n. In Cllpatlc

Chan8e.

ed.

J.

Gr1bbln,

.

pp.

22846. Gford: C8lbrldge Unl.v.

Press.

EC-11-5/tC6

142


45/46

-38-

sehnelder,

s.

H.,

I'rashington,

l{'

l{',

Glervln,

R'

H'

1978'

cloudlness

as a

cllEatic

feedback

oechanisn:

effects

on

cloud aEounts

of

prescrlbed

globa1

and

reglonal

surface

teEperature

changes

ln

the

NCAn

C'CU

'

J.

Atuos

Sci.

35r22O7

-21

.

schnelder.

S.

H.,

Thonpson.

s.

L.

1g7g.

carboa

dloxlde

an-d

cllnate

change:.

Importance

of

the

translent

response.

J.

CeoPhys.

Res. subnltted

for

Publlcatlon.

Schnelder,

S.

H.,

rrlih

L.

E.

MeslroH,

19?6.

Tbe

Genesis

Strategy:

CllEate

and

Clobal

Survlval.

NeH

Iork:

Plenua.

419

pp.

Scbnelder,

s.

H.

1979.

coniaratlve

Rlsk

AssessDent

of

Energy

systeas.

Enerqv

-

the Internatlonal

Journal

4:919-31.

Schnelder,

s.

H. eten,

R.

s.

1980.

carbon

dloxlde

irnlng

and

coastllne

flooitng:

Physlcal

factors

and

cllnate inpaet.

Ann' Rev' Energy'

'5:10?-q0.

'schneider,

S.

H.,

Morton,

L.

1981.

The

Prloordlal

Bond: Erplorlng

connec-,

_

tlons

BetHeen

Han

and

Nature

Through

the HuBanltles

and.the

sclences.

Seller,

tl..

Crutzen'

P.

J.

1980.

Estlnates

of

gross

and

net fluxes

of carbon

.

between

the

biosphere

and.

the

atDosPhere

frou

blonass

burnlng..

cllnatlc

Chanqe. 2.207-47.

.

Siegenthaler,

U.,

oeschger,

H. 19?8'

hedlctlng

future

atnosPherlc

carbon

dloxide

levels.

sclence.

199:38&95.

:

sBl1rv.,}|11t1'n,'D.1974.Carbondioxlde-alternatlvefutures.AtrDos.

.@.'8'1213'23'

stuLver,

M.

19?8.

AteosPherlc

carbon

dloxlde

and

carbon

reservolr

chanSes.

'

sclence

199t253-58.

study

of

Manrs

lEpact

on

cllnate

(SHIC).

19?1.

Ilgqveltent-c1ln?le

Hoglfica-

ion:

Report

of

the

study

of

Hants

lEpact

on

cllBate.

caBbrldge

'

Hass.:

llfT Press

308

pp.

-

sugden,

D. E.,

Clapperton,

C'

M' 1980'

l{est

Antarcllc

ice

sheet

fluctuatl'ons

-

1n

the

Antarctlc

penlnsula

area.

Nature'

286-378-81'

sunqulst''E.

T.,

l'tilIer

'

G'

A'

1980'

o11

shales

and

carbon

dloxide'

Sclence'

208:7q0-1.

suoot,

v.

E.,

cbairzan

cllnate

Researeh

Board'

NRC'

1980'

A

strategy

for

the

ilatlonal

Cllnale

Prograu.

Natlonal

Acadeoy

of

sciences'

Takahashi,

I.,

toshlno,

il.

M. 1978.

ClLEate

change

and

Food Productlon'

TokYo:

Unlv.

Tokyo

Press'

433

PP'

EC-11-5/

ta1


46/46

.

-39-

Thonas,

R.

H.,

Sinderson.

T.

J. 0., nose, n. E.

1g7g.

Elfect

of

clloatic

rarnlng

on the

tJest

Antarctic lce sheet.

[ature

277

t3SS-58.

lAooas, R.

1979. Ice sheets and

lce sbelves.

89v.

Geophys.

Space

phys.

17t1257-58,

1273-76.

Tbohas. B.

H.

1979.

tlest ADterctlc

lce

sheet:

Present day

thlnnlng

and

holocene retreat

of

tbc Darglns.

.

e1g 8.

205.1257-58.

Thooas

R.

H. 1976. fhlckenlng

of

the

Ross

fce She1f and

equ111br1u0

statc

of

tbe l{e st

Antarctlc lce sheet.

}lature 259-18H3.

nroopson

S.

L., Schnelder, S. H.

1979. A seasonal

zohal

energy

balance

clluate oodel rdth

an

lnteractlve lorer

1ayer.

J.

Geophys. Res,

84:24-01-1

4.

U. S.

Coro . for Global

Atnos. Res.

Pf9Arao. 1975_.

'

Ungeritar,rdlng

Cllnatlc

change:

A Prograa

for Actlon.

wash.

D.c.:

[atlTEliiF]-239

pp.

WeertEan,

J. 1976.

Glaclologyrs

grand

unsolved

probleo.

ilature

260:28{-86.,

-.--

-WeertBan,

J. 1974. Stabll1ty

of

the

Junctlon

of

an lce sheet

and

an

lce

shelf.

J. Gleclo] 13:3-11.

.tll1liaEs,

J.

ed.

1978.

Carbon

Dloxlde,

CliEate

and Soclety.

ilen

York:

Perganon.

332

pp.

Wll.son

r

A. T.

1969.

lte

clloatlc

cffects

of large-scaIe

surges

of

lce

sheets. Cn

J. Earth Scl.

6:911-18.

lJang,

lJ.

C., Illng, Y.

L..

Lacis, A.

A.,

Ho,

T.,

Ilansen,

J.

E.

1976.

Green-

house

effects

due

to Ean-Bade

perturbatlons

of trace

gases.

Sclence.

'

194:685-90.

tfittrcr,'S.

H. iSAO.

Carbon

dlorlde

and cllnate

change:

an

agrlcultural

perspective.

J. So11 and Water.

Conserv.

35:11L120.

Wong,

C. S.

1978.

Carbon dloxlde

-

A

global

envlronuental probleo

1n the

future.

Marlne

Pollutlon Bulletln.

9,257-44.

-

l{oodHel],

G. U..

I,,htttaker;

R.

H.,

Relners.

tt. A.,

Llkens,

G.

E.,

Delwlche.

C.

C.,

Botkln,

D.

B.

1978.

Ttrc

blota

end

tbe

mrld

carbon

budget.

Sctence

199 141-46.

tJoodwell,

G.

M.

1978. lhe

carbon

dlorlde

quest .on.

Sclentlfic

ADerlcaD.

238

:

34-43.

1982 Exxon Primer on CO2 Greenhouse Effect

Documents

Transcript of 1982 Exxon Primer on CO2 Greenhouse Effect