1968
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Transcript of 1968
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19681968The Dawning of the “Age of
Aquarius”?
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THE TET OFFENSIVEJanuary
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• Vietnamese New Year
• North Vietnamese attacked over 100 South Vietnamese and American villages and military bases
• Heavy American casualties
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Changes American attitudes towards the war
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ASSASSINATION OF REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.
April
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• American Civil Rights Movement
• MLK killed after giving a speech to striking sanitation workers in Alabama
• “I have been to the mountaintop”
• Leads to riots in most major American cities
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UNIVERSITY PROTESTS
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Beginning in the United States, university students began to protest:– The war in Vietnam– The irrelevance of
their courses and the lack of professors who could actually teach
– Various social problems (civil rights, freedom of speech, feminism)
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FRANCEUniversity Students and Workers Protest
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• French university students in Nanterre outside Paris protest what they perceive as an inferior education
• By Spring the protests have spread to the Sorbonne
• Student protestors marching in Paris are attacked by the police
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• Workers join the protest• 9 million go on strike for better wages and
inclusion in decision-making• President de Gaulle sends in tanks• By June, the demands of the workers are met
and the strikes end
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President de Gaulle resigned 10 months later
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“PRAGUE SPRING”
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Fall, 1967• Alexander Dubcek chosen as head of
Czech Communist Party • He called for more social and political
openness – Ends censorship of press– Secret ballot for elections– Allows political parties other than the
Communist Party
• Czechs began to hope for a new type of communism – “socialism with a human face”
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AlexanderDubcek
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• Problem: How to allow more freedom without causing Soviet interference?
• The openness in Czechoslovakia threatened neighboring Communist governments who did not want to see revolutions on their own nations
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• Dubcek’s refusal to attend a Communist Party convention in Moscow was the excuse needed for invasion
• Soviet and Polish troops invaded in August, 1968
• Czech citizens peacefully resisted
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• The Soviets won, removing Dubcek and other reformers from power
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• Czech resistance went underground but it continued until the Fall of the Soviet Union in 1989
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RFK ASSASSINATED June
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• The war in Vietnam led President Johnson to decide not to run for re-election
• In April Senator Kennedy entered the race
• He was against the war and supported the Civil Rights Movement and Johnson's “Great Society”
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• RFK gained the support of young Americans, Catholics, Blacks, Hispanics
• After winning the California Primary on June 5, it seemed almost certain he would win the Democratic nomination
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• Shortly after winning the California Primary, Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan – the reasons were never disclosed
• Kennedy died the next day
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• If Kennedy had lived, he would almost certainly have been the Democratic candidate for president.
• There would have been no student riots at the 1968 Democratic convention
• Nixon possibly would not have been elected president
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AUTHORITARIAN AUTHORITARIAN CRACKDOWNSCRACKDOWNS
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Soviet Union
• “Brezhnev Doctrine” – the Soviet Union has the right to intervene in satellite nations when communism/socialism is threatened
• “The shock of our tanks crushing the Prague Spring . . . convinced us that the Soviet colossus was invincible.” said one Russian liberal
• Large numbers of Eastern European liberals, artists, Jews and intellectuals defect to the West
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United States
• Election of Richard Nixon as president• Americans decided that peace and
increased authority at home was important
• Nixon will increase number of troops sent to Vietnam and began the bombing of Cambodia which led to the Kent State demonstrations and killings in 1970
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SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES
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The Summer Olympics in Mexico City
• Vera Caslavska• Czech• Gymnast – best in
the word at the time• Lowers her head
during the Soviet National Anthem as protest over their invasion of her homeland
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• John Carlos and Tommie Smith
• First and third places in 200 metre run
• Give the Black Power Salute while the U.S. National Anthem is being played
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The Catholic Church
• Vatican II ended in 1965 • Most Catholics are just
beginning to experience the changes
• Many Catholics are happy; but others are angry and some leave the Church
Vatican II
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• Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical Humanae Vitae = on Human Life
• Condemns the use of artificial contraception, including the birth control pill
• Leads to protests within the Church
• This is the first time that a Church teaching has been so widely ignored by so many Catholics
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Art and Music
The art of Andy Warhol
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Bob DylanThe Mamas and the Papas
The Rolling Stones
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The Beatles
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The Rock Musical “Hair”
• Debutes on Broadway in 1968
• The first rock musical
• Immensly popular• Hit songs:
– Hair– Age of Aquarius– Let the Son Shine– Easy To Be Hard
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Apollo 8• Dec. 21 launch• On Christmas Eve, while
circling the moon, Commander Lovell read:
• “In the beginning, God created the heaven and earth . . . And God said, “Let there be light and there was light. And God made the two great lights . . . He made the stars also “
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What was the overall importance of 1968, both politically and culturally?