18341134 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment

8/11/2019 18341134 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

SUBMITTED TO

POLLUCON TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, NOIDA

SUBMITTED BY

ROSHAN MISHRA

BIO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

HARCOURT BUITLER TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

NAWABGANJ, KANPUR- 208002


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TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that ROSHAN MISHRA, studet of Harcourt But!er

Techo!o"ica! Istitute, #a$ur has co%$!eted his & 'ee(s idustria! traii"

fro% )o!!uco Techo!o"ies *i%ited, Noida uder the "uidace of Mr+ S+#+

Si"h+

Mr. S.K. Singh

Director

Pollucon Technologies Limited

D-39 Sector-!

Noid" - #$%3$%


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I 'ou!d !i(e to tha( Mr+ S+ #+ Si"h, Director, )o!!uco Techo!o"ies *td+,

Noida, for his a!ua-!e ti%e ad "uidace i co%$!eti" %y Idustria! traii"

ad $re$aratio of the )ro.ect Re$ort+

R&S'AN M(S'RA

)(& *'EM(*AL EN+(NEER(N+

'AR*&,RT ),TLER TE*'N&L&+(*AL (NST(T,TE

NAWA)+AN KANP,R


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THE CORPORATE

M*# POLLUCON TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED (PTL) is a or"ai8atio

-ac(ed -y the isio of e5$erieced E"ieers Scietists ad Maa"e%et

)rofessioa!s hai" e5$ertise i the fie!ds of Surey 6 Study of 3ater su$$!y,3ater Treat%et, Eiro%eta!ad /he%ica!s E"ieeri"'The s$ecia!ty of

the or"ai8atio is tur(ey $ro.ects i the fie!d of Air, 3ater, Se'a"e ad So!id

3aste Maa"e%et ad su$$ort serices -ei" $roided -y a tea% of dedicated,

efficiet, hi"h!y 4ua!ified, e5$erieced adisors 'ith $roe trac( records i

their res$ectie disci$!ies of co%$etece+

The co%$ay a!so has a added adata"es of hai" re4uisite i house

faci!ities such as *a-oratory forWater+ Wa#te,ater te#tin!+ R-D+ te%"ni%a

Li.rar/+ &ra0tin! Printin!+ CAD - in Ho$#e 0a.ri%ation et%'

The a-oe co%$etece su$$!e%eted -y $ro%$t res$ose ad ioatie

a$$!icatios %a(es Po$%on Te%"noo!ie# Limite& a force to rec(o 'ith,

'he it co%es to Water #$11/, Treatment - Environmenta En!ineerin!

So!utios+


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GENERAL OUTLINES O2 SEWAGE TEATMENT

Se,a!e treatment, or &ome#ti% ,a#te,ater treatment, is the $rocess of re%oi"

cota%iats fro% 'aste'ater, -oth ruoff 9eff!uets: ad do%estic+ It ic!udes $hysica!,

che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! $rocesses to re%oe $hysica!, che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! cota%iats+

Its o-.ectie is to $roduce a 'aste strea% 9or treated eff!uet: ad a so!id 'aste or s!ud"esuita-!e for dischar"e or reuse -ac( ito the eiro%et+ This %ateria! is ofte iadertet!y

cota%iated 'ith %ay to5icor"aic ad ior"aic co%$ouds+

Se'a"e is created -y resideces, istitutios, hos$ita!s ad co%%ercia! ad idustria!

esta-!ish%ets+ It ca -e treated c!ose to 'here it is created 9i se$tic ta(s, -iofi!ters or

aero-ic treat%et syste%s:, or co!!ected ad tras$orted ia a et'or( of $i$es ad $u%$

statios to a %uici$a! treat%et $!at 9see se'era"ead$i$es ad ifrastructure:+ Se'a"e

co!!ectio ad treat%et is ty$ica!!y su-.ect to !oca!, state ad federa! re"u!atios ad

stadards+ Idustria! sources of 'aste'ater ofte re4uire s$ecia!i8ed treat%et $rocesses 9see

Idustria! 'aste'ater treat%et:+

The se'a"e treat%et io!es three sta"es, ca!!edprimary,secondaryad tertiary treatment+

0irst, the so!ids are se$arated fro% the 'aste'ater strea%+ The disso!ed -io!o"ica! %atter is

$ro"ressie!y coerted ito a so!id %ass -y usi" idi"eous, 'ater7-ore %icroor"ais%s+

0ia!!y, the -io!o"ica! so!ids are eutra!i8ed the dis$osed of or re7used, ad the treated 'ater

%ay -e disifected che%ica!!y or $hysica!!y 9for e5a%$!e -y !a"oos ad %icro7fi!tratio:+

The fia! eff!uet ca -e dischar"ed ito a strea%,rier,-ay,!a"ooor 'et!ad,or it ca -e

used for the irri"atioof a "o!f course, "ree 'ay or $ar(+ If it is sufficiet!y c!ea, it ca a!so

-e used for "roud'aterrechar"e+

Ra' if!uet 9se'a"e: ic!udes househo!d 'aste!i4uid fro% toi!ets,-aths, sho'ers, (itches,si(s, ad so forth that is dis$osed of ia se'ers+ I %ay areas, se'a"e a!so ic!udes !i4uid

'aste fro% idustry ad co%%erce+ The draii" of househo!d 'aste ito "rey'ater ad

-!ac('ater is -eco%i" %ore co%%o i the dee!o$ed 'or!d, 'ith "rey'ater -ei"

$er%itted to -e used for 'ateri" $!ats or recyc!ed for f!ushi" toi!ets+ A !ot of se'a"e a!so

ic!udes so%e surface 'ater fro% roofs or hard7stadi" areas+ Muici$a! 'aste'ater

therefore ic!udes residetia!, co%%ercia!, ad idustria! !i4uid 'aste dischar"es, ad %ay

ic!ude stor%'ater ruoff+ Se'a"e syste%s ca$a-!e of had!i" stor%'ater are (o' as

co%-ied syste%s or co%-ied se'ers+ Such syste%s are usua!!y aoided sice they

co%$!icate ad there-y reduce the efficiecy of se'a"e treat%et $!ats o'i" to their

seasoa!ity+ The aria-i!ity i f!o' a!so !eads to ofte !ar"er tha ecessary, ad su-se4uet!y

%ore e5$esie, treat%et faci!ities+ I additio, heay stor%s that cotri-ute %ore f!o'stha the treat%et $!at ca had!e %ay oer'he!% the se'a"e treat%et syste%, causi" a

s$i!! or oerf!o' 9ca!!ed a co%-ied se'er oerf!o', or /SO, i the Uited States:+ It is

$refera-!e to hae a se$aratestor% draisyste% for stor%'ater i areas that are dee!o$ed

'ith se'er syste%s+

As raifa!! rus oer the surface of roofs ad the "roud, it %ay $ic( u$ arious cota%iats

ic!udi" soi!$artic!es ad othersedi%et, heay %eta!s,or"aic co%$ouds, ai%a! 'aste,

ad oi!ad "rease+ So%e.urisdictiosre4uire stor%'ater to receie so%e !ee! of treat%et

-efore -ei" dischar"ed direct!y ito 'ater'ays+ E5a%$!es of treat%et $rocesses used for

stor%'ater ic!ude sedi%etatio -asis, 'et!ads, -uried cocrete au!ts 'ith arious (idsof fi!ters, ad orte5 se$arators 9to re%oe coarse so!ids:+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greywaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminants


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The site 'here the ra' 'aste'ater is $rocessed -efore it is dischar"ed -ac( to the

eiro%et is ca!!ed a 'aste'ater treat%et $!at 933T):+ The order ad ty$es of

%echaica!, che%ica! ad -io!o"ica! syste%s that co%$rise the 'aste'ater treat%et $!at

are ty$ica!!y the sa%e for %ost dee!o$ed coutries1

Me%"ani%a treatmento If!u5 9If!uet:

o Re%oa! of !ar"e o-.ects

o Re%oa! of sad ad "rit

o )re7$reci$itatio

Bioo!i%a treatment

o O5idatio -ed 9o5idi8i" -ed: or aeratiosyste%

o )ost $reci$itatio

C"emi%a treatment9this ste$ is usua!!y co%-ied 'ith sett!i" ad other $rocesses

to re%oe so!ids, such as fi!tratio+ The co%-iatio is referred to i the U+S+ as

$hysic

)ri%ary treat%et re%oes the %ateria!s that ca -e easi!y co!!ected fro% the ra' 'aste'ater

ad dis$osed of+ The ty$ica! %ateria!s that are re%oed duri" $ri%ary treat%et ic!ude

fats, oi!s, ad "reases 9a!so referred to as 0O;:, sad,"rae!s ad roc(s 9a!so referred to as

"rit:, !ar"er sett!ea-!e so!ids ad f!oati" %ateria!s 9such as ra"s ad f!ushed fe%iie

hy"iee $roducts:+ This ste$ is doe etire!y 'ith %achiery+

May $!ats hae a sedi%etatio sta"e 'here the se'a"e is a!!o'ed to $ass s!o'!y throu"h

!ar"e ta(s, co%%o!y ca!!ed


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-io!o"ica! %ateria! ad ca $roide

hi"her re%oa! rates for or"aic %ateria!

ad sus$eded so!ids tha sus$eded

"ro'th syste%s+

Rou"hi" fi!ters are iteded to treat$articu!ar!y stro" or aria-!e or"aic

!oads, ty$ica!!y idustria!, to a!!o' the%

to the -e treated -y coetioa!

secodary treat%et $rocesses+

/haracteristics ic!ude ty$ica!!y ta!!,

circu!ar fi!ters fi!!ed 'ith o$e sythetic

fi!ter %edia to 'hich 'aste'ater is

a$$!ied at a re!atie!y hi"h rate+ They are desi"ed to a!!o' hi"h hydrau!ic !oadi" ad a hi"h

f!o'7throu"h of air+ O !ar"er ista!!atios, air is forced throu"h the %edia usi" -!o'ers+

The resu!tat 'aste'ater is usua!!y 'ithi the or%a! ra"e for coetioa! treat%et

$rocesses+

Tertiar/ treatment

Tertiary treat%et $roides a fia! sta"e to raise the eff!uet 4ua!ity -efore it is dischar"ed to

the receii" eiro%et 9sea, rier, !a(e, "roud, etc+:+ More tha oe tertiary treat%et

$rocess %ay -e used at ay treat%et $!at+ If disifectio is $racticed, it is a!'ays the fia!

$rocess+ It is a!so ca!!ed


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the additio of oe e8y%e, or ee seera! e8y%es+ E8y%es are s$ecific cata!ysts ad do

ot re$roduce+ 3hat is eeded is the additio of a e8y%e %aufacturi" syste% ri"ht i the

se'a"e that ca -e $re 7 deter%ied as to its actiity ad $erfor%ace ad 'hich has the

iitia! or cotiui" ca$acity to reduce 'aste+

At the $reset ti%e, the additio of s$ecifica!!y cu!tured -acteria see%s to -e the !easte5$esie ad %ost "eera!!y re!ia-!e 'ay to acco%$!ish desira-!e resu!ts+ 3he you add the

ri"ht -acteria i $ro$er $ro$ortios to the eiro%et, you hae esta-!ished etire!y e'

$ara%eters of $otetia! for the treat%et situatio+

WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

The $rici$a! -io!o"ica! $rocesses used for 'aste'ater treat%et are diided ito t'o %ai

cate"ories1

?: Sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses

@: Attached "ro'th 9or -iofi!%: $rocesses+

SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESSES

I sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses the %icroor"ais%s res$osi-!e for treat%et are %aitaied

i !i4uid sus$esio -y a$$ro$riate %i5i" %ethods+ May sus$eded "ro'th $rocesses used

i %uici$a! ad idustria! 'aste'ater treat%et are o$erated 'ith a $ositie disso!ed

o5y"e cocetratio 9aero-ic:, -ut a$$!icatios e5ist 'here sus$eded "ro'th aaero-ic

$rocesses are used, such as for hi"h or"aic cocetratio idustria! 'aste'ater ad or"aics!ud"es+ The %ost co%%o sus$eded "ro'th $rocess used for %uici$a! 'aste'ater

treat%et is the Actiated S!ud"e )rocess+

ATTACHED GROWTH PROCESSES 4I attached "ro'th $rocesses, the %icroor"ais%s

res$osi-!e for the coersio of or"aic %ateria! or utriets are attached o iert $ac(i"

%ateria!+ The or"aic %ateria! ad utriets are re%oed fro% the 'ater f!o'i" $ast the

attached "ro'th a!so (o' as the -iofi!%+ )ac(i" %ateria! i attached "ro'th $rocesses

ic!ude roc(, "rae!, sad, s!a", red'ood ad ra"e of $!astics ad other sythetic %ateria!s+

Attached "ro'th $rocesses are o$erated as aero-ic or aaero-ic $rocesses+ The $ac(i" ca

-e su-%er"ed co%$!ete!y i !i4uid or ot su-%er"ed, 'ith air or "as s$ace a-oe the -iofi!%

!i4uid !ayer+ The %ost co%%o aero-ic attached "ro'th $rocess used is the Tric(!i" fi!ter+

The %a.or %ethods for 'aste'ater treat%et are !isted -e!o'1

Actiated s!ud"e syste%s

Aerated !a"oo

Aero-ic "rau!ar reactor

Aero-ic treat%et syste%

Aaero-ic c!ari"ester

Aaero-ic di"estio

A)I oi!7'ater se$arator

Aaero-ic !a"oo Bead 0i!ter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_clarigesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bead_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_clarigesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_lagoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bead_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1


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Be!t $ress

Biocoersio of -io%ass to %i5ed a!coho! fue!s

Bioreactor

Bioretetio

Biorotor

Bioro!! @ Bio!yti5

/ar-o fi!teri"

/ess$it

/h!orie disifectio

/o%-ied se'er

/o%$osti" toi!et

/ostructed 'et!ad

Disso!ed air f!otatio

Disti!!atio

E!ectrocoa"u!atio E!ectrodeioi8atio

E!ectro!ysis

E5$aded "rau!ar s!ud"e -ed di"estio

0aci!itatie !a"oo

0!occu!atio 6sedi%etatio

0!uidi8ed Bed Biofi!ter

0!otatio $rocess

0roth f!otatio

0u88y 0i!ter

Hu%aure 9co%$osti":

I%hoff ta( Iodie

Io e5cha"e

*ii" %achies

Me%-rae Bioreactor

Naotecho!o"y

N7Ciro

O8oe ad U!trasoud

)ara!!e! $!ate oi!7'ater se$arator

Recircu!ati" Sad 0i!ter

Reed -ed Retetio -asi

Reerse os%osis

Rotati" -io!o"ica! cotactor

Sad fi!ter

Se$tic ta(

Se4ueci" -atch reactor

Se'a"e treat%et

Su-%er"ed aerated fi!ter

Treat%et $od

Tric(!i" fi!ter

U!trafi!tratio 9idustria!: U!traio!et disifectio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biorotor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioroll&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolytixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine_disinfection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocoagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_granular_sludge_bed_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluidized_Bed_Biofilter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_Bioreactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-Viro&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recirculating_Sand_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_batch_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submerged_aerated_filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_disinfectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioretentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biorotor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioroll&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolytixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_filteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine_disinfection&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_sewerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocoagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_granular_sludge_bed_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_lagoon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluidized_Bed_Biofilter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuzzy_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Membrane_Bioreactor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-Viro&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recirculating_Sand_Filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_batch_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submerged_aerated_filter&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickling_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration_(industrial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_disinfection


11/33

U$f!o' aaero-ic s!ud"e -!a(et di"estio

3et o5idatio

CLASSI2ICATION O2 WASTEWER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

The 'aste'ater treat%et techo!o"ies ca -e -road!y c!assified o the -asis of %ode ofo$eratio as1

?: Aero-ic 9i $resece of o5y"e:

@: Aaero-ic 9i a-sece of o5y"e:

THE RATIONALE 2OR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT

The ratioa!e for ad iterest i the use of aaero-ic treat%et $rocess ca -e e5$!aied -y

cosideri" the adata"es ad disadata"es of this $rocess+ The $rici$a! adata"es ad

disadata"es of aaero-ic treat%et are !isted as fo!!o's1

A&vanta!e#4

*ess eer"y re4uire%et sice aeratio is ot re4uired+

*ess -io!o"ica! s!ud"e $roductio

0e'er utriets re4uired

Methae $roductio, a $otetia! eer"y source

S%a!!er reactor o!u%e re4uired

E!i%iatio of off7"as air $o!!utio

Ra$id res$ose to su-strate additio after !o" $eriods 'ithout feedi"+

Di#a&vanta!e#4

*o"er start7u$ ti%e to dee!o$ ecessary -io%ass ietory

May re4uire a!(a!iity additio

May re4uire further treat%et 'ith a aero-ic treat%et $rocess to %eet dischar"e

re4uire%ets

Bio!o"ica! itro"e ad $hos$horus re%oa! is ot $ossi-!e

Much %ore sesitie to the aderse effects of !o'er te%$eratures o reactio rates+

May -e %ore susce$ti-!e to u$sets due to to5ic su-staces

)otetia! for $roductio of odors ad corrosie "ases+

AEROBIC TREATMENT PROCESSES

ACTI5ATED SLUDGE PROCESS (ASP)

The actiated s!ud"e $rocess is a 'aste'ater treat%et %ethod i 'hich the car-oaceous

or"aic %atter of 'aste'ater $roides a eer"y source for the $roductio of e' ce!!s for a

%i5ed $o$u!atio of %icroor"ais%s i a a4uatic aero-ic eiro%et+ The %icro-es

coert car-o ito ce!! tissue ad o5idi8ed ed $roducts that ic!ude car-o dio5ide ad

'ater+ I additio, a !i%ited u%-er of %icroor"ais%s %ay e5ist i actiated s!ud"e that

o-tai eer"y -y o5idi8i" a%%oia itro"e to itrate itro"e i the $rocess (o' as

itrificatio+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_oxidation


12/33

Bacteria costitute the %a.ority of

%icroor"ais%s $reset i actiated

s!ud"e+ Bacteria that re4uire or"aic

co%$ouds for their su$$!y of car-o

ad eer"y 9heterotro$hic -acteria:

$redo%iate, 'hereas -acteria that useior"aic co%$ouds for ce!! "ro'th

9autotro$hic -acteria: occur i

$ro$ortio to cocetratios of car-o

ad itro"e+ Both aero-ic ad

aaero-ic -acteria %ay e5ist i the actiated s!ud"e, -ut the $re$oderace of s$ecies are

facu!tatie, a-!e to !ie i either the $resece of or !ac( of disso!ed o5y"e+

0u"i, rotifers, ad $roto8oa are a!so residets of actiated s!ud"e+ The !atter

%icroor"ais%s are re$reseted !ar"e!y -y ci!iated s$ecies, -ut f!a"e!!ated $roto8oa ad

a%oe-ae %ay a!so -e $reset+ )roto8oa sere as idicators of the actiated s!ud"e coditio,

ad ci!iated s$ecies are istru%eta! i re%oi" Escherichia co!i fro% se'a"e+ Additioa!!y,iruses of hu%a ori"i %ay -e foud i ra' se'a"e if!uet, -ut a !ar"e $erceta"e a$$ears

to -e re%oed -y the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess+

The success of the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is de$edet u$o esta-!ishi" a %i5ed

co%%uity of %icroor"ais%s that 'i!! re%oe ad cosu%e or"aic 'aste %ateria!, that

'i!! a""re"ate ad adhere i a $rocess (o' as -io f!occu!atio, ad that 'i!! sett!e i such a

%aer as to $roduce a cocetrated s!ud"e 9retur actiated s!ud"e, or RAS: for recyc!i"+

Ay of seera! ty$es of actiated s!ud"e so!ids se$aratios $ro-!e%s idicate a i%-a!ace i

the -io!o"ica! co%$oet of this $rocess+ I the idea!


13/33

Xe cocetratio of -io%ass i eff!uet " CSS2%

The actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is a -io!o"ica! %ethod of 'aste'ater treat%et that is

$erfor%ed -y a aria-!e ad %i5ed co%%uity of %icroor"ais%s i a aero-ic a4uatic

eiro%et+ These %icroor"ais%s derie eer"y fro% car-oaceous or"aic %atter iaerated 'aste'ater for the $roductio of e' ce!!s i a $rocess (o' as sythesis, 'hi!e

si%u!taeous!y re!easi" eer"y throu"h the coersio of this or"aic %atter ito

co%$ouds that cotai !o'er eer"y, such as car-o dio5ide ad 'ater, i a $rocess ca!!ed

res$iratio+ As 'e!!, a aria-!e u%-er of %icroor"ais%s i the syste% o-tai eer"y -y

coerti" a%%oia itro"e to itrate itro"e i a $rocess ter%ed itrificatio+ This

cosortiu% of %icroor"ais%s, the -io!o"ica! co%$oet of the $rocess, is (o'

co!!ectie!y as actiated s!ud"e+

The oera!! "oa! of the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess is to re%oe su-staces that hae a de%ad

for o5y"e fro% the syste%+ This is acco%$!ished -y the %eta-o!ic reactios 9sythesis7

res$iratio ad itrificatio: of the %icroor"ais%s, the se$aratio ad sett!i" of actiated7s!ud"e so!ids to create a acce$ta-!e 4ua!ity of secodary 'aste'ater eff!uet, ad the

co!!ectio ad recyc!i" of %icroor"ais%s -ac( ito the syste% or re%oa! of e5cess

%icroor"ais%s fro% the syste%+

THE PHYSICAL COMPONENTS O2

THE ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE PROCESS

Accordi" to A%tivate& S$&!e+ Man$a o0 Pra%ti%e 78 93ater Eiro%et Associatio,?FG:, the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess cotais fie essetia! iterre!ated e4ui$%et

co%$oets+ The first is a aeratio ta( or ta(s i 'hich air or o5y"e is itroduced ito

the syste% to create a aero-ic eiro%et that %eets the eeds of the -io!o"ica! co%%uity

ad that (ee$s the actiated s!ud"e $ro$er!y %i5ed+ At !east see %odificatios i the sha$e

ad u%-er of ta(s e5ist to $roduce ariatios i the $atter of f!o'+

Secod, a aeratio source is re4uired to esure that ade4uate o5y"e is fed ito the ta(9s:

ad that the a$$ro$riate %i5i" ta(es $!ace+ This source %ay -e $roided -y $ure o5y"e,

co%$ressed air or %echaica! aeratio+ ust as there are %odificatios i the sha$e ad

u%-er of aeratio ta(s that ca -e used i the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess, differet e4ui$%et

syste%s e5ist to de!ier air or o5y"e ito aeratio ta(s+

Third, i the actiated7s!ud"e $rocess, aeratio ta(s are fo!!o'ed -y secodary c!arifiers+ I

secodary c!arifiers, actiated7s!ud"e so!ids se$arate fro% the surroudi" 'ater'ater -y the

$rocess of f!occu!atio 9the for%atio of !ar"e $artic!e a""re"ates, or f!ocs, -y the adherece

of f!oc7for%i" or"ais%s to fi!a%etous or"ais%s: ad "raity sedi%etatio, i 'hich

f!ocs sett!e to'ard the -otto% of the c!arifier i a 4uiescet eiro%et+ This se$aratio

!eads idea!!y to the for%atio of a secodary eff!uet 9'aste'ater hai" a !o' !ee! of

actiated7s!ud"e so!ids i sus$esio: i the u$$er $ortio of the c!arifier ad a thic(eed

s!ud"e co%$rised of f!ocs, ter%ed retur actiated s!ud"e, or RAS, i the -otto% $ortio of

the c!arifier+


14/33

Ne5t, retur actiated s!ud"e %ust -e co!!ected fro% the secodary c!arifiers ad $u%$ed

-ac( to the aeratio ta(9s: -efore disso!ed o5y"e is de$!eted+ I this 'ay, the -io!o"ica!

co%%uity eeded to %eta-o!i8e if!uet or"aic or ior"aic %atter i the 'aste'ater

strea% is re$!eished+

0ia!!y, actiated s!ud"e cotaii" a oera-udace of %icroor"ais%s %ust -e re%oed,or 'asted 9'aste actiated s!ud"e, or 3AS:, fro% the syste%+ This is acco%$!ished 'ith the

use of $u%$s ad is doe i $art to cotro! the food7to7%icroor"ais% ratio i the aeratio

ta(9s:+

THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT

O2 THE ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE SYSTEM

The -io!o"ica! co%$oet of the actiated s!ud"e syste% is co%$rised of %icroor"ais%s+

The co%$ositio of these %icroor"ais%s is J to FJ $ercet or"aic %atter ad ?J to J$ercet or"aic %atter+ /e!! %a(eu$ de$eds o -oth the che%ica! co%$ositio of the

'aste'ater ad the s$ecific characteristics of the or"ais%s i the -io!o"ica! co%%uity+

Bacteria, fu"i, $roto8oa, ad rotifers costitute the -io!o"ica! co%$oet, or -io!o"ica!

%ass, of actiated s!ud"e+ I additio, so%e %eta8oa, such as e%atode 'or%s, %ay -e

$reset+ Ho'eer, the costat a"itatio i the aeratio ta(s ad s!ud"e recircu!atio are

deterrets to the "ro'th of hi"her or"ais%s+

The s$ecies of %icroor"ais% that do%iates a syste% de$eds o eiro%eta! coditios,

$rocess desi", the %ode of $!at o$eratio, ad the characteristics of the secodary if!uet

'aste'ater+ The %icroor"ais%s that are of "reatest u%erica! i%$ortace i actiated s!ud"e

are -acteria, 'hich occur as %icrosco$ic idiidua!s fro% oe %icro i si8e to isi-!ea""re"atios or co!oies of idiidua!s+ So%e -acteria are strict aero-es 9they ca o!y !ie i

the $resece of o5y"e:, 'hereas others are aaero-es 9they are actie o!y i the a-sece of

o5y"e:+ The $re$oderace of -acteria !ii" i actiated s!ud"e are facu!tatie=a-!e to

!ie i either the $resece or a-sece of o5y"e, a i%$ortat factor i the suria! of

actiated s!ud"e 'he disso!ed o5y"e cocetratios are !o' or $erha$s a$$roachi"

de$!etio+

3hi!e -oth heterotro$hic ad autotro$hic -acteria reside i actiated s!ud"e, the for%er

$redo%iate+ Heterotro$hic -acteria o-tai eer"y fro% car-oaceous or"aic %atter i

if!uet 'aste'ater for the sythesis of e' ce!!s+ At the sa%e ti%e, they re!ease eer"y ia

the coersio of or"aic %atter ito co%$ouds such as car-o dio5ide ad 'ater+ I%$ortat"eera of heterotro$hic -acteria ic!ude A%"romo.a%ter, A%ai!ene#, Art"ro.a%ter,

Citromona#, 2avo.a%teri$m, P#e$&omona#, ad 9oo!oea+

NITRI0I/ATION

@ NHKLL O@@NO

@7L KHLL @H@O L eer"y

!itrosomonas

@NO@ L O@@NO7

L eer"y

!itrobacter


15/33

Nitrificatio "eera!!y occurs 'he the ti%e that the s!ud"e stays i the syste% 9ca!!ed the

%ea ce!! residece ti%e, or M/RT: is icreased+ A !o"er %ea ce!! residece ti%e,

therefore, a!!o's a ade4uate $o$u!atio of itrifyi" -acteria to -e -ui!t u$+ Ho'eer,

-ecause the o5y"e de%ad for co%$!ete itrificatio is hi"h, -oth the ecessary o5y"e

su$$!y ad $o'er re4uire%ets for the syste% 'i!! -e icreased+ Moreoer, o$ti%u% $H for

the "ro'th of itrifyi" -acteria is i the G to F ra"e, 'ith $H !ee!s -e!o' causi" asu-statia! reductio i itrificatio actiity+ I the $rocess of coerti" a%%oia to itrate,

%iera! acidity is $roduced+ I istaces 'he isufficiet a!(a!iity e5ists, the $H i the

syste% 'i!! dro$, $otetia!!y ihi-iti" itrificatio+ 0ia!!y, thou"h itrificatio occurs oer

a 'ide ra"e of te%$eratures, a reductio i te%$erature $roduces a s!o'er rate of reactio+

CALCULATION O2 THE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS O2 A

COMPLETE6MI: ACTI5ATED6SLUDGE SYSTEM WITH RECYCLE

Characteristics of Primary Sedimentation

Effluent

wastewater flow rate Q= 1000 m3/d

influent soluble substrate concentration (bsCOD) S0= 192BOD or bsCODg/m3

nb!!concentration in influent X0,i= 30 g/m3or mg/l

inert inorganic "otal !us#ended !olids (i"!!) i"!! = 10 g/m3

total $%!!concentration XT= 2&00 g/m3or mg/l

!edimentation 'etention "ime (!'") !'" = d

Kinetic Coefficients

maimum rate of soluble substrate utili*ation k= 12+& g COD/g,d

biomass -ie ld Y= 0+. g !!/g COD used

endogenous deca- coefficient kd= 0+1 g !!/g !!,d

alfelocit- constant Ks= 10 g COD/m3

fraction of biomass tat remains as cell debris fd= +1& g !!/g !!

biomass fraction 0+&

Characteristics of Complete-Mix Suspended GrowthProcess

effluent soluble substrate concentration(bsCOD) S= 0+& g bsCOD/m3

-draulic 'etention "ime('") = 0+194 d

dail- sludge #roduction PX,T,VSS= 2+2 5g !!/d

PX,T,TSS= 101+. 5g "!!/d

fraction of biomass in te$%!! X/XT= 0+& 5g/d

obsered solids -ield remoed Yobs,VSS= 0+. g !!/g bsCOD

Yobs,TSS= 0+&3 g "!!/g bsCOD

o-gen re6uirement R0= 114+. 5g/d
http://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/nbVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/iTSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/SRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-k.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Y.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-kd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Ks.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-fd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/biomass-fraction.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-biomass.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-observed-solids-yield.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-oxygen-requirement.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/nbVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/iTSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/SRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-k.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Y.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-kd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-Ks.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/coefficient-fd.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/biomass-fraction.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/bsCOD.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/HRT.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-daily-sludge-production.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-biomass.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/MLVSS.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-observed-solids-yield.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/Calculate-oxygen-requirement.htm


16/33

TRICKLING 2ILTER

A sche%atic cross7sectio of the cotact face of the -ed %edia i a tric(!i" fi!ter

Tri%;in! 0itercosists of a fi5ed -ed of roc(s,"rae!, s!a",$o!yurethaefoa%, s$ha"u%

$eat %oss, or $!astic %edia oer 'hich se'a"eor other 'aste'aterf!o's do''ard ad is

cotacted 'ith a !ayer or fi!% of %icro-ia!s!i%e coeri" the -ed %edia+ Aero-iccoditios

are %aitaied either -y forced air f!o'i" throu"h the -ed or atura! coectio of air if the

fi!ter %ediu% is $orous+ The $rocess %echais% io!es adsor$tio of or"aic co%$ouds

i the se'a"e or other 'aste'ater -y the !ayer of %icro-ia! s!i%e, diffusio of air ito the

s!i%e !ayer to furish the o5y"e re4uired for the -ioche%ica! o5idatio of the or"aic

co%$ouds to re!ease car-o dio5ide"as, 'ater ad other o5idi8ed ed $roducts+ As the

s!i%e !ayer thic(es, it -eco%es %ore difficu!t for air to $eetrate the !ayer ad a ieraaero-ic !ayer is $ro-a-!y for%ed+ 0or so%e $!astic7%esh %ateria! fi!ters this s!i%e !ayer

'i!! -ui!d ad eetua!!y s!ou"h off the s%ooth $!astic 'a!!s ito the treated eff!uetas a

s!ud"e that re4uires su-se4uet re%oa! ad dis$osa!+ Other fi!ters uti!i8i" hi"her7desity

%edia such as sad, foa% ad $eat %oss do ot $roduce a s!ud"e that %ust -e re%oed+

The ter%s tri%;e 0iter, tri%;in! .io0iter, .io0iter, .ioo!i%a 0iter ad .ioo!i%a

tri%;in! 0iterare ofte used to refer to a tri%;in! 0iter+

These syste%s hae a!so -ee descri-ed as iter%ittet fi!ters, $ac(ed %edia -ed fi!ters,

a!teratie se$tic syste%s, $erco!ati" fi!ters, attached "ro'th $rocesses, ad fi5ed fi!%

$rocesses+

Types

T'o of the -asic ty$es of tric(!e fi!ters are those a$$!ied to the treat%et of se'a"e ad those

a$$!ied to the treat%et of idustria! 'aste'ater+

Se,a!e treatment tri%;e 0iter#

Osite se'a"e faci!ities9OSS0: are reco"i8ed as ia-!e, !o'7cost, !o"7ter%, decetra!i8ed

a$$roaches to se'a"e treat%et if they are $!aed, desi"ed, ista!!ed, o$erated ad%aitaied $ro$er!y 9USE)A, ?FF:+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facilitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized


17/33

Se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ters are used i areas ot sericed -y %uici$a! 'aste'ater treat%et

$!ats 933T):+ They are ty$ica!!y ista!!ed i areas 'here the traditioa! se$tic ta(syste%

are fai!i", caot -e ista!!ed due to site !i%itatios, or 'here i%$roed !ee!s of treat%et

are re4uired for eiro%eta! -eefits such as $reeti" cota%iatio of"roud 'ateror

surface 'ater+

Sites 'ith a hi"h 'ater ta-!e, hi"h-edroc(, heay c!ay, s%a!! !ad area, or 'hich re4uire

%ii%a! site destructio 9for e5a%$!e, tree re%oa!: are idea!!y suited for tric(!i" fi!ters+

A!! arieties of se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ters hae a !o' ad so%eti%es iter%ittet $o'er

cosu%$tio+ They ca -e so%e'hat %ore e5$esie tha traditioa! se$tic ta(7!each fie!d

syste%s, ho'eer their use a!!o's for -etter treat%et, a reductio i si8e of dis$osa! area,

!ess e5caatio, ad hi"her desity !ad dee!o$%et+

Config!"#ion$ "n% &o'(on)n#$

A!! se'a"e tric(!i" fi!ter syste%s share the sa%e fuda%eta! co%$oets1

a se$tic ta( for fer%etatio ad $ri%ary sett!i" of so!ids

a fi!ter %ediu% u$o 'hich -eeficia! %icro-es9-io%ass,-iofi!%: are $ro%oted ad

dee!o$ed

a cotaier 'hich houses the fi!ter %ediu%

a distri-utio syste% for a$$!yi" 'aste'ater to -e treated to the fi!ter %ediu%

a distri-utio syste% for dis$osa! of the treated eff!uet.

By treati" se$tic ta( eff!uet -efore it is distri-uted ito the "roud, hi"her treat%et !ee!s

are o-taied ad s%a!!er dis$osa! %eas such as !each fie!d, sha!!o' $ressure trech or area-eds are re4uired+

Syste%s ca -e cofi"ured for si"!e7$ass use 'here the treated 'ater is a$$!ied to the

tric(!i" fi!ter oce -efore -ei" dis$osed of, or for %u!ti7$ass use 'here a $ortio of the

treated 'ater is cyc!ed -ac( to the se$tic ta( ad re7treated ia a c!osed7!oo$+ Mu!ti7$ass

syste%s resu!t i hi"her treat%et 4ua!ity ad assist i re%oi" Tota! Nitro"e 9TN: !ee!s

-y $ro%oti"itrificatio i the aero-ic %edia -ed ad deitrificatioi the aaero-ic se$tic

ta(+

Tric(!i" fi!ters differ $ri%ari!y i the ty$e of fi!ter %edia used to house the %icro-ia!

co!oies+ Ty$es of %edia %ost co%%o!y used ic!ude $!astic %atri5 %ateria!, o$e7ce!!$o!yurethaefoa%, s$ha"u%$eat %oss, recyc!ed tires, c!i(er, "rae!,sadad "eote5ti!es+

Idea! fi!ter %ediu% o$ti%i8es surface areafor %icro-ia! attach%et, 'aste'ater retetio

ti%e, a!!o's air f!o', resists $!u""i" ad does ot de"rade+ So%e residetia! syste%s re4uire

forced aeratio uits 'hich 'i!! icrease %aiteace ad o$eratioa! costs+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area


18/33

A t/ic"l com/lete tric0ling 1ilter sstem

In&$#tria ,a#te,ater treatment tri%;e 0iter#

3aste'aters fro% a ariety of idustria! $rocesses hae -ee treated i tric(!i" fi!ters+ Such

idustria! 'aste'ater tric(!i" fi!ters cosist of t'o ty$es1

*ar"e ta(s or cocrete ec!osures fi!!ed 'ith $!astic $ac(i" or other %edia+

Certica! to'ers fi!!ed 'ith $!astic $ac(i" or other %edia+

The aai!a-i!ity of ie5$esie $!astic to'er $ac(i"s has !ed to their use as tric(!i" fi!ter

-eds i ta!! to'ers, so%e as hi"h as @J %eters+

The treated 'ater eff!uet fro% idustria! 'aste'ater tric(!i" fi!ters is ery ofte

su-se4uet!y $rocessed i a c!arifier7sett!er to re%oe the s!ud"e that s!ou"hs off the

%icro-ia! s!i%e !ayer attached to the tric(!i" fi!ter %edia 9see I%a"e ? a-oe:+

/urret!y, so%e of the !atest tric(!e fi!ter techo!o"y io!es aerated -iofi!ters 'hich are

essetia!!y tric(!e fi!ters cosisti" of $!astic %edia i esse!s usi" -!o'ers to i.ect air atthe -otto% of the esse!s, 'ith either do'f!o' or u$f!o' of the 'aste'ater+


19/33

AERATED LAGOONS

A aerated !a"oo or aerated -asi is a ho!di" ad2or treat%et $od $roided 'ith artificia!

aeratio to $ro%ote the -io!o"ica! o5idatio of 'aste'aters+ There are %ay other -io!o"ica!

$rocesses for treat%et of 'aste'aters, for e5a%$!e actiated s!ud"e, tric(!i" fi!ters, rotati"

-io!o"ica! cotactors ad -io fi!ters+ They a!! hae i co%%o the use of o5y"e 9or air: ad

%icro-ia! actio to -io treats the $o!!utats i 'aste'aters+

T/1e# o0 aerate& a!oon# or .a#in#

There are %ay %ethods for aerati" a !a"oo or -asi1

Motor7drie f!oati" surface aerators

Motor7drie su-%er"ed aerators

Motor7drie fi5ed7i7$!ace surface aerators

I.ectio of co%$ressed air throu"h su-%er"ed diffusers

0!oati" surface aerators

A Ty$ica! Surface7Aerated Basi" 9usi" %otor7drie f!oati" aerators:

)ods or -asis usi" f!oati" surface aerators achiee GJ to FJ re%oa! of BOD 'ith

retetio ti%es of ? to ?J days+ The $ods or -asis %ay ra"e i de$th fro% ?+ to +J

%etres+

I a surface7aerated syste%, the aerators $roide t'o fuctios1 they trasfer air ito the

-asis re4uired -y the -io!o"ica! o5idatio reactios, ad they $roide the %i5i" re4uired

for dis$ersi" the air ad for cotacti" the reactats 9that is, o5y"e, 'aste'ater ad

%icro-es:+ Ty$ica!!y, the f!oati" surface aerators are rated to de!ier the a%out of air

e4uia!et to ?+G to @+ (" O@2(3h+ Ho'eer, they do ot $roide as "ood %i5i" as is

or%a!!y achieed i actiated s!ud"e syste%s ad therefore aerated -asis do ot achiee the

sa%e $erfor%ace !ee! as actiated s!ud"e uits+ Bio!o"ica! o5idatio $rocesses are sesitie

to te%$erature ad, -et'ee J / ad KJ /, the rate of -io!o"ica! reactios icrease 'ith

te%$erature+ Most surface aerated esse!s o$erate at -et'ee K / ad @ /


20/33


21/33

hydro"e, a%%oia, ad or"aic acids+ Aceto"eic -acteria the coert these resu!ti"

or"aic acids ito acetic acid, a!o" 'ith additioa! a%%oia, hydro"e, ad car-o dio5ide+

Methao"eic -acteria fia!!y are a-!e to coert these $roducts to %ethae ad car-o

dio5ide+

The techica! e5$ertise re4uired to %aitai aaero-ic di"esters cou$!ed 'ith hi"h ca$ita!costs ad !o'er $rocess efficiecies hae so far !i%ited the !ee! of its idustria! a$$!icatio

as a 'aste treat%et techo!o"y+

/arefu! cotro! of the di"estio te%$erature, $H, ad !oadi" rates is crucia! to o-taii"

efficiet -rea(do' of the %ateria!, ad distur-aces to a di"est ca !ead to $rocess fai!ure+

Esuri" that the 4ua!ity of i$ut %ateria!s to the di"esters is %aitaied ad that the $rocess

effectie!y %oitored is essetia! for esuri" that a di"esterQs $erfor%ace is re!ia-!e+

A11i%ation#

Aaero-ic di"estio is $articu!ar!y suited to 'et or"aic %ateria! ad is co%%o!y used for

eff!uet ad se'a"e treat%et+ Aaero-ic di"estio is a si%$!e $rocess that ca "reat!y

reduce the a%out of or"aic %atter 'hich %i"ht other'ise -e destied to -e !adfi!!ed or

-urt i a icierator+

A!%ost ay or"aic %ateria! ca -e $rocessed 'ith aaero-ic di"estio+ This ic!udes

-iode"rada-!e 'aste %ateria!s such as 'aste $a$er, "rass c!i$$i"s, !eftoer food, se'a"e ad

ai%a! 'aste+ The e5ce$tio to this is 'oody 'astes that are !ar"e!y uaffected -y di"estio

as aaero-es are ua-!e to de"rade !i"i+ Aaero-ic di"esters ca a!so -e fed 'ith s$ecia!!y

"ro' eer"y cro$s such as si!a"e for dedicated -io"as $roductio+ I ;er%ay ad

cotieta! Euro$e these faci!ities are referred to as -io"as $!ats+ A co7di"estio or co7fer%etatio $!at is ty$ica!!y a a"ricu!tura! aaero-ic di"ester that acce$ts t'o or %ore

i$ut %ateria!s for si%u!taeous di"estio+

I dee!o$i" coutries si%$!e ho%e ad far%7-ased aaero-ic di"estio syste%s offer the

$otetia! for chea$, !o'7cost eer"y for coo(i" ad !i"hti"+ Aaero-ic di"estio faci!ities

hae -ee reco"ised -y the Uited Natios Dee!o$%et )ro"ra%%e as oe of the %ost

usefu! decetra!ised sources of eer"y su$$!y+

)ressure fro% eiro%eta!!y7re!ated !e"is!atio o so!id 'aste dis$osa! %ethods i

dee!o$ed coutries has icreased the a$$!icatio of aaero-ic di"estio as a $rocess for

reduci" 'aste o!u%es ad "eerati" usefu! -y7$roducts+ Aaero-ic di"estio %ay either-e used to $rocess the source se$arated fractio of %uici$a! 'aste, or a!teratie!y

co%-ied 'ith %echaica! sorti" syste%s, to $rocess residua! %i5ed %uici$a! 'aste+ These

faci!ities are ca!!ed %echaica! -io!o"ica! treat%et $!ats

Uti!isi" aaero-ic di"estio techo!o"ies ca he!$ to reduce the e%issio of "reehouse

"ases i a u%-er of (ey 'ays1

Re$!ace%et of fossi! fue!s

Reduci" %ethae e%issio fro% !adfi!!s

Dis$!aci" idustria!!y7$roduced che%ica! ferti!isers Reduci" ehic!e %oe%ets

Reduci" e!ectrica! "rid tras$ortatio !osses


22/33

Methae ad $o'er $roduced i aaero-ic di"estio faci!ities ca -e uti!ised to re$!ace

eer"y deried fro% fossi! fue!s, ad hece reduce e%issios of "reehouse "ases +This is due

to the fact that the car-o i -iode"rada-!e %ateria! is $art of a car-o cyc!e+ The car-o

re!eased ito the at%os$here fro% the co%-ustio of -io"as has -ee re%oed -y $!ats i

order for the% to "ro' i the recet $ast+ This ca hae occurred 'ithi the !ast decade, -ut

%ore ty$ica!!y 'ithi the !ast "ro'i" seaso+ If the $!ats are re7"ro', ta(i" the car-oout of the at%os$here oce %ore, the syste% 'i!! -e car-o eutra!+This cotrasts to car-o

i fossi! fue!s that has -ee se4uestered i the earth for %ay %i!!ios of years, the

co%-ustio of 'hich icreases the oera!! !ee!s of car-o dio5ide i the at%os$here+

Di"estate !i4uor ca -e used as a ferti!iser su$$!yi" ita! utriets to soi!s+ The so!id, fi-rous

co%$oet of di"estate ca -e used as a soi! coditioer+ The !i4uor ca -e used as a

su-stitute for che%ica! ferti!isers 'hich re4uire !ar"e a%outs of eer"y to $roduce+ The use

of %aufactured ferti!isers is therefore %ore car-o itesie tha the use of aaero-ic

di"estate ferti!iser+ This so!id di"estate ca -e used to -oost the or"aic cotet of soi!s+

T"e 1ro%e##

There are a u%-er of -acteria that are io!ed i the $rocess of aaero-ic di"estio

ic!udi" acetic acid7for%i" -acteria 9aceto"es: ad %ethae7for%i" -acteria

9%ethao"es:+ These -acteria feed u$o the iitia! feedstoc(, 'hich uder"oes a u%-er of

differet $rocesses coerti" it to iter%ediate %o!ecu!es ic!udi" su"ars, hydro"e 6

acetic acid -efore fia!!y -ei" coerted to -io"as+

Differet s$ecies of -acteria are a-!e to surie at differet te%$erature ra"es+ Oes !ii"

o$ti%a!!y at te%$eratures -et'ee 7KJ/ are ca!!ed %eso$hi!es or %eso$hi!ic -acteria+

So%e of the -acteria ca surie at the hotter ad %ore hosti!e coditios of 7&J/, these

are ca!!ed ther%o$hi!es or ther%o$hi!ic -acteria+ Methao"es co%e fro% the $ri%itie

"rou$ of archaea+ This fa%i!y ic!udes s$ecies that ca "ro' i the hosti!e coditios of

hydrother%a! ets+ These s$ecies are %ore resistat to heat ad ca therefore o$erate at

ther%o$hi!ic te%$eratures, a $ro$erty that is ui4ue to -acteria! fa%i!ies+

As 'ith aero-ic syste%s the -acteria i aaero-ic syste%s the "ro'i" ad re$roduci"

%icroor"ais%s 'ithi the% re4uire a source of e!e%eta! o5y"e to surie+

I a aaero-ic syste% there is a a-sece of "aseous o5y"e+ I a aaero-ic di"ester,

"aseous o5y"e is $reeted fro% eteri" the syste% throu"h $hysica! cotai%et i sea!ed

ta(s+ Aaero-es access o5y"e fro% sources other tha the surroudi" air+ The o5y"esource for these %icroor"ais%s ca -e the or"aic %ateria! itse!f or a!teratie!y %ay -e

su$$!ied -y ior"aic o5ides fro% 'ithi the i$ut %ateria!+ 3he the o5y"e source i a

aaero-ic syste% is deried fro% the or"aic %ateria! itse!f, the the Qiter%ediateQ ed

$roducts are $ri%ari!y a!coho!s, a!dehydes, ad or"aic acids $!us car-o dio5ide+ I the

$resece of s$ecia!ised %ethao"es, the iter%ediates are coerted to the Qfia!Q ed

$roducts of %ethae, car-o dio5ide 'ith trace !ee!s of hydro"e su!fide+ I a aaero-ic

syste% the %a.ority of the che%ica! eer"y cotaied 'ithi the starti" %ateria! is re!eased

-y %ethao"eic -acteria as %ethae+

)o$u!atios of aaero-ic -acteria ty$ica!!y ta(e a si"ificat $eriod of ti%e to esta-!ish

the%se!es to -e fu!!y effectie+ It is therefore co%%o $ractice to itroduce aaero-ic%icroor"ais%s fro% %ateria!s 'ith e5isti" $o$u!atios+ This $rocess is ca!!ed Qseedi"Q the

di"esters ad ty$ica!!y ta(es $!ace 'ith the additio of se'a"e s!ud"e or catt!e s!urry+


23/33

Sta!e#

The (ey $rocess sta"es of aaero-ic di"estio

There are four (ey -io!o"ica! ad che%ica! sta"es of aaero-ic di"estio1

?+ Hydro!ysis

@+ Acido"eesis

+ Aceto"eesis

K+ Methao"eesis

I %ost cases -io%ass is %ade u$ of !ar"e or"aic $o!y%ers+ I order for the -acteria i

aaero-ic di"esters to access the eer"y $otetia! of the %ateria!, these chais %ust first -e

-ro(e do' ito their s%a!!er costituet $arts+ These costituet $arts or %oo%ers such as

su"ars are readi!y aai!a-!e -y other -acteria+ The $rocess of -rea(i" these chais ad

disso!i" the s%a!!er %o!ecu!es ito so!utio is ca!!ed hydro!ysis+ Therefore hydro!ysis of

these hi"h %o!ecu!ar 'ei"ht $o!y%eric co%$oets is the ecessary first ste$ i aaero-ic

di"estio+ Throu"h hydro!ysis the co%$!e5 or"aic %o!ecu!es are -ro(e do' ito si%$!e

su"ars, a%io acids, ad fatty acids+

Acetate ad hydro"e $roduced i the first sta"es ca -e used direct!y -y %ethao"es+ Other

%o!ecu!es such as o!ati!e fatty acids 9C0As: 'ith a chai !e"th that is "reater tha acetate

%ust first -e cata-o!ised ito co%$ouds that ca -e direct!y uti!i8ed -y %ethao"es+ The

-io!o"ica! $rocess of acido"eesis is 'here there is further -rea(do' of the re%aii"

co%$oets -y acido"eic 9fer%etatie: -acteria+ Here C0As are created a!o" 'ith

a%%oia, car-o dio5ide ad hydro"e su!fide as 'e!! as other -y7$roducts+ The $rocess of

acido"eesis is si%i!ar to the 'ay that %i!( sours+ The third sta"e aaero-ic di"estio is

aceto"eesis+ Here si%$!e %o!ecu!es created throu"h the acido"eesis $hase are further

di"ested -y aceto"es to $roduce !ar"e!y acetic acid as 'e!! as car-o dio5ide ad hydro"e+

The ter%ia! sta"e of aaero-ic di"estio is the -io!o"ica! $rocess of %ethao"eesis+ Here

%ethao"es uti!ise the iter%ediate $roducts of the $recedi" sta"es ad coert the% ito

%ethae, car-o dio5ide ad 'ater+ It is these co%$oets that %a(es u$ the %a.ority of the

-io"as e%itted fro% the syste%+ Methao"eesis is sesitie to -oth hi"h ad !o' $H ad

occurs -et'ee $H &+ ad $H G+ The re%aii", o7di"esta-!e %ateria! 'hich the

%icro-es caot feed u$o, a!o" 'ith ay dead -acteria! re%ais costitutes the di"estate+

Aaero-ic di"esters ca -e desi"ed ad e"ieered to o$erate usi" a u%-er of differet

$rocess cofi"uratios1

?+ Batch or cotiuous


24/33

@+ Te%$erature1 Meso$hi!ic or ther%o$hi!ic

+ So!ids cotet1 Hi"h so!ids or !o' so!ids

K+ /o%$!e5ity1 Si"!e sta"e or %u!tista"e

Bat%" or %ontin$o$#

A -atch syste% is the si%$!est for% of di"estio+ Bio%ass is added to the reactor at the start

of the $rocess i a -atch ad is sea!ed for the duratio of the $rocess+ Batch reactors suffer

fro% odour issues that ca -e a seere $ro-!e% 'he they are e%$tied+ Ty$ica!!y -io"as

$roductio 'i!! -e for%ed 'ith a or%a! distri-utio $atter oer ti%e+ The o$erator ca use

this fact to deter%ie 'he they -e!iee the $rocess of di"estio of the or"aic %atter has

co%$!eted+ As the -atch di"estio is si%$!e ad re4uires !ess e4ui$%et ad !o'er !ee!s of

desi" 'or( it is ty$ica!!y a chea$er for% of di"estio+

I cotiuous di"estio $rocesses or"aic %atter is costat!y or added i sta"es to the

reactor+ Here the ed $roducts are costat!y or $eriodica!!y re%oed, resu!ti" i costat

$roductio of -io"as+ E5a%$!es of this for% of aaero-ic di"estio ic!ude, cotiuous

stirred7ta( reactors 9/STRs:, U$ f!o' aaero-ic s!ud"e -!a(et 9UASB:, E5$aded "rau!ar

s!ud"e -ed 9E;SB: ad Itera! circu!atio reactors 9I/R:+

Tem1erat$re

There are t'o coetioa! o$eratioa! te%$erature !ee!s for aaero-ic di"esters, 'hich are

deter%ied -y the s$ecies of %ethao"es i the di"esters1

Meso$hi!ic 'hich ta(es $!ace o$ti%a!!y aroud 7K?/ or at a%-iet te%$eratures-et'ee @J7K/ 'here %eso$hi!es are the $ri%ary %icroor"ais% $reset

Ther%o$hi!ic 'hich ta(es $!ace o$ti%a!!y aroud J7@ at e!eated te%$eratures u$

to J/ 'here ther%o$hi!es are the $ri%ary %icroor"ais%s $reset

There are a "reater u%-er of s$ecies of %eso$hi!es tha ther%o$hi!es+ These -acteria are

a!so %ore to!erat to cha"es eiro%eta! coditios tha ther%o$hi!es+ Meso$hi!ic

syste%s are therefore cosidered to -e %ore sta-!e tha ther%o$hi!ic di"estio syste%s+

A dra'-ac( of o$erati" at ther%o$hi!ic te%$eratures is that %ore heat eer"y i$ut is

re4uired to achiee the correct o$eratioa! te%$eratures+ This icrease i eer"y is ot -e

out'ei"hed -y the icrease i the out$uts of -io"as fro% the syste%s+ It is therefore

i%$ortat to cosider a eer"y -a!ace for these syste%s+

Soi

Ty$ica!!y there are t'o differet o$eratioa! $ara%eters associated 'ith the so!ids cotet of

the feedstoc( to the di"esters1

Hi"h7so!ids

*o'7so!ids


25/33

Di"esters ca either -e desi"ed to o$erate i hi"h so!id cotet, 'ith a tota! sus$eded so!ids

TSS: cocetratio "reater tha @J, or a !o' so!ids cocetratio !ess tha ?+

Hi"h7so!ids di"esters $rocess thic( s!urry that re4uires %ore eer"y i$ut to %oe ad

$rocess the feedstoc(+ The thic(ess of the %ateria! %ay a!so !ead to associated $ro-!e%s

'ith a-rasio+ Hi"h7so!ids di"esters 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae a !o'er !ad re4uire%et due to the

!o'er o!u%es associated 'ith the %oisture+

*o'7so!ids di"esters ca tras$ort %ateria! throu"h the syste% usi" stadard $u%$s that

re4uire si"ificat!y !o'er eer"y i$ut+ *o'7so!ids di"esters re4uire a !ar"er a%out of !ad

tha hi"h7so!ids due to the icrease o!u%es associated 'ith the icreased !i4uid1 feedstoc(

ratio of the di"esters+ There are -eefits associated 'ith o$eratio i a !i4uid eiro%et as

it ea-!es %ore thorou"h circu!atio of %ateria!s ad cotact -et'ee the -acteria ad their

food+ This ea-!es the -acteria to %ore readi!y access the su-staces they are feedi" off ad

icreases the s$eed of "as yie!ds+

Di"estio syste%s ca -e cofi"ured 'ith differet !ee!s of co%$!e5ity1

Oe7sta"e or si"!e7sta"e

T'o7sta"e or %u!tista"e

A si"!e7sta"e di"estio syste% is oe i 'hich a!! of the -io!o"ica! reactios occur 'ithi a

si"!e sea!ed reactor or ho!di" ta(+ Uti!isi" a si"!e sta"e reduces costructio costs,

ho'eer faci!itates !ess cotro! of the reactios occurri" 'ithi the syste%+ Acido"eic

-acteria, throu"h the $roductio of acids, reduce the $H of the ta(+ Methao"eic -acteria,

as out!ied ear!ier, o$erate i a strict!y defied $H ra"e+ Therefore the -io!o"ica! reactios of

the differet s$ecies i a si"!e sta"e reactor ca -e i direct co%$etitio 'ith each other+

Aother oe7sta"e reactio syste% is a aaero-ic !a"oo+ These !a"oos are $od7!i(e

earthe -asis used for the treat%et ad !o"7ter% stora"e of %aures+ Here the aaero-ic

reactios are cotaied 'ithi the atura! aaero-ic s!ud"e cotaied i the $oo!+

I a t'o7sta"e or %u!ti7sta"e di"estio syste% differet di"estio esse!s are o$ti%ised to

-ri" %a5i%u% cotro! oer the -acteria! co%%uities !ii" 'ithi the di"esters+

Acido"eic -acteria $roduce or"aic acids ad %ore 4uic(!y "ro' ad re$roduce tha

%ethao"eic -acteria+ Methao"eic -acteria re4uire sta-!e $H ad te%$erature i order to

o$ti%ise their $erfor%ace+

Ty$ica!!y hydro!ysis, aceto"eesis ad acido"eesis occur 'ithi the first reactio esse!+

The or"aic %ateria! is the heated to the re4uired o$eratioa! te%$erature 9either %eso$hi!ic

or ther%o$hi!ic: $rior to -ei" $u%$ed ito a %ethao"eic reactor+ The iitia! hydro!ysis oracido"eesis ta(s $rior to the %ethao"eic reactor ca $roide a -uffer to the rate at 'hich

feedstoc( is added+ So%e Euro$ea coutries re4uire a de"ree of e!eated heat treat%et i

order to (i!! har%fu! -acteria i the i$ut 'aste+ I this istace their %ay -e a $asteurisatio

or steri!isatio sta"e $rior to di"estio or -et'ee the t'o di"estio ta(s+ It shou!d -e oted

that it is ot $ossi-!e to co%$!ete!y iso!ate the differet reactio $hases ad ofte there is

so%e -io"as that is $roduced i the hydro!ysis or acido"eesis ta(s+

Re#i&en%e

The residece ti%e i a di"ester aries 'ith the a%out ad ty$e of feed %ateria!, the

cofi"uratio of the di"estio syste% ad 'hether it -e oe7sta"e or t'o7sta"e+


26/33

I the case of si"!e7sta"e ther%o$hi!ic di"estio residece ti%es %ay -e i the re"io of ?K

days, 'hich co%$aratie!y to %eso$hi!ic di"estio is re!atie!y fast+ The $!u"7f!o' ature of

so%e of these syste%s 'i!! %ea that the fu!! de"radatio of the %ateria! %ay ot hae -ee

rea!ised i this ti%esca!e+ I this eet di"estie e5iti" the syste% 'i!! -e dar(er i co!our

ad 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae %ore odour+

I t'o7sta"e %eso$hi!ic di"estio, residece ti%e %ay ary -et'ee ? ad KJ days+ I the

case of %eso$hi!ic UASB di"estio hydrau!ic residece ti%es ca -e 9?hour7?day: ad so!id

retetio ti%es ca -e u$ to FJ days+ I this %aer the UASB syste% is a-!e to se$arate

so!id i hydrau!ic retetio ti%es 'ith the uti!isatio of a s!ud"e -!a(et+

/otiuous di"esters hae %echaica! or hydrau!ic deices, de$edi" o the !ee! of so!ids

i the %ateria!, to %i5 the cotets ea-!i" the -acteria ad the food to -e i cotact+ They

a!so a!!o' e5cess %ateria! to -e cotiuous!y e5tracted to %aitai a reasoa-!y costat

o!u%e 'ithi the di"estio ta(s+

Pro&$%t#There are three $rici$a! $roducts of aaero-ic di"estio1 -io"as, di"estate ad 'ater+ Bio"as

is the u!ti%ate 'aste $roduct of the -acteria feedi" off the i$ut -iode"rada-!e feedstoc(,

ad is %ost!y %ethae ad car-o dio5ide, 'ith a s%a!! a%out hydro"e ad trace hydro"e

su!$hide+ Most of the -io"as is $roduced duri" the %idd!e of the di"estio, after the -acteria!

$o$u!atio has "ro', ad ta$ers off as the $utresci-!e %ateria! is e5hausted+ The "as is

or%a!!y stored o to$ of the di"ester i a if!ata-!e "as -u--!e or e5tracted ad stored e5t

to the faci!ity i a "as ho!der+

Bio"as %ay re4uire treat%et or Qscru--i"Q to refie it for use as a fue!+ Hydro"e su!$hide

is a to5ic $roduct for%ed fro% su!$hates i the feedstoc( ad is re!eased as a trace co%$oet

of the -io"as+

Co!ati!e si!o5aes ca a!so cota%iate the -io"as> such co%$ouds are fre4uet!y foud i

househo!d 'aste ad 'aste'ater+ I di"estio faci!ities acce$ti" these %ateria!s as a

co%$oet of the feedstoc(, !o' %o!ecu!ar 'ei"ht si!o5aes o!ati!ise ito -io"as+

Di!e#tive

Di"estie is the so!id re%ats of the ori"ia! i$ut %ateria! to the di"esters that the %icro-es

caot use+ It a!so cosists of the %iera!ised re%ais of the dead -acteria fro% 'ithi thedi"esters+ Di"estie ca co%e i three for%s> fi-rous, !i4uor or a s!ud"e7-ased co%-iatio

of the t'o fractios+ I t'o7sta"e syste%s the differet for%s of di"estie co%e fro%

differet di"estio ta(s+ I si"!e sta"e di"estio syste%s the t'o fractios 'i!! -e co%-ied

ad if desired se$arated -y further $rocessi"+

Wa#te,ater

The fia! out$ut fro% aaero-ic di"estio syste%s is 'ater+ This 'ater ori"iates -oth fro%

the %oisture cotet of the ori"ia! 'aste that 'as treated -ut a!so ic!udes 'ater $roduced

duri" the %icro-ia! reactios i the di"estio syste%s+ This 'ater %ay -e re!eased fro% the

de'ateri" of the di"estate or %ay -e i%$!icit!y se$arate fro% the di"estate+


27/33

The 'aste'ater e5iti" the aaero-ic di"estio faci!ity 'i!! ty$ica!!y hae e!eated !ee!s of

-ioche%ica! o5y"e de%ad 9BOD: ad che%ica! o5y"e de%ad 9/OD:, these are

%easures of the reactiity of the eff!uet ad sho' a a-i!ity to $o!!ute+ So%e of this %ateria!

is ter%ed Qhard /ODQ %eai" it caot -e accessed -y the aaero-ic -acteria for coersio

ito -io"as+ If this eff!uet 'as $ut direct!y ito 'atercourses it 'ou!d e"atie!y affect the%

-y causi" eutro$hicatio+ As such further treat%et of the 'aste'ater is ofte re4uired+ Thistreat%et 'i!! ty$ica!!y -e a o5idatio sta"e 'here air is $assed throu"h the 'ater i a

se4ueci" -atch reactors or reerse os%osis uit+

ANAEROBIC LAGOONS

Aaero-ic !a"oos are used to dis$ose of ai%a! 'aste, $articu!ar!y that of co's ad $i"s+

The 'aste is 'ashed ito the !a"oo -y f!ushi" the ai%a! $es 'ith 'ater+ So!id 'aste,

$articu!ar!y the fi-rous ty$e of co's, is so%eti%es se$arated -efore the 'aste'ater eters the

!a"oo to $reet the -ui!d u$ of so!id %ateria!+ Aaero-ic or"ais%s atura!!y $reset i the%aure ad the eiro%et deco%$ose the 'aste i the aaero-ic coditios of the !a"oo+

Areas 'ith co!d 'iters are ia$$ro$riate for aaero-ic !a"oos -ecause the actiity of the

%icroor"ais%s is hi"h!y de$edet o te%$erature+ It is critica! to hae the $ro$er si8e for

the !a"oo, 'ith o!u%e -ei" %ore i%$ortat tha surface area+ A %ii%u% of t'o %eters is

ecessary for aaero-ic coditios, -ut the de$th shou!d ot e5ceed & %eters+ So%eti%es a

secodary !a"oo is used to acce$t 'astes 'hi!e the $ri%ary !a"oo is uder"oi"

%aiteace or for other $ur$oses+

If the aaero-ic !a"oo syste% is -ei" used for eer"y $roductio, the $ri%ary !a"oo has a

coer f!oati" o the surface of the 'ater+ The coer ca$tures the -io"as $roduced -yaaero-ic -acteria+ The -io"as $roduced -y aaero-ic !a"oos is J to %ethae, 'ith

car-o dio5ide %a(i" u$ %ost of the rest+ The "as is usua!!y used to $roduce e!ectricity

usi" a %icrotur-ie or reci$rocati" e"ie, -ut it ca a!so -e used for 'ater or s$ace

heati"+ The "as usua!!y uder"oes $retreat%et, $articu!ar!y dehydratio, $rior to

co%-ustio+ So%eti%es the car-o dio5ide, 'hich is ico%-usti-!e, is a!so re%oed+


28/33


29/33

?< MGD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT+ DELHI JAL

BOARD+ NILOTHI

S*+

NO+

UNIT UANTITY 0UN/TION

? Bar scree uit K It cosists of coeyor -e!t+ It is used

for the re%oa! of !ar"e f!oati" so!ids+

@ ;rit cha%-er uit+ K There are four "rit cha%-ers i the

$!at 'hich cosists of a -rid"e+ The

-rid"e is diided ito three $arts1 ;earBo5, Shaft, ad ru--er e4ui$%et+ ;rit

cha%-er %ashes thic( $artic!es+ Ra(e

c!assifier is a!so $reset here 'hich

ta(es u$ the $artic!es 'hich are ot

%ashed u$ -y "rit cha%-er 9!i(e $ieces

of stoes:+

Maua! -ar scree uit K It a!so re%oes f!oati" so!ids+ It is

o$erated %aua!!y+

K )ri%ary sedi%etatio

cha%-er uit

? It re%oes $ri%ary setta-!e so!ids+

0ro% here 'aste 'ater "oes to the

aeratio ta(+ I this ste$ setta-!e are

re%oed -y "raitatioa! sett!i" uder

4uiescet coditios+ The s!ud"e

for%ed at the -otto% of the ta( is

re%oed as uderf!o' ad the c!eared

!i4uid $roduced is (o' as oerf!o'+

There are "eera!!y three ty$es of

sett!i"1 Sett!i" of di!ute sus$esios

of discrete $artic!es, sett!i" of di!ute

sus$esios of f!occu!et $artic!es ad

8oe sett!i" 'hich ic!udes hidered

sett!i" ad co%$ressie sett!i"+

Ra' $u%$ house is $reset 'here ra'


30/33

s!ud"e co%es -y "raity ad 'ater

%oes i the u$'ard directio+ There

is a!so a $u%$ 'hich is ca!!ed as retur

s!ud"e $u%$ for retur s!ud"e+

Aeratio cha%-er ?K aerators ?K aerators are ista!!ed for $roidi"

ade4uate a%out of o5y"e+ Aeratio

de$eds u$o the a%out of u$co%i"

'ater+ A!! the aerators are ot o$erated

at the sa%e ti%e+ It de$eds o the

a%out of 'ater su$$!y+ The %ai

fuctio of this uit is to cotro!M*SS 9Mi5ed *i4uor Sus$eded

So!ids: -y %i5i" o5y"e throu"h

aeratio+ The rate at 'hich disso!ed

o5y"e is used , de$eds o1

a+ uatity of or"aics+

-+ The ease 'ith 'hich they are -io7

de"raded+

c+ Di!utio ca$acity of the strea%+

& Secodary Sed%etatio

Ta(

? 0ro% the aeratio ta( the se'a"e

f!o's to the fia! sedi%etatio ta(

sice there are o f!oati" so!ids,

$roisios for the re%oa! of the scu%

or f!oata"e are ot eeded+ Thesus$eded $artic!es i the aeratio ta(

are !i"ht i 'ei"ht ad are thus

%ar(ed!y if!ueced -y currets+

Therefore i these secodary sett!i"

ta(s a cosidera-!e !e"th of

oerf!o' 'eir is desira-!e to reduce

the e!ocity of a$$roach+

S!ud"e di"estio ta( & It cosists of circu!ar ta( 'ith


31/33

ho$$ered 'ater ad hai" a fi5ed or

f!oati" ty$e of roof oer its to$+ The

ra' s!ud"e is $u%$ed fro% ra' s!ud"e

$u%$ house ito the ta( ad 'he the

ta( is $ut ito the o$eratio it isseeded 'ith di"ested s!ud"e fro%

aother ta(+ A scre' $u%$ 'ith a

arra"e%et for circu!ati" s!ud"e

fro% -otto% to to$ of the ta( or ice7

ersa is co%%o!y used, for stirri"

the s!ud"e+

The "ases of deco%$ositio 9%ai!y

/HK ad /O@: are co!!ected i ;as

do%e or i "as ho!ders for su-se4uet

use+ The di"ested s!ud"e 'hich sett!es

do' to -otto% of the Ta( is re%oed

uder hydrostatic $ressure $eriodica!!y

oce or t'ice a 'ee(+ The su$eratat

!i4uor -ei" hi"her i BOD ad

sus$eded so!ids cotet is set -ac(

for the treat%et a!o" 'ith ra'

se'a"e i the treat%et $!at+

The di"estio ta(s are cy!idrica!

sha$ed ta(s 'ith dia ra"i" -et'ee

to ?@ %+ the -otto% ho$$ered f!oor

of the ta( is "ie a s!o$e of a-out

?1? or ?1 9?H1C: the de$th of the

di"estio ta( is usua!!y (e$t at a-out

&%+ the ca$acity of the di"estio ta(is a fuctio of s!ud"e $roductio,

di"estio $eriod, de"ree of di"estio

re4uired, !oss of %oisture ad

coersio of or"aic %atter+ If the

$ro"ress of the s!ud"e di"estio is

assu%ed to -e !iear the the ca$acity

of di"estio ta( is "ie as1

C9C?LC@:2@T


32/33

3here C o!u%e of di"estio i %

C? ra' s!ud"e added $er day9% $er

day:

C@e4uia!et di"ested s!ud"e$roduced $er day o co%$!etio of

di"estio9% $er day:C?2

T di"estio $eriod 9days:+

0ro% the di"ester the s!ud"e is ta(e

as ferti!i8er ad %aure+ B!o'ers are

used for %i5i" ad ot for aeratio i

di"ester+

BULKING AND 2OAMING SLUDGE IN AN ASP PLANT

0oa% for%atio ad $oor!y sett!i" s!ud"e are t'o %ost co%%o $ro-!e%s of AS) $rocess+

A s!ud"e that e5hi-its $oor sett!i" characteristics is ca!!ed as -u!(i" s!ud"e+ 0i!a%etous%icro7or"ais%s 9fu"i: are foud to -e res$osi-!e for -u!(ed s!ud"e+ To cotro! these

or"ais%s ch!oriatio ad reductio of s!ud"e a"e to !ess tha & days is doe+

POWER SUPPLY IN NILOTHI PLANT

Dua! fue! e"ie is used for $o'er su$$!y i 'hich diese! ad "as are used i the ratio @J1GJ+

There are three "eerators of &JJ #CA 'hich "eerates a-out ?@JJ#Ca e!ectricity+ There are

a!so %ay ste$7do' ad ste$7u$ trasfor%ers for the e!ectricity su$$!y ad cotro!+ To coo!

the air 'ater coo!ers are $reset+

BIBLIOGRAPHY4


33/33

Rose ;eor"e, The Bi" Necessity1 The U%etioa-!e 3or!d of Hu%a 3aste ad 3hy it

Matters

#ho$(ar, S+ M+ 9@JJK:+ Eiro%eta! )o!!utio Moitori" Ad /otro!+ Ne' A"eIteratioa!+

Beycho(, M+R+ 9?F?:+

18341134 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment

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Transcript of 18341134 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment