13 Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3:...

13

Lesson 13.1: Nutrition

Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

The Digestive System and Nutrition

Lesson 13.1

Nutrition

Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition

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• energy• macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals

Nutrition


• measuring the body’s energy use– calories– kilocalories

• basal metabolic rate– energy required for one day at rest– varies by individual

Energy


• nutrients– substances needed for

• energy• growth• maintenance

Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals

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• carbohydrates • proteins • fats (lipids)• vitamins • minerals

Nutrients


• sugars• starches• 1 gram supplies 4 Calories• one half of daily caloric intake should be from

carbohydrates

Carbohydrates


• made of amino acids• essential amino acids

– must be part of diet

• nonessential amino acids– body can make

• one gram supplies 4 Calories

• one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins

Proteins

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• lipids• saturated fats• monounsaturated fats• polyunsaturated fats• trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)

Fats


• one gram supplies 9 Calories• minimize trans and saturated fat intake• less than 25–35% of total calories from fat

Fats


• chemicals needed for proper metabolism• types of vitamins

– fat-soluble• may be stored in the body

– water-soluble• are not stored in the body

• vitamin deficiency

Vitamins


• elements needed for proper body function• examples

– calcium– potassium– iron– phosphorus

Minerals


Water-Soluble Vitamins


Fat-Soluble Vitamins


Minerals


Match these words with 1–4 below: carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, iron.

1. 9 calories per gram

2. water soluble

3. sugar

4. mineral

Review and Assessment

Lesson 13.2

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System



• activities of digestion• layers of the alimentary canal• digestive organs and their functions

Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System


• (1) ingestion– getting food into the body

• (2) propulsion– moving food along GI tract

• (3) mechanical breakdown– breaks food into smaller pieces– increases surface area of food

Activities of Digestion


• (4) chemical breakdown– also known as digestion – enzymes

• (5) absorption– digested food particles moved into blood

• (6) defecation– expulsion of food that was not absorbed



• mucosa– innermost layer– adjacent to lumen

• submucosa– below mucosa

Layers of the Alimentary Canal


• muscularis externa– circular muscle– longitudinal muscle

• serosa – outermost layer– peritoneum

• visceral• parietal



True or False?

1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food.

2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.

3. Peritoneum is serosa.

4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.



• the oral cavity• the nasal cavity• teeth and gums• salivary glands• pharynx• esophagus

Digestive Organs and Their Functions


• stomach• small intestine• liver and gallbladder• pancreas• large intestine• rectum, anal canal, and anus



• lips• tongue• cheeks• palate

– hard– soft

The Oral Cavity


• passageway for air• uvula

– hangs from soft palate– keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing

The Nasal Cavity


• gum– gingiva

• teeth– deciduous– permanent

• incisor• canine• molar

Teeth and Gums


Anatomy of the Tooth


• parotid• submandibular• sublingual• saliva

– water – enzymes

Salivary Glands


• nasopharynx• oropharynx• laryngopharynx

– glottis– epiglottis

Pharynx


• connects pharynx to stomach• peristalsis

– muscle contraction changes size of tube– food is moved through GI tract

Esophagus


• regions – cardia– fundus– body– pyloric region

• three layers of muscle

Stomach


• gastric gland– mucus-secreting cells– parietal cells– chief cells– enteroendocrine cells

Lining of the Stomach


• protein-digesting enzymes• chyme formation• stomach contractions

Chemical Reactions in the Stomach


Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus.

1. region of stomach

2. connects pharynx to stomach

3. a type of tooth

4. a type of salivary gland



• segments– duodenum– jejunum– ileum

• lining– villi– intestinal crypts

Small Intestine


• chemical breakdown– emulsification by bile– break down by

enzymes

• absorption into the blood – from capillaries to the

blood – lacteal to lymph– vitamin B12

Small Intestine


• functions of the liver– maintains nutrients in blood– converts one nutrient to another– stores nutrients– inactivates toxins

• hepatic portal vein• parts of the liver

– lobules– hepatocytes– blood vessels– bile canaliculi– bile salts

The Liver


Liver and Gallbladder


• functions of the gallbladder– stores bile produced by liver– releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

The Gallbladder


• pancreatic juices– contain digestive enzymes

• glucose regulation– beta cells–insulin– alpha cells–glucagon

Pancreas


• regions – cecum– colon

• ascending• transverse• descending• sigmoid

Large Intestine


• rectum• anal canal• anus

– sphincters• internal• external

Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus


Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder.

1. a region of the colon

2. a region of the small intestine

3. stores bile

4. produce insulin


Lesson 13.3

Disorders and Diseases of the

Digestive System



• gingivitis and periodontal disease– plaque forms tarter

• cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease

– heartburn

• ulcers– Helicobacter pylori

Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System


• gastroenteritis– inflammation of stomach or intestine

• inflammatory bowel disease– chronic inflammation– ulcerative colitis– Crohn’s disease

• constipation and diarrhea– infrequent or too frequent defecation



• hepatitis– inflammation of liver

• pancreatitis– inflammation of pancreas

• gallstones– bile forms crystals– cholecystectomy

• cancer– digestive system cancers

are common


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Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers.

1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________.

2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________.

3. Plaque forms _______________.

4. Crystals of bile are _______________.


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