THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL

CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY

The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages

PROGRAMME, REPORTS AND

ABSTRACTS

Institutions involved in the organization of the Congress: Dmbovia County Council

Valahia University of Trgovite Institute of Archaeology Vasile Prvan

Center of Thracology Bucureti International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences

30th Commission Curtea Domneasc National Museum Complex of Trgovite

Braov County History Museum Museum of Brila

Editorial Board

Chief editors Valeriu Srbu and Cristian Schuster

Members

Marian Cosac, Ovidiu Crstina, George Murtureanu

It is the authors who are responsible for the contents and the quality of reports and abstracts. Due to late reception of manuscripts, the Editorial Board could not in all cases possible intervene to any significant extent, as to ensure a standard language.

THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

OF THRACOLOGY TRGOVITE

10TH-14TH SEPTEMBER 2013

The Thracians and their Neighbors in the Bronze and Iron Ages

Persons involved in the organization of the Congress:

The Honorary Committee Prof. univ. dr. Ion Cucui, president

Conf. univ. dr. Clin D. Oros, vice-president Conf. univ. dr. Ion uuianu, vice-president

Acad. Alexandru Vulpe, vice-president Prof. univ. dr. Marin Crciumaru, secretary

Organizing Committee

Prof. dr. Valeriu Srbu, president Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster, secretary general Conf. univ. dr. Marian Cosac, vice-president

Dr. Ovidiu Crstina, member Dr. Radu tefnescu, member

Prof. univ. dr. Ionel Cndea, member

Secretariat Prof. dr. Cristian Schuster Dr. George Murtoreanu

Dr. Ana Ilie

GENERAL PROGRAMME OF THE CONGRESS

TUESDAY, 10TH OF SEPTEMBER 9.00 15.00 - arrival and registration of the participants 17.00 Official opening of the Congress 20.00 Reception offered by Dmbovia County Council

WEDNESDAY, 11TH OF SEPTEMBER 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 19.30 Presentation of papers 20.00 Reception offered by the Valahia University of Trgovite THURSDAY, 12TH OF SEPTEMBER 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 20.00 Presentation of papers 20.30 Reception offered by the Institute of Archaeology Vasile Prvan - Center of Thracology Bucharest FRIDAY, 13TH OF SEPTEMBER 9.00 14.00 Presentation of papers 17.00 19.00 Round table Reception offered by Dmbovia County Council SATURDAY, 14TH OF SEPTEMBER 8.00 12.00 Documentary trip in Trgovite: museums, monuments Departure of participants.

General Summary Forward ......................................................................... 7

Programme .................................................................... 11

Summary of the Abstracts ........................................... 27

Abstracts ........................................................................ 35

Center of Thracology. The Activity between 2008-2013 ..................................

165

Stimai participani la cel de-al 12-lea Congres Internaional de Tracologie,

Conform tradiiei, cei care se ocup cu studiul tracilor se ntrunesc

ntr-un congres mondial o dat la patru ani. Din motive obiective, dar i altele subiective, aceast periodicitate nu a fost ntotdeauna respectat. O dovad n acest sens sunt i ultimele congrese care au avut loc n Republica Moldova (Chiinu, 2004), Grecia (Komotini - Alexandroupoli, 2005), Turcia (Istanbul, 2010), iar acum n Romnia (Trgovite, 2013).

De ce a fost aleas Romnia ca loc de desfurare a celui de-al 12-lea Congres Internaional de Tracologie i de ce acum, n anul 2013? Data i locul au fost stabilite, aa cum se poate observa, ca urmare a sistemului de rotaie, astfel c se mplinise sorocul ca Romnia s organizeze un nou congres.

ara noastr, prin fostul Institut Romn de Tracologie, care a beneficiat de colaborarea muzeelor din Drobrogea, fusese n 1996 gazda celui de-al 7-lea Congres Internaional de Tracologie. Lucrrile, la care au participat in jur de 250 de specialiti din domeniul istoriei, arheologiei, lingvisticii, antropologiei, zoologiei, etnografiei, din ri precum Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Frana, Georgia, Germania, Ungaria, Republica Moldova, Romnia, Rusia, Turcia, Ucraina, Iugoslavia, s-au derulat atunci la Constana, Mangalia i Tulcea.

Prezentul congres are drept loc de ntrunire a celor care i dedic o bun parte din activitatea profesional desluirii tainelor marelui neam al tracilor, ca i a vecinilor lor, frumosul i ncrcatul de istorie ora Trgovite. A fost ales acest ora deoarece aici exist specialiti de prim rang n domeniul arheologiei i istoriei, aici fiineaz una din cele mai prestigioase universiti din Romnia Universitatea Valahia, aici i are sediul un complex muzeal de prim rang Complexul Naional Muzeal Curtea Domneasc - i, nu n ultimul rnd, aici se gsesc autoriti, ne referim la Consiliul Judeean Dmbovia, care au neles s se implice financiar i logistic n organizarea unei manifestri tiinifice de importana unui reuniuni mondiale.

Anul 2013 a fost ales n detrimentul anului 2014, an n care

trebuia s aibe loc n mod normal congresul, deoarece acum exist

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premisele financiar-organizatorice-tiinifice cele mai favorabile. Pe lng Institutul de Arheologie Vasile Prvan Centrul de Tracologie al Academiei Romne, Universitatea Valahia, Complexul Naional Muzeal Curtea Domneasc Trgovite, principalii organizatori ai efortului de a susine bunul mers al lucrrilor congresului i de a tipri volumele ce vor conine comunicrile, li s-au alturat Muzeul Brilei, Muzeul Judeean de Istorie Braov i Comisia 30 a Uniunii Internaionale de tiine Preistorice i Protoistorice

Un numr de peste 120 de cercettori din Bulgaria, Republica Ceh, Egipt, Finlanda, Georgia, Germania, Grecia, Italia, Polonia, Portugalia, Republica Moldova, Rusia, Serbia, Turcia, Ucraina i Romnia i-au manifestat interesul de a participa la actualul congres, care are drept tem Tracii i vecinii lor n Antichitate n epocile bronzului i fierului.

Prezentul volum, ce conine peste 100 de contribuii, este tiprit de Muzeul Brilei. Ele reflect o varietate apreciabil de abordri, modaliti i ci diferite de a analiza, studia, compara i a nelege i explica cultura material i cea spiritual a tracilor i interaciunea acestora cu populaiile nvecinate, din zone mai apropiate sau mai ndeprtate.

Cum este firesc, de altfel, dup congres comunicrile prezentate vor fi publicate n volume speciale, ce vor fi ngrijite i editate n colaborare cu colegii din Complexul Naional Muzeal Curtea Domneasc Trgovite i Muzeul Judeean de Istorie Braov.

Ne bucurm i suntem onorai s v avem participani la al 12-lea Congres Internaional de Tracologie. Dorim s mulumim tuturor instituiilor i persoanelor implicate n organizarea congresului pentru gratitudinea i efortul depus.

V dorim o edere ct mai fructuoas i plcut n Trgovite! n numele Comitetului de organizare, Valeriu Srbu, Cristian Schuster,

Preedinte Secretar General

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Dear participants at the 12th International Congress of Thracology,

According to tradition, those involved in the study of Thracians

meet every four years at an international congress. Due to objective and subjective reasons, this regularity of meetings was not always respected. A proof in this direction is constituted by the last meetings that took place in the Republic of Moldova (Chiinu, 2004), Greece (Komotini - Alexandroupoli, 2005), Turkey (Istanbul, 2010), and now in Romania (Trgovite, 2013).

Why Romania for the 12th International Congress of Thracology and why now, in 2013? The date and place were established, as it can be noted, following the rotation system so that it was now the time for Romania to organize a new meeting.

Our country, through its former Romanian Institute of Thracology, in collaboration with the museums from Dobroudja, was in 1996 the host for the 7th International Congress. The venues were then Constana, Mangalia and Tulcea and over 250 specialists in the fields of history, archaeology, linguistics, anthropology, zoology and ethnography from countries such as Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine and Yugoslavia took part at that meeting.

The present congress has as venue for those who dedicate most of their professional activity to deciphering the mysteries of the great Thracian people and their neighbors the beautiful and full of history city of Trgovite. This location was chosen because here there are many specialists in the field of history and archaeology, here functions one of the most prestigious Romania universities Valahia University, here there is a valued museum complex Curtea Domneasc National Museum Complex, and last but not least, here there are the authorities Dmbovia County Council that understood to get involved financially and with logistics in the organization of an international scientific event.

The year 2013 was chosen over the year 2014 (when the congress should have normally been organized) as now there are the most favorable financial, organizational and scientific premises. The main organizers of the meeting and of the publication of the proceedings are the Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology Center of Thracology of the

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Romanian Academy, Valahia University Trgovite and Curtea Domneasc National Museum Complex Trgovite. Other institutions and forums joined them in their efforts, such as the Museum of Brila, Braov County History Museum and the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences 30th Commission.

A number of over 120 persons from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine and Romania manifested their interest in participating at the congress which has as topic The Thracians and their Neighbours in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

The present Reports and Abstracts volume, which contains a number of more 100 contributions, is printed by the Museum of Brila. It reflects a large variety of approaches, different means of analysis, study, comparison, understanding and explaining the material and spiritual culture of the Thracians and their interaction with the neighboring populations from closed or farther areas.

As it is only natural, the proceedings of the congress will be published in volumes that will be edited in collaboration with the colleagues from Curtea Domneasc National Museum Complex of Trgovite and Braov County History Museum.

We are glad and honored to have you as participants at the 12th

International Congress of Thracology. We also wish to thank all the institutions and persons involved in the organization of the congress for their efforts.

We wish you a most pleasant and rewarding stay in Trgovite! On the behalf of the Organizing Committee, Valeriu Srbu, Cristian Schuster,

President Secretary General

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THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THRACOLOGY

- PROGRAMME

TUESDAY, 10TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

9.00 15.00 Welcome and registration of the participants

17.00 Official Opening Ceremony

Speakers: officials, organizers and participants

- Valeriu Srbu President of the Organizing Committee

- Cristian Schuster, Secretary General of the Organizing Committee

- Adrian Tuuianu, vice-president of the Honorary Committee,

President of the Dmbovia County Council

- Clin D. Oros, vice-president of the Honorary Committee, rector of Valahia University of Trgovite

- Alexandru Vulpe, vice-president of the Honorary Committee,

director of Institute of Archaeology V.Prvan Bucharest

- Researchers from different countries

20.00 Reception offered by Dmbovia County Council

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WEDNESDAY, 11TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

Presentation of papers: 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 19.30

SECTION I

BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS, FORTRESSES, ARTEFACTS

9.00 13.00

Chairperson: Radu Bjenaru

- Tibor-Tams Darczi (Germany) - Anamorphosis in archaeology. Aspects of phenomenology and perception in cultural change and cultural transfer. A case study of the pit-grave kurgans of the eastern Carpathian basin - Camelia-Mirela Vintil (Romania) - Types of residential constructions, Neo-Eneolithic and Bronze Age work-materials and building techniques in the area of Bucharest City, Ilfov County - Daniel Costache (Romania) - Considerations on Monteoru culture settlements (Bronze Age) in the area of Curvature Sub-Carpathians - Elena Gavril (Romania) - Tei culture settlements in Bucharest and Ilfov County - Jeanette Forsen (Finland) - An outpost in the West - Radu Bjenaru, Alin Frnculeasa (Romania) - Une nouvelle hache de type Baniabic du sud de la Roumanie 11.00 Coffee break

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- David Wolfgang (Deutschland) - Brotlaibidole/tavolette enigmatiche ein ungelstes Rtsel altbronzezeitlicher Kulturbeziehungen zwischen Unterer Donau, Sddeutschland und Italien - Ioan Bejinariu (Romania) - Highlights of cultural evolution in Late Bronze Age in north-western Romania - Alexandru Mecu, Laureniu Nlbitoru (Romania) - About occupations in the Late Bronze Age, with special focus on the discovery of the South of Romania. 12.30: Discussions 13.00 15.30 Lunch

15.30 19.30 Presentation of papers

Chairperson: Jeanette Forsen - Ion Torcic (Romania) - Nouvelles donnes concernant la fin de lge du Bronze et le dbut de la premire poque du Fer dans la rgion de sud-ouest de la Muntnie - Marcin Burghardt (Poland) - The whetstones with a hanging hole in steppe zone cultures of the northern Pontic and the great Hungarian Plain from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age - Marius Alexianu (Roumanie) - Paramtres spatiaux de l'exploitation des sources sales de la Moldavie prcarpatique l Age du Bronze et lAge du Fer - Ana Ilie, Gheorghe Olteanu, Ovidiu Crstina, A. Puna, I. Bogdan (Roumanie) - Lexploitation des sources sales du bassin suprieur de la rivire Ialomia de lge du Bronze jusquau Ier sicle ap. J.-C.

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- Katarina Dmitrovi, Marija Ljutina (Serbia) - Some observations on the borders between the Bronze Age cultural groups in the region of the West Morava Valley, central Serbia 17.30 Coffee break

NECROPOLISES, GRAVES, ARTEFACTS - Ghenadie Srbu (Rep. of Moldova) - Funerary practices during the transition period from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in the north-east Carpathian area. Gordineti cultural group

- Gabriel Crciunescu (Roumanie) - Les ncropoles de la culture uto Brdo Grla Mare dans la localit Grla Mare. - Cristinel Fntneanu, Gabriel Blan, Daniel Tenti (Romania) - The Bronze Age necropolis at Sebe ntre Rstoace 19.30 Discussions

20.00 Reception offered by the Valahia University of Trgovite

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THURSDAY, 12TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

SECTION I Presentation of papers: 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 19.30

FIRST IRON AGE SETTLEMENTS, FORTRESSES, ARTEFACTS

9.00 13.00

Chairperson: Ion Niculi

- Oleg Leviki (Rep. of Moldova) - Current status and research priorities for the cannelure hallstatt culture of the Chiinu-Corlteni type in the Carpathian-Dniester area (12th-10th centuries BC) - Alexandru Levinschi (Rep. of Moldova) - Specifics of the placement of settlements from the First and Second Iron Age in the forest steppe of central Moldova - Ion Niculi, Andrei Nicic (Rumnien) Nordthrakische Menschengemeinschaften der Umgebung von Saharna am Mitteldnesterlauf in der ersten Hlfte des I. Jahrtausends v. Chr. (anhand der Ergebnissen der Untersuchungen in der Siedlung und Nekropole bei Saharna-iglu) - Ion Niculi, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail B (Rep. of Moldova) - Diachronic development of sites from the Saharna area in the middle Dniester region - Maya Kashuba, Marina Vakhtina (Russia) - Nemirov in the northern Black Sea region: the hallstatt cultural impulse and the early contacts with Greeks (the second half of the 8th-6th centuries BC)

- Irina B. Shramko (Ukraine) - Basarabi features in the ceramic complex of the Bilsk settlement 11.00 Coffee break

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Chairperson: Milo Jevti

- Alexandru Morintz, Cristian Schuster, Andrei Mgureanu, Raluca Koglniceanu - New Thracian Discoveries from Southern Romania - Alexey Gotzev (Bulgaria) - First millennium BC. Thracian archaeology of settlement in the Upper Maritsa region and its adjacent areas

- Alexander Portalsky (Bulgaria) - Hellespontus, the Thracian Bosporus and information related to Thracians on their coasts during the first half of the first millennium BC - 12.30 Discussions 13.00 15.30 Lunch 15.30 19.30 Presentation of papers NECROPOLISES, GRAVES, ARTEFACTS - Drago Mndescu (Romania) - The late First Iron Age Ferigile cultural group - an original north-Thracian synthesis at the interference of the surrounding cultural spaces

- Milo Jevti (Serbia) - First Iron Age Miro Group and Ferigile Finds in Northeastern Serbia

- Diana Dvnc (Roumanie) - Inhumations des enfants chez le Thraces du Nord en Premier ge du Fer

16.30 Discussions 17.00 Coffee break

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Section IV

SARMATIANS, GERMANICS, ROMANS Chairperson: Mihail Zahariade

- Liana Oa, Valeriu Srbu (Romania) - The Brgan in the 1st-3rd centuries AD: Dacians, Romans, Sarmatians - Izabela Wnukzek (Poland) - Transcarpathian finds of stamped ceramics - Horea Pop (Romania) - Dacians and Germanics in North-Western Romania between Traianus and Marcus Aurelius (2nd AD) - Liviu Petculescu (Romania) - New data on Roman military equipment in Dacia before AD 106 - El-Saed Gad, Eman A. Abdel-Aziz (Egypt) - Funerary Stele of Julius Victor: An Unknown Soldier of Legio Secunda Traiana Fortis - Mihail Zahariade (Romania) - Age and service of the Thracians in the 2nd-3rd century legions Discussions 20.00 Reception offered by the Institute of Archaeology V. Prvan Center of Thracology Bucharest

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WEDNESDAY, 11TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

Presentation of papers: 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 19.30

SECTION II

SECOND IRON AGE SETTLEMENTS, FORTRESSES, ARTEFACTS

9.00 13.00

Chairperson: Peter Delev

- Sergiu Mustea (Rep. of Moldova) - The new data concerning Getian artefacts from the Mcui settlement, cemetery and hilfort (4th-3rd c. BC) - Octavian Munteanu, V. Iarmulschi (Rep. of Moldova) - La fortification gte de Horodca Mica, R. de Moldavie: techniques de construction et phases de ldification - Sergey Matveev (Rep. of Moldova) - Support for the vessel shapes in the ceramic collection from the 1st millennium BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD in the Eastern-Carpathian area - P. V. Ostapenko (Ukraine) - Cultural and economic contacts of Thracian and Greek rural population in the lower Dniester in 6th-1st c. BC - Tatyana. L. Samoilova (Ukraine) Economic ties of the ancient Tyras with Getae of Dniester river (the end of 6th-1st c. BC) - Natalia Mateevici (Rep. de Moldavie), Evgenya Redina (Ukraine) - La poterie Thrace dans les localits rurales de la rive gauche du liman de Dniestr en IV - dbut du III sicles avant J.-C.)

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11.00 Coffee break - Livia Buzoianu, Maria Brbulescu (Romania) - Historical Landmarks Provided by Imported Greek Pottery - Despina Mgureanu (Romania) - Some aspects of the spatial organization of Latne epoch settlement excavated at Crlomneti, Buzu County - Valeriu Srbu, Sebastian Matei (Romania) - A Dacian Fortress from Pietroasa Mic-Gruiu Drii - Done erbnescu, Cristian Schuster, Alexandru Morintz (Rumnien) - Die getischen Dava von Radovanu im Lichte der neusten Forschungen 12.45 Disscussions 13.00 15.30 Lunch 15.30 19.30 Presentation of papers

Chairperson: Diana Gergova - Lucica Savu (Romania) - The Celtic discoveries on the upper and middle course of the river Olt in the Second Iron Age

- Florea Costea, Angelica Blos (Romania) - An important centre of power from pre-Roman Dacia: the Olt gorge sites from the Perani Mountains, Transylvania

- Cristina Mitar, Alexandru Brbat, Oana Tutil Brbat (Romania) - The Dacian Settlement from Uroi, Hunedoara County

- Marija Ljutina (Serbia) - In quest for quality stone: La Tne rotary querns from idovar, south Banat

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- Vlad Crbii, Monica Nicolescu (Romania) - Viewpoints in interpreting Late Iron Age hillforts and fortified settlement between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube (2nd c. BC-1st c. AD) - Dan tefan (Romania) - Contributions to the study of Geto-Dacian habitat from Eastern Wallachia (2nd c. BC-1st c. AD) by non-invasive technologies 17.30 Coffee break - Kalin Porozhanov (Bulgaria) - The Hellenic poleis-emporia and Thracian marketplaces of the Odrysian Kindom (the 5th-middle of the 4th centuries BC) - Ivo Topalilov (Bulgaria) - Some notes on the urbanistic development of Philippopolis (4th-2nd c. BC) - Dilyana Boteva (Bulgaria) - The Relations between the Odrysian king Sitalkes and his son Sadokos in the ancient literary tradition: Testimonies and their interpretations - Mustafa H. Sayar (Turkey) - The Odrysean settlements in southeastern Thrace

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THURSDAY, 12TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

Presentation of papers: 9.00 13.00 ; 15.30 20.00

Chairperson: Jan Bouzek

- Jan Bouzek (Czech Republic), Lydia Domaradzka (Bulgaria) - Women in Pistiros

- Peter Delev (Bulgaria) - The tribal world of Ancient Thrace - Ruja Popova (Bulgaria) - Political relationships of Thrace in the north Black Sea region (Crimean Peninsula) in the late 1st century BC-the early 1st century AD - Dobriela Kotova (Bulgarien) - Sparadokos: Bruder oder Schwager des Odrysenknigs Sitalkes?

- Svetlana Yanakieva (Bulgaria) - Thrakisch und Dakisch Sprachen oder Dialekte?

- Daniel Spnu (Rumnien) - Der Schatzfund von Epureni und die Silbernen Fibeln Thrakischer Schema. 11.00 Cofee break - Silviu Purece (Romania) - The economic relations between Buridava and Roman Empire seen from the monetary circulation point of view - Georgeta El Susi (Romania) - Data on livestock management in the Iron Age habitation from Crlomneti, com. Verneti (Buzu county), in the light of recent archaeozoological research

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- Corneliu Beldiman, Iosif Vasile Ferencz, D.-M. Sztancs (Romania) - Data about the Osseous Materials Artefacts from Dacian Fortress of Ardeu, Hunedoara County

- Corneliu Beldiman (Romania) - A Special Red Deer Antler Artefact from the Dacian Settlement of Unip, Timi County

12.45 Discussions

15.30 20.00 Presentation of papers

Chairperson: Mircea Babe

NECROPOLISES, GRAVES, ARTEFACTS - Maria-Magdalena tefan (Romania) - Tumuli and flat graves at the Lower Danube in the 5th-3rd c. BC a comparison of models -Rodica Naniu Ursu, Alexandra Coma (Romania) - Ethno-socio-anthropological considerations regarding the aristocratic burials in the Extra-Carpathian zone, between the 5th-3rd c. BC. - Valeriu Srbu, Maria-Magdalena tefan, Dan tefan, Gabriel Jugnaru (Romania), Tomasz Bochnak (Poland) - The necropolis (6th-3rd c. BC) from Telia-Celic Dere (Dobroudja).Tumulus no. 44. - Mircea Babe (Romania), Philippe Charlier (France), Anca Ganciu (Romania) - The so-called oven-grave from the Getian necropolis at Zimnicea, Southern Romania (4th-3rd c. BC) - Roxana Asndoae (Romania) - Klinai and Kline - shaped structures in Macedonian tombs from present nord-east Macedonia and Thracia

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- Nikola Tonkov (Bulgaria) - Two and three dimensional electroresistivity surveys of thracian burial mounds 17.30 Cofee break

Chairperson: Jerzy Hatas - Jerzy Hatas, M. yromski (Poland) - The human burials and horses skeletal remains in the tholos tombs in ancient Thrace - Emil Nankov (Bulgaria) - Playful in Life and After Death: Board Games in Early Hellenistic Thrace - Irina V. Rukavishnikova (Russia) - The decor of the sword from the burial mounds Filippovka 1 - Aurel Rustoiu, Adrian Ursuiu (Romania) - Celtic colonization in Banat. Comments regarding the funerary discoveries - Valeriu Srbu, Cristian Roman (Romania) - Dacian incinerated warriors fromHunedoara-Grdina Castelului, Hunedoara County - Ctlin Petre Constantin (Romania) - Late Iron Age weaponry and military equipment at the Lower Danube 20.30 Reception offered by the Institute of Archaeology V. Prvan of Bucharest Center of Thracology

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FRIDAY, 13TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013

Presentation of papers: 9.00 14.00

CULT PLACES, RELIGION, MITOLOGY

Chairperson: Svetlana Yanakieva

- Nona Palinca (Romania) - Sun cult and burials in the Romanian Bronze Age - Vasil Markov (Bulgaria) - Megalithic sanctuaries from the lands of the Thracian Bessi - Georgi Nekhrizov, Julia Tzvetkova (Bulgaria) - The Cult Places of the Thracians in the Eastern Rhodopes: Some GIS-based Considerations in the Light of New Finds - Valeria Fol (Bulgaria) - The Sun-God in the Depictive Language of the Thracians - Vanya Lozanova-Stantcheva (Bulgaria) - The prophecies of the many-gift[ed] - Diana Gergova (Bulgaria) - The Getae and the Bessi. Comparative studies on the culture of two Thracian priestly-warrior tribes. 11.00 Cofee break

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Chairperson: Nona Palinca - Alexandr E. Malyukevich (Ukraine), Sergey M. Agulnikov (Rep. of Moldova) - Thracian Religious Artifacts of the Late Scythian Sanctuary in Mologa

- Milena Tonkova (Bulgaria) - Gold wreaths from Thrace - Kostadin Rabadjiev (Bulgaria) - The Horseman in Thracian Imagery. Between Influence and Tradition - Khrysanthi Kallini (Greece) - The Cult of the Mother of the Gods (Cybele) at Aigai (ancient Vergina), Northern Greece - Irina Vdovichenko (Ukraine) - A fragment of the crater with the image of the Thracian peltasts from Chersonesos - M. J. Vakhtina (Russia) - Greek art and female representations in the art of European Scythia (on the question of cultural influence and local peculiarity) - Cristina Bodo (Romania) - Types of cult places in the Dacian world (2nd c. BC - 1st c. AD.) 13.30 Discussions

14.00 16.00 Lunch

17.00-19.00 Round table

THRACOLOGY PRESENT AND FUTURE Chairperson:

Cristian Schuster, Svetlana Yanakieva

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20.00 - Reception offered by Dmbovia County Council - Official closing of the Congress SATURDAY, 14TH OF SEPTEMBER 2013 8.00 12.00 Documentary trip in Trgovite city: museums, monuments Departure of participants.

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Summary

Anna Agre, Early Iron Age Settlements and Sanctuaries at the Lower Danube: Problems of Identification and Interpretation .................

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Serghei Agulnikov, Sergiu Popovici, Valeriu Paa, The Newly Discovered Iron Age Necropolis from Mcui Zaverna (Republic of Moldova) ................................................................................................

39 Serghei Agulnikov, Sergiu Popovici, Denis Topal, La recherche archologique du tumulus 7 de Purcari (Rep. de Moldavie) .................

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Marius-Tiberiu Alexianu, Paramtres spatiaux de l'exploitation des sources sales de la Moldavie Prcarpatique l ge du Bronze et lge du Fer ............................................................................................

42 Roxana Asndoae, Klinai and Kline-Shaped Structures in Macedonian Tombs from Present North-East Macedonia and Thracia

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Mircea Babe, Philippe Charlier, Anca Ganciu, The so-called Oven-Grave from the Getian Necropolis at Zimnicea, Southern Romania (4th 3rd Centuries B C) ........................................................

43 Radu Bjenaru, Alin Frnculeasa, Une nouvelle hache de type Baniabic du sud de la Roumanie ...........................................................

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Ioan Bejinariu, Highlights of Cultural Evolution in Late Bronze Age in North-Western Romania ....................................................................

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Corneliu Beldiman, Iosif Vasile Ferencz, Diana-Maria Sztancs, Data About the Osseous Materials Artefacts from Dacian Fortress of Ardeu, Hunedoara County ...................................................................

47 Corneliu Beldiman, A Special Red Deer Antler Artefact from the Dacian Settlement of Unip, Timi County ..............................................

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Natalia Berseneva, Bronze Items as a Sign of the Personal Identity in the Sintashta Culture (Bronze Age of South Trans-Urals) .....................

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Cristina Bod, Types of Cult Places in the Dacian World (2nd Century BC - 1st Century AD)............................................................

49

Dilyana Boteva, The Relations Between the Odrysian King Sitalkes and his Son Sadokos in the Ancient Literary Tradition: Testimonies and their Interpretations ........................................................................

50 Livia Buzoianu, Maria Brbulescu, Historical Landmarks Provided by Imported Greek Pottery ....................................................................

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Jan Bouzek, Lidia Domaradzka, Women in Pistiros .......................... 51

27

Marcin Burghardt, The Whetstones with a Hanging Hole in Steppe Zone Cultures of the Northern Pontic and the Great Hungarian Plain from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age .................................

52 Vlad Crbii, Monica Nicolescu, Viewpoints in Interpreting Late Iron Age Hillforts and Fortified Settlement between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube (2nd Century BC 1st Century AD) .........

53 Elmar Christman, Die Cotofeni-Kultur im berriogionalen Kontext . 54 Nicolae Constantin, Ctlin Ionu Dobrinescu, V. Bodolic, Late Bronze Age Ritual Pit Discovered in Cernavod, Constana County...

55

Ctlin-Petre Constantin, Late Iron Age Weaponry and Military Equipment at the Lower Danube ............................................................

56

Daniel Costache, Considerations on Monteoru Culture Settlements (Bronze Age) in the Area of Curvature Sub-Carpathians ......................

57

Florea Costea, Angelica Blos, An Important Centre of Power from Pre-Roman Dacia: the Olt Gorge Sites from the Persani Mountains. Transylvania ...........................................................................................

58 Gabriel Crciunescu, Les ncropoles de la culture uto Brdo Grla Mare dans la localit Grla Mare ...............................................

59

Tibor-Tams Darczi, Anamorphosis in Archaeology. Aspects of Phenomenology and Perception in Cultural Change and Cultural Transfer. A Case Study of the Pit-Grave Kurgans of the Eastern Carpathian Basin ...................................................................................

60 Peter Delev, The Tribal World of Ancient Thrace ................................ 61 Diana Dvnc, Inhumations des enfants chez les Thraces du Nord en Premier ge du Fer ................................................................................

62

Diana Dimitrova, Shushmanets Tumular Temple near Shipka (Central Bulgaria) ..................................................................................

64

El-Sayed Gad, Funerary Stele of Julius Victor: an Unknown Soldier of Legio Secunda Traiana Fortis ...........................................................

65

Katarina Dmitrovi, Marija Ljutina, Some Observations on the Borders Between the Bronze Age Cultural Groups in the Region of the West Morava Valley, Central Serbia ......................................................

66 Georgeta El Susi, Data on Livestock Management in the Iron Age Habitation from Crlomneti, Com. Verneti (Buzu County), in the Light of Recent Archaeozoological Research ........................................

67 Jeannette Forsn, An Outpost in the West ............................................ 68 Cristinel Fntneanu, Gabriel Blan, Daniel Tenti, The Bronze Age Necropolis at Sebe ntre Rstoace ..............................................

69

28

Valeria Fol, The Sun-God in the Depictive Language of the Thracians 70 Elena Gavril, Tei Culture Settlements in Bucharest and Ilfov County 71 Diana Gergova, The Getae and the Bessi. Comparative Studies on the Culture of Two Thracian Priestly-Warrior Tribes .................................

73

Alexey Gotzev, First Millennium BC Thracian Archaeology of Settlement in the Upper Maritsa Region and its Adjacent Areas ...........

75

Jerzy Hatlas, Marek Zyromski, The Human Burials and Horses Skeletal Remains in the Tholos Tombs in Ancient Thrace .....................

77

Ana Ilie, Gheorghe Olteanu, Ovidiu Crstina, Adrian Puna, Bogdan Ilie, LExploitation des sources sales du bassin suprieur de la rivire Ialomia de lge du Bronze jusquau Ier sicle ap. J.-C. .......

78 Milo Jevti, First Iron Age Miro Group and Ferigile Finds in North-Eastern Serbia .............................................................................

79

Carol Kacs, Sptbronzezeitliche Metallfunde im Norden Siebenbrgens ........................................................................................

80

Chrysanthi Kallini, The Cult of the Mother of the Gods (Cybele) at Aigai (Ancient Vergina), Northern Greece ...........................................

81

Maya Kashuba, Marina Vakhtina, Nemirov in the Northern Black Sea Region: the Hallstatt Cultural Impulse and the Early Contacts with Greeks (The Second Half of the 8th 6th Centuries BC) .................

82 Petra Kmeov, Horses in the Vekerzug Culture: Breeding, Trade and Sacrifice ...........................................................................................

83

Dobriela Kotova, Sparadokos: Bruder oder Schwager des Odrysenknigs Sitalkes? .........................................................................

84

D. Kushtan, Carpathian-Danube Region and Crimea: the Cultural Links in Bronze Age ................................................................................

86

Alexandru Levinschi, Specifics of the Placement of Settlements from the First and Second Iron Age in the Forest Steppe of Central Moldova ..................................................................................................

88 Oleg Leviki, Current Status and Research Priorities for the Cannelure Hallstatt Culture of the Chiinu-Corlteni Type in the Carpathian-Dniester Area (12th 10th Centuries B.C.)..........................

90 Marija Ljutina, In Quest for Quality Stone: La Tne Rotary Querns from idovar, South Banat ....................................................................

93

V. Lozanova-Stantcheva, The Prophecies of the Many-Gift[Ed] .... 94 Despina Mgureanu, Some Aspects of the Spatial Organization of Latne Epoch Settlement Excavated at Crlomneti, Buzu County ..

96

29

Alexandr E. Malyukevich, Sergey M. Agulnikov, Thracian Religious Artifacts of the Late Scythian Sanctuary in Mologa .............

97

Drago Mndescu, The Late First Iron Age Ferigile Cultural Group an Original North-Thracian Synthesis at the Interference of the Surrounding Cultural Spaces .................................................................

98 Vasil Markov, Megalithic Sanctuaries from the Lands of the Thracian Bessi .......................................................................................

98

Natalia Mateevici, Evgenya Redina, La poterie thrace dans les localits rurales de la rive gauche du liman de Dniestr en IV - dbut du III sicles avant J.-C. ........................................................................

99 Sergiu Matveev, Support for the Vessel Shapes in the Ceramic Collection from the First Millenium BC to the Beginning of the First Millenium AD in the Eastern-Carpathic Area .....................................

100 Laurentiu Mecu, Alexandru Nlbitoru, About Occupations in the Late Bronze Age, with Special Focus on the Discovery of the South of Romania ..................................................................................................

101 Cristina Mitar, Alexandru Brbat, Oana Tutil Brbat, The Dacian Settlement from Uroi, Hunedoara County ................................

102

Alex. Morintz, Cristian Schuster, Andrei Mgureanu, Raluca Koglniceanu, New Thracian Discoveries from Southern Romania ....

103

Octavian Munteanu, Vasile Iarmulschi, La fortification gte de Horodca Mic, R. de Moldavie: techniques de construction et phases de ldification .......................................................................................

104 Sergiu Mustea, The New Data Concerning Getian Artefacts from the Mcui Settlement, Cemetery and Hillfort (4-3 C. BC) ...............

106

Emil Nankov, Playful in Life and after Death: Board Games in Early Hellenistic Thrace ..................................................................................

107

Georgi Nekhrizov, Julia Tzvetkova, The Cult Places of the Thracians in the Eastern Rhodopes: some Gis-Based Considerations in the Light of New Finds .......................................................................

109 Ion Niculi, Andrei Nicic, Nordthrakische Gemeinschaften in der Umgebung von Saharna, am Mitteldniesterlauf, in der ersten Hlfte des I. Jahrtausends V. Chr. ....................................................................

111 Ion Niculi, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail B, Diachronic Development of Sites from the Saharna Area in the Middle Dniester Region ................

112

P. V. Ostapenko, Cultural and Economic Contacts of Thracian and Greek Rural Population in the Lower Dniester in 6th -1st c. B.C. ..........

114

30

Liana Oa, Valeriu Srbu, The Brgan in the 1st-3rd Centuries AD: Dacians, Romans, Sarmatians ................................................................

115

Nona Palinca, Sun Cult and Burials in the Romanian Middle and Late Bronze Age (Ca 2000-1200 B.C.E.) ...............................................

116

Elka Penkova, Lyubava Konova, The Cave and the Dionysiac Mysterial Ritual Tradition .....................................................................

117

Liviu Petculescu, New Data on Roman Military Equipment in Dacia Before AD 106 .......................................................................................

118

Alexander Portalsky, Hellespontus, the Thracian Bosporus and Information Related to Thracians on their Coasts During the First Half of the First Millennium BC ...........................................................

118 Horea Pop, Dacians and Germanics in North-Western Romania between Traianus and Marcus Aurelius (2nd c. AD) ............................

119

Alexandru Popa, Zum Aktuellen Forschungsstand der Etulia-Kulturgruppe Nrdlich der Unteren Donau ..........................................

121

Ruja Popova, Political Relationships of Thrace in the North Black Sea Region (Crimean Peninsula) in the Late 1st Century BC the Early 1st Century AD ..............................................................................

123 Kalin Porozhanov, The Hellenic Poleis-Emporia and Thracian Marketplaces of the Odrysian Kindom (the 5th Middle of the 4th Centuries BC) .........................................................................................

124 Luca-Paul Pupez, Dacus, - I. A History of Name .............................. 125 Silviu I. Purece, The Economic Relations Between Buridava and Roman Empire Seen from the Monetary Circulation. Point of View ....

126

Kostadin Rabadjiev, The Horseman in Thracian Imagery, between Influence and Tradition .........................................................................

127

Aurel Rustoiu, Adrian Ursuiu, Celtic Colonization in Banat. Comments Regarding the Funerary Discoveries ..................................

127

Irina V. Rukavishnikova, The Decor of the Sword from the Burial Mounds Filippovka 1 .............................................................................

128

Tatyana L. Samoilova, Economic Ties of the Ancient Tyras with Getae of Dniester River (the end of 6th 1st c. BC) ............................

130

Lucica Savu, The Celtic Discoveries on the Upper and Middle Course of the River Olt in the Second Iron Age .................................................

132

M. H. Sayar, The Odrysean Settlements in Southeastern Thrace ......... 132 Done erbnescu, Cristian Schuster, Alexandru Morintz, Die Getischen Dava von Radovanu im Lichte der Neusten Forschungen ..

133

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B. Shramko, Basarabi Features in the Ceramic Complex of the Bilsk Settlement ...............................................................................................

135

Valeriu Srbu, Maria-Magdalena tefan, Dan tefan, Gabriel Jugnaru, Tomasz Bochnak, The Necropolis from Telia-Celic Dere (6th 3rd c. BC), Tulcea County, Romania. The Study Case of Tumulus T44 .........................................................................................................

137 Valeriu Srbu, Cristian Roman, Cremation Graves and Item Deposits (4th 1st C. BC) in Hunedoara - Grdina Castelului (Hunedoara County)...............................................................................

138 Valeriu Srbu, Sebastian Matei, The Dacian Fortress from Pietroasa Mic-Gruiu Drii, Buzu County ...........................................................

139

Ghenadie Srbu, Funerary Practices during the Transition Period from the Eneolithic to the Bronze Age in the North-East Carpathian Area. Gordineti Cultural Group ...........................................................

140 Daniel Spnu, Der Schatzfund von Epureni und die Silbsernen Fibeln Thrakischer Schema. Zusammenfassung ...............................................

142

Dan tefan, Contributions to the Study of Geto-Dacian Habitat from Eastern Wallachia (2nd c. BC 1st c. AD) by Non-Invasive Technologies ..........................................................................................

143 Maria-Magdalena tefan, Tumuli and Flat Graves at the Lower Danube in the 5th 3rd Centuries BC A Comparison of Models ........

144

Nino Sulava, Rusudan Chagelishvili, Nino Kalandadze, Newly Discovered Monuments of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy: Research Perspective and Expected Outcomes .....................................................

145 Gabriel Talmachi, Presence of Special Goods with Unique Value (Premonetary Items) and Arrowheads Monetary-Signs in the Local Environment of the Lower Danube (7th - 4th Centuries BC) ...................

147 Nikola Tonkov, Two and Three Dimensional Electroresistivity Surveys of Thracian Burial Mounds ......................................................

149

Milena Tonkova, Gold Wreaths from Thrace ..................................... 150 Ivo Topalilov, Some Notes on the Urbanistic Development of Philippopolis (4th-2nd c. BC.)................................................................

151

Ion Torcic, Nouvelles donnes concernant la fin de lge du Bronze et le dbut de la Premire poque du Fer dans la rgion de sud-ouest de la Muntnie ......................................................................................

152 Stanko Trifunovic, Late La Tne Belt Buckles From urug ............... 153

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Rodica Naniu-Ursu, Alexandra Coma, Ethno-Socio-Anthropological Considerations Regarding the Aristocratic Burials in the Extra-Carpathian Zone, between the 5th-3rd Centuries B.C. ...............

154 Marina Ju. Vakhtina, Greek Art and Female Representations in the Art of European Scythia (On the Question of Cultural Influence and Local Peculiarity) ..................................................................................

155 Irina Vdovichenko, A Fragment of the Crater With the Image of the Thracian Peltasts from Chersonesos ....................................................

156

Camelia-Mirela Vintil, Types of Residential Constructions, Neo-Eneolithic and Bronze Age Work-Materials and Building Techniques in the Area of Bucharest City, Ilfov District .........................................

158 Izabela Wnuczek, Transcarpathian Finds of Stamped Ceramics ........ 159 David Wolfgang, Brotlaibidole/Tavolette Enigmatiche Ein Ungelstes Rtsel Altbronzezeitlicher Kulturbeziehungen Zwischen Unterer Donau, Sddeutschland und Italien .........................................

160 Svetlana Yanakieva, Thrakisch und Dakisch Sprachen oder Dialekte? ...............................................................................................

162

Mihail Zahariade, Age and Service of the Thracians in the 2nd -3rd Centuries Legions ................................................................................

163

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ABSTRACTS

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36

EARLY IRON AGE SETTLEMENTS AND SANCTUARIES AT THE LOWER DANUBE: PROBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION AND

INTERPRETATION

Anna Agre (Sofia Bulgaria)

In the past two decades the study of the so-called pit sanctuaries became a particularly popular topic in the Bulgarian (Early) Iron Age archaeology. The numerous sites interpreted as such already amounted to several dozens and their number grows with each archaeological season. On the contrary, the number of the settlement sites is still relatively small, thus the parameters of the settlement pattern in Iron Age Thrace are still too vague. Even by a cursory survey of the literature the reader receives the impression that at the time in question the people in the region were mainly engaged in a variety of ritual practices at (pit) sanctuaries. It remains however largely unclear where took place the same peoples daily, routine life activities.

It is clear that this pattern does not reflect the existing reality in the past, but is rather an intellectual construction of the modern science. It is difficult to assume that despite the significantly increased number of sites from the Iron Age in recent years (mostly as a result of large-scale rescue excavations) archaeologists always come upon (pit) sanctuaries, while the settlements somehow manage to slip away unnoticed. It is obvious that we need to reconsider our approach and the criteria used for identification of settlements and cult sites as well as the potential possibilities to distinguish them from each other. This is the main objective of the present study.

The interpretation of a certain Iron Age site as "pit sanctuary" is based mainly on the fact that archaeological materials were found virtually only in pits, i.e. the pits are the only or decisively dominant features at the site. Actually, just basing on such criteria, it was assumed that multi-layered, undoubtedly settlement-sites, inhabited in different times, became sacred sites especially in the Iron Age, although before and after people have lived here. Through a series of examples of localities from that period on the Middle and Lower Danube in this paper, the unquestionable fact is shown that in many cases and for many reasons settlement sites could look (mostly due to their physical appearance today) as a "pit sanctuary", i.e. a "pit-field". Another serious argument in favor of the identification of a site as pit sanctuary is the exercise of religious practices at it, including various sacrificial offerings. This argument has to be revised as well. One needs to examine: a) which are the

37

possibilities for (explicit) identification of religious practices/offerings and distinguish them from secular human activities and b) is it reasonable to exclude sites with unquestionable traces of ritual activities from the category of "settlements" and to assign them to the group of "pits sanctuaries." In other words, was it impossible for the people to exercise ritual practices in a settlement context in the Iron Age?

Summa summarum after careful consideration of the available data it can be argued that the explicit definition of a site as "pit sanctuary" and the rejection of his settlement character is actually more a question of attitude among contemporary scholars and largely of a "modern scientific fashion". Without wishing necessarily to deny the existence of the phenomenon "pit sanctuary" as such in the Iron Age, I think that a questionable site must at first until proven otherwise considered to be a settlement, but only for really strong data to the contrary can be interpreted in a different way.

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THE NEWLY DISCOVERED IRON AGE NECROPOLIS FROM

MCUI ZAVERNA (REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA)

Serghei Agulnikov, Sergiu Popovici, Valeriu Paa (Chiinu Rep. of Moldova)

In the summer of 2011, the archaeological team of the Orheiul VechiReservation has conducted rescue archaeological excavations on the multilayered site Mcui-Zaverna. The site has been discovered in 1972 by V. Dergaciov.

A massive stone ring has been unearthed at the depth of 0.65-0.70 m. on almost the whole surface of the trench. Two graves were located under this stone layer. The first one was completely destroyed and only a part of the inventory (four ceramic vessels) could be collected. The second grave, with the bones arranged in semi-anatomical position close to the crouched one, lay directly under the stone layer. The head of the deceased was oriented towards NE. The skeleton was surrounded by a row of stones. A bronze plaque was found near the legs.

Apart from the funerary complexes, a pit with Cucuteni material has been excavated.

Due to the incomplete excavations of the site it is difficult to establish whether we are dealing with a tumular or a flat necropolis. Stone constructions are typical for the eastern variant of the Cozia-Saharna culture (tumular necropolis Saharna I - iglu, Kauba 2000) and for the Chiinu-Corlteni sites (tum. 1 near Branite, Leviki 1985). Non-anatomical deposition of the skeletons or their dismemberment is characteristic for the cultures of Lower Danube region (Tmoani culture, Folteti-Ruptura necropolis, Laszlo 2000).

However, the analysis of the grave-goods (both the ceramics and the bronze items) allows us to assign these funerary complexes to the Tmoani-Hansca-Holercani sites and date them with the beginning of the X century BC. This period precedes the Cozia-Saharna culture in this region. The funerary rite of this cultural group is studied quite scarce at the moment, and the publication of new finds is able to shed new light on the problem. The provenience of the large pots with the specific biconical shape of the body can be possibly bound with the influence of the Final Bronze Early Iron Age cultures from the Volyn-Podolian region.

Further research of this remarkable archaeological site is planned for the future. The complete investigation of the Mcui-Zaverna necropolis will allow us to establish more precisely its position among the Early Halstattian antiquities between Carpathians and Dniester. .

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LA RECHERCHE ARCHEOLOGIQUE DU TUMULUS 7 DE PURCARI (REP. DE MOLDAVIE)

Serghei Agulnikov, Sergiu Popovici, Denis Topal

(Chiinu - Moldavie)

A lautomne de lanne 2011, un groupe de chercheurs du centre dArchologie au cadre de lInstitut du Patrimoine Culturel (ASM) ont fait des fouilles de sauvetage dans un tumulus (no. 7), situ dans le voisinage du village de Purcari, district tefan Vod, Rp. de Moldavie.

Le tumulus 7 se trouvait sur la terrasse 3 de la rivire de Dniestr, 2,5 km sud-ouest de la localit. Il avait 0,75 m de haut depuis le niveau actuel, et 36 m de diamtre. Les fouilles ont mis au jour trois tombes.

La Tombe 1 (scythique), dcouverte dans le secteur NE de la butte. La chambre funraire avait, au moment de la dcouverte, une forme rectangulaire allonge et les dimensions suivantes: 0,50 x 0,70 x 0,75 m, et 0,10 m de profond, oriente est-sud-est ouest-nord-ouest. Le squelette tait en dcubitus dorsal, la tte vers nord-ouest. Au coin sud-ouest de la fosse, quelque 0,15 m des os de lpaule droite, on a saisi un objet allong en fer, trs corrod (lance ?)

La Tombe 2 (touranienne ?), saisie dans le secteur sud-ouest du tumulus, 1,21 m de profond. Le squelette avait t dpos en dcubitus dorsal, la tte vers louest. Auprs des os du crne, un clat de silex rectangulaire.

La Tombe 3 (scythique, principale), saisie dans la zone centrale du tumulus, 2,50 m du repre, 1,20 m de profondeur. La chambre funraire avait une forme rectangulaire. Dimensions: 3,60 x 0,98 m, la profondeur depuis le niveau de la premire marche, 1,10 m. Les parois de la chambre funraire taient couvertes dune couche fine de substance calcaire blanche.

Le squelette avait t mis en dcubitus dorsal, la tte vers louest. Sur les ctes du squelette ont t trouves plusieurs plaques et boucles de ceinture en fer provenant dune armure, ainsi que des lments de lance. Auprs des os de lpaule gauche, un petit vase. Auprs des os de la main gauche, un poignard du type akinakes en fer et plusieurs pointes de flche. Deux cnmides en bronze recouvraient les membres infrieurs. Dans le coin sud-ouest de la chambre funraire, une amphore portant sur le col linscription en deux lignes EYRI DAMO. Juste ct, quatre pointes de lance. On a trouv, dans la mme zone, quelques pointes de flche. Aux coins de nord-ouest et sud-est avaient t dposes des offrandes sous la forme dos danimaux.

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Les complexes funraires attribus la culture scythique et dcouvertes dans le tumulus 7 pourraient tre, en gnral, dats dans le premier quart du IVe s. av. J.-C. Des dcouvertes similaires ont t faites dans la zone lors des fouilles archologiques antrieures, de Rsceii-Noi, Purcari, Olneti (Jarovoi 1979), Talmaza, Cioburciu (gulnikov 1989; 2001), Slobozia et tefan Vod (Antipenco 1991, Sinica 2007).

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PARAMTRES SPATIAUX DE L'EXPLOITATION DES SOURCES SALES DE LA MOLDAVIE PRCARPATIQUE

L AGE DU BRONZE ET LAGE DU FER

Marius-Tiberiu Alexianu (Iai Roumanie)

Les recherches ethnoarchologiques de la zone prcarpatique orientale de la Roumanie, menes partir de 2007 (cf. http://ethnosal.uaic.ro/ et http://ethnosalro.uaic.ro/) ont insist d'une manire systmatique sur la dimension spatiale de l'utilisation des sources sales dans le temps ethnographique. La translation des modles ethnographiques du prsent historique (i.e. le dernier sicle) dans le temps archologique peut contribuer une meilleure comprhension de la dynamique des rapports entre une ressource naturelle indispensable la vie animale, trs frquente dans l'espace est-carpatique roumain, et les communauts humaines. Les territoires de diffusion de l'eau sale provenant des sources, tels qu'ils rsultent des recherches ethnographiques, sont constants, mais l'exploitation des sources sales prsente des degrs d'intensit variables en fonction de chaque segment chronologique pertinent. Les recherches ethnoarchologiques multi scalaires menes dans la zone orientale de la Roumanie soulignent le rle dcisif des sources sales pour satisfaire les besoins en sel des communauts humaines de lge du Bronze et du lge du Fer, mises en relation souvent avec des populations thraces et gtes.

KLINAI AND KLINE-SHAPED STRUCTURES IN MACEDONIAN TOMBS FROM PRESENT NORD-EAST MACEDONIA AND THRACIA

(COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE SIMILAR FURNITURE DISCOVERED IN THE THRACIAN TOMBS)

Roxana Asndoae (Thessaloniki Greece)

In this paper, we will discuss the klinai and kline-shaped structures from the tombs at Aggista (Serres), Amphipolis (Serres) and Stavroupoli (Xanti) followed by a comparison with the similar discoveries from the Thracian tombs.

In most cases, a Macedonian tomb would normally contain one or two klines, but in other, also stone sarcophagoi.

We will be presenting the main characteristics for each tomb so that we can make a detailed description of the klines and sarchophagoi.

Thus, we distinguished klines decorated with frescoes, pottery or other material apliqus or lines and bands. Furthermore, we will describe the stone sarchopagoi and in the end we will try to identify the meaning of the Macedonian and Thracian rituals of these elements of decoration.

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THE SO-CALLED OVEN-GRAVE FROM THE GETIAN NECROPOLIS AT ZIMNICEA, SOUTHERN ROMANIA

(4TH 3RD CENTURIES B. C.)

Mircea Babe, Philippe Charlier, Anca Ganciu (Bucharest Romania)

This paper presents an important, still unpublished discovery from the 1949 archaeological campaign in the Getian necropolis from Zimnicea Cmpul Morilor. There, during the 1948 1949, 1967-1974 and 2007-2009 excavations1, 207 graves dated between the 4th and the 1st centuries B. C. have been discovered. The predominant funeral rite in Zimnicea is cremation, with the bones deposed in urn, with or without lid (197 graves); beside these there are several main graves, where the cremated bones have been laid down in large pits, together with exquisite funerary offerings (13 graves). The inhumation rite is present only by seven burials.

The tomb discussed here, registered as M. 6, was discovered in the C. 7 tumulus and was considered as a secondary grave due to its slightly eccentric position inside the tumulus2. According to the available original documentation, due to Corneliu N. Mateescu, at the skeleton level were observed traces of burnt wooden beams, which could indicate the area of a possible funeral pile. Below this structure, there is a five centimetres thick layer of burnt soil. The cremated skeleton found in situ, in anatomical position, was covered with a massive amount of broken, dispersed pottery. The layer of pottery was superposed by a stone agglomeration. The funeral pit had a South North orientation, which is relatively common for the Getian burials.

The bones belong to a male individual, aged about 40 years. From the field documentation and the current examination, we conclude that the body (actually the skeleton) was not completely burnt as in normal Getian cremation graves. The long limb bones and a part of the skull were persevered in situ, in anatomical position; their arrangement was easily modified by fire exposure. We still have to mention that we are not entirely sure that, for the present study, we found and analysed all the bones discovered 60 years ago.

From the depot of the Vasile Prvan Institute of Archaeology, we have recovered about 28 mostly broken vessels (amphorae of Thassos, Chios, and Heracleea Pontica, two krater vessels, two pythoi, two bowls and one mug), representing probably all the ceramic offerings discovered in 1949. The rest of

1 A. D. Alexandrescu, La ncropole gte de Zimnicea, Dacia, N.S. 24, 1980, p. 19-126; Babe et alii, CCA 2007-2009, p. 331-332. 2 I. Nestor, Studii 2, 1949,1, p. 121; idem, SCIV 1, 1950,1, p. 93 i urm.

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the inventory consists in two iron spear points, placed near the skull of the dead warrior.

For this kind of graves, suggesting the burial on the spot of cremation (in the Roman world, the so-called bustum) we have no certain analogies in the Getian area, neither to the North, nor to the South of Danube. Thus some tombs discovered in the Hellenistic necropolises from Histria3 and from Callatis4 are somehow similar to our case.

Nevertheless the nearest analogy we know till today is situated at Poieneti, Vaslui County, in another Getian necropolis, from the 5th - 4th century B. C. There, in the same year, 1949, Radu Vulpe discovered a so called oven grave (tombe-four), with the skeleton in anatomical connexion, but with certain traces of burning of the grave chamber and of the body of a warrior armed with an akinakes. If we accept the hypothesis that in Poieneti the body was deposed into a funeral chamber with wooden structure that was fired afterwards, one should eventually admit that in the case of Zimnicea C7.M6 the same situation and the same explanation may correspond to the truth5.

3 P. Alexandrescu, Necropola tumular. Spturi 1955-1961, n Histria II, Bucureti, 1966, p. 133-294. 4 E. Brldeanu-Zavatin, Noi descoperiri n necropolele callatiene. Partea I. Necropolele de epoc greac i elenistic, Pontica 13, 1980 p. 216-240. 5 M. Babe, N. Mirioiu, Arheologia Moldovei XXXIV, 2011, p. 103-149; Babe, Mirioiu, n Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin, Tg. Mure, 2012, p. 139-160.

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UNE NOUVELLE HACHE DE TYPE BANIABIC DU SUD DE LA ROUMANIE

Radu Bjenaru (Bucarest Roumanie) Alin Frnculeasa (Ploieti - Roumanie)

Les auteurs prsentent une hache en mtal trou demmanchement

transversal. Il sagt dune pice indite, identifie dans les collections du Muse Dpartemental dHistoire et dArchologie de Prahova, Ploieti. Elle faisait partie dun lot de haches de diffrents types appartenant un collectionneur domicili Bucarest. La collection a t rcupre en 1960. Le lieu et les conditions de dcouverte restent inconnus, mais il est possible que la Muntnie soit le lieu de provenance.

La hache est entire, soigneusement travaille et faonne, de couleur cuivre (aprs nettoyage); sur larrte suprieure et sur le tranchant, elle prsente des traces dusure. Il ny a pas de sparation entre le manchon et la lame, le tranchant tant lgrement vas. Grce ses caractristiques typologiques, la pice appartient la srie des haches trou demmanchement de type Baniabic.

Les haches de type Baniabic connaissent un vaste espace de diffusion, du Caucase jusquen Europe Centrale. Typologiquement, les pices se ressemblent, mais du point de vue contexte et association, il y a des diffrences significatives entre les rgions gographiques. Ainsi, les haches caractristiques de lespace carpato-balkanique proviennent exclusivement de dpts et de dcouvertes fortuites ou isoles. Sur la base des contextes dans lesquels elles apparaissent dans la zone nord-pontique et caucasienne, il nous semble trs probable quelles puissent tre dates vers la fin du IV me millnaire av. J.-C.

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HIGHLIGHTS OF CULTURAL EVOLUTION IN LATE BRONZE AGE IN NORTH-WESTERN ROMANIA

Ioan Bejinariu (Zalu Romania)

The paper aims to provide input from a series of recent archaeological research to clarify some lesser known aspects of cultural evolution in the Late Bronze Age in Upper Tisa area, more specifically in the area bordered by Crasna River to the north and Barcu River to the south.

In this area have been archaeologically documented discoveries belonging to the first two stages (Late Bronze I and II) assigned to Cehlu - Hajdbagos group. Most of discoveries belonging to this group are settlements (more than 100 sites documented in Romania and Hungary), while the aspects concerning funerary behavior are known thanks to a very few discoveries. Cultural evolution of next period (Late Bronze III) was insufficiently documented and known. A number of recent archaeological prevention interventions, conducted mainly in the western part of Slaj County, on Barcului valley, led to the discovery of some settlements that put a new perspective on cultural development in the preliminary period of Gva culture. Especially, the settlement from Marca (Marca com., Slaj County), Husu spot, highlights through pottery, evolution direction, from forms and ornaments of striking Cehlu - Hajdbagos tradition, to forms, decoration and burning techniques characteristic to early phase of Gva culture.

These findings complete the observations made in settlements belonging to this period in Some Plain, and prove local contribution (of Cehlu Hajdbagos, respectively Suciu de Sus Lpu type) to Gva culture evolution. But also, pottery found in these new settlements illustrates new characters, "foreign" local fund, suggesting contacts with north-eastern Banat (group Susan), and north-northeast (Suciu de Sus - Lpu) areas.

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DATA ABOUT THE OSSEOUS MATERIALS ARTEFACTS FROM

DACIAN FORTRESS OF ARDEU, HUNEDOARA COUNTY

Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest - Romania) Iosif Vasile Ferencz (Deva Romania)

Diana-Maria Sztancs (Bucharest Romania) The archaeological excavations done in the Dacian fortress from Ardeu

in the past decade (2001 2011) led to the discovery of an important osseous materials assemblage that has documented a practice of an ancient craft, in a domestic or specialised form. This craft consists in manufacturing artefacts from bone and antler. There are 44 bone and antler objects from Ardeu, discovered both from the cultural layer and from complexes (the blacksmiths workshop that was partially excavated; a funerary or cultic complex). The artefacts are included in some categories as it follows: raw materials, blanks, debris, finite objects, wastes, pieces deteriorated by use.

The following typological categories are represented: accessories for tools and weapons red and roe deer antler handles for knives or rasps (32); handle plates for usual knives or fighting ones (sicae) (3); weapons: antler arrowhead (1); various accessories, adornments and game pieces: antler disc (1); bead made of fish vertebrae (carp?) (1); bone die piece imported from the Roman area (1). Cut horns of cattle (3) and caprine (2) are also included in this assemblage.

In the inventory of the blacksmiths workshop, along with manufactured deer antlers, we may include several cattle long bones with traces of cut, splitting and fracturing. A wild boar tusk, taken out from the mandible, is also included here; this could have been used as raw material in order to manufacture some plates or beads.

There are 7 so-called special pieces. The most important is a decorated plate unique until now in the Geto-Dacian area. This was discovered in 2001 in a cultic or funerary context, together with several pieces of military equipment. It comes from a specialised workshop and, because of its deterioration in Antiquity; it was preserved in a fragmentary condition.

The study of these artefacts takes into account the actual methodology of the domain. This follows the complete analysis of the artefacts characteristics: raw material, shape, dimensions, manufacture procedures, way of use. All these are done by applying optical and digital microscopy which helped the observation and the interpretation of various traces produced during the manufacturing or utilisation chain.

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A SPECIAL RED DEER ANTLER ARTEFACT FROM THE DACIAN SETTLEMENT OF UNIP, TIMI COUNTY

Corneliu Beldiman (Bucharest Romania)

In this paper we are going to analyse an antler sleeve discovered during the 2012 excavation campaign in the Dacian fortified settlement from Unip, Timi County. This is a type of artefact less known in the Dacian culture. It is entirely and has its surfaces well preserved. It is cone-shaped and the transversal sections are oval, according to the anatomical morphology of the raw material.

In order to detach a part of antler, the chopping technique with the help an iron knife was used. The edges and the anatomical surfaces were finished. In order to remove the spongy tissue, the antler was carved and abraded. Three of the exterior surfaces were engraved with 14 double circles with a central point.

The circles are arranged in two rows, each of them having seven circles. This type of ornamentation is usual for bone and antler artefacts corresponding to the same chrono-cultural level both from Romania and Europe (handles, combs etc).

In order to analyse the piece, the microscopic technique was used. This allowed us to create a set of micro-digital images. The artefact was probably used as sheath for a sword or a dagger.

The use-wear traces revealed the fact that the sleeve was used before it had been put in the pit, habitual situation in the Geto-Dacian culture (for example, the deposition of a lorica squamata armour piece in a pit discovered at Snsimion, Harghita County site).

As analogies, we may mention: the Geto-Dacian sites from Pecica, Arad County and Sighioara-Wietenberg, Mure County.

The analysis of the artefact discovered at Unip offers an example regarding the way in which the methodology of study osseous materials industry is applied for Geto-Dacian materials.

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BRONZE ITEMS AS A SIGN OF THE PERSONAL IDENTITY IN THE SINTASHTA CULTURE (BRONZE AGE OF SOUTH TRANS-URALS).

Natalia Berseneva (Russia)

This study concerns the burials of the Sintashta cultural groups (20th 18th BC). The settlements and cemeteries of the Sintashta type are concentrated in the northern steppe of the South Urals. The Sintashta economy was based on livestock-breeding, and there are numerous traces of metalworking at the settlements. Cemeteries are represented by burial mounds. Grave goods usually included many categories: weaponry, horse trappings (shield-like cheek-pieces), clothing attachments and ornaments, tools and objects linked to metallurgy.

The main purpose of this study is to try to define the relation between personal identity of the buried and associated bronze and metallurgy-linked objects.

TYPES OF CULT PLACES IN THE DACIAN WORLD (2nd CENTURY B.C. - 1st CENTURY A.D.)

Cristina Bod (Deva Romania)

From the second century B.C. there are certain changes concerning the aspect of the cult places in the area inhabited by the Dacians. This phenomenon becomes obvious in the first century B.C., when new forms of materialization of the cult places occur.

In this paper, we want to analyze the various types of cult places from this period, to follow their possible evolution, to discuss whether there were any influences from the neighboring areas and to analyze the context of the emergence of certain types of temples.

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THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ODRYSIAN KING SITALKES AND

HIS SON SADOKOS IN THE ANCIENT LITERARY TRADITION: TESTIMONIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS

Dilyana Boteva (Sofia - Bulgaria)

Although the study is focused on the testimonies of Thucydides about

the family of the Odrysian king Sitalkes, it is correlating them with the information reported by Herodotus, Sophocles and Demosthenes. This approach has, of course, a long history. However certain details in the interpretation help creating a new picture and demonstrate that despite the abundant literature on the problem some aspects have been neglected so far. The son of Sitalkes, Sadokos, is attested as politically active within a very short timeframe 431-430 B.C., when his liaison to Athens and hostility towards Sparta are dated. However certain conclusions could be reasoned both for earlier and later year(s) that offer a new reading of Herodotus report on Odrysian-Scythian relations.

HISTORICAL LANDMARKS PROVIDED BY IMPORTED GREEK POTTERY

Livia Buzoianu, Maria Brbulescu (Constana Romania)

We intend to present the possibilities for dating the imported Greek hand

made pottery (amphora stamps) from the fortified settlement of Albeti dated to Hellenistic Epoch.

Ceramics is analyzed according to: - complex of discovery (dwellings, place of worship); - typology of hand made pottery; - archaeological context incidents between types of vessels and amphora

stamps from Heracleea Pontica, Thasos, Rhodos and Sinope.

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WOMEN IN PISTIROS

Jan Bouzek (Czech Republic) Lidia Domaradzka (Bulgaria)

Male part of population of Pistiros was ethnically mixed. While Greek proper names prevail among the graffiti, Thracian names are also represented. The upper class of the emporitai kept the citizenship of their mother cities founders, Thasos. Maroneia and Apollonia, and the fact that the only Doric graffito kora was found in an extra-mural oikos suggest that the settlers from the koinon Ionion were better acceptable among the emporitai than other Greeks. The Thracian names appear more often on local pottery than on Athenian fine tableware and the famous inscription suggests that Thracians were not part of the autonomous body of magistrate government ruling the emporion and negotiating with Thracian rulers.

As anywhere in the periphery of the Greek world, Greeks often married local women. Female names, if any, are only a few among the graffiti. Among the loom-weights the pyramidal shape coming to Greece from Europe at the beginnings of the Iron Age was the most common variety, and the fiddle-shaped form was the second commonest class, usual in Thrace and extremely rare in the North Aegean Greek cities. Only small minority of conical loom-weights are works of professional potters, some of the best preserved bear imprints of finger rings, showing that the particular lady was of higher social status. Most of the fiddle-shaped items bear imprints of female fingers, on some weights impressed clearly and carefully, on others with hate and less well organized aesthetically, thus showing different characters of their authors. They much differ also in the quality of exactness of shape, firing temperature and treatment of the surface, what may also suggest the social standing of the particular person. For ex. in the central room (oikos, gynaikeion) of the Southern House two series of loom-weights were found, one of small fine well-burned and polished weights, and a second with poorly burned much heavier items. The first of them was probably of wife or daughter of the family and the second of a slave servant.

But the most interesting pyramidal weight shows in deep incisions stars, Zeus thunder, Hermes kerykeion, rectangular solar standard and a figure in broad rock resembling the female dancers on Hallstatt pottery. The anagram on the base of the cone may perhaps best be read Thea Mtr. It perhaps it played a role similar to the so-called figures used for magic handlings on Thracian escharai, but the fine decoration shows its superiority. The cone represents a specific cult object and/or offering to female deity responsible for spinning and weaving. For the Greeks it was Pallas Athena, on Verucchio throne the goddess organising various stages of production of cloth. As we know from

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Paralipomena to the New Testament (Ezdr. ch. 3), spinning and weaving were also important magic activities and roles of aristocratic women, as of Penelope and Andromache in Odyssey and Iliad.

THE WHETSTONES WITH A HANGING HOLE IN STEPPE ZONE CULTURES OF THE NORTHERN PONTIC AND THE GREAT

HUNGARIAN PLAIN FROM THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND THE EARLY IRON AGE

Marcin Burghardt (Rzeszow Poland)

The whetstones with a hanging hole are one of more typical elements of

inventory from graves of the community of the Northern Pontic and the Great Hungarian Plain from the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. These artifacts are known from 286 groups and loose finds from 163 positions in this area and also in Central Europe.

The oldest whetstones with a hanging hole in steppe zone of the Northern Pontic appear in the Belozerka culture. In this culture these artifacts are relatively rare and they are found in evident context, which allows treating them as tools. Their number in this zone increases when some groups related with East European nomads of the Early Iron Age (Cimmerians and Scythians) appeared. In this environment they occur in evident context of weapon, which allows them to be linked with the warriors' personal equipment. Thus these artifacts should be treated as an indicator of a certain type of tomb complexes (graves with armament) and also, indirectly of the social position (the "owners of whetstones"). Along with the process of general acceptance of this category of artifacts, some symbolic meanings growing up around them can be seen.

A relatively great number of whetstones with a hanging hole can be found in the area of Central Europe. The inflow of these artifacts into this area took place in two ways. In the Great Hungarian Plain occupied by the formation of grassland cultural model, the presence of whetstones can be associated with migrations of the population or influences from the Northern Pontic zone or exceptionally strong influences of a similar provenience. While in the remaining areas objects of this type appear in Cimmerian horizon. In this period in most cases they occur in context similar to the one from the East European steppe zone, which permits to draw a conclusion that Central European whetstones with a hanging hole were of steppe origin. In time a relatively small number of these artifacts increases. Their character also partly changes (whetstone as a tool). The custom of placing whetstones in burials itself should be however treated as a sign of rank in funeral customs, demonstrating the deceased's status as "the owner" of the artifact.

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VIEWPOINTS IN INTERPRETING LATE IRON AGE HILLFORTS AND FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT BETWEEN THE

SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS AND THE DANUBE (2ND CENTURY BC 1ST CENTURY AD)

Vlad Crbii, Monica Nicolescu (Bucharest - Romania)

The Late Iron Age has always been regarded with a special interest by Romanian archaeologists and researchers, interest which led to the emergence of a considerable number of historical papers and synthesis, which have allowed a relatively large database for thestudy of different aspects regarding Geto-Dacian history. The interest concerning the Geto-Dacian way of living and their habitation can be tracedback to the 19th century.

The positioning of their settlements especially on dominant and imposing places, most of them difficult to access, was another element which influenced the above mentioned fact. From the first complete approach of Southern Romania (but not only) Late Iron Age made by Vasile Prvan, further discoveries enriched the map illustrating a large number of settlements attributed to this chronological frame, from among which must be mentioned Piscul Crsani, Pietroasa Mic Gruiul Drii, Tinosul, Ceteni, Crlomneti, Sprncenata, Ocnia, Polovragi. Also the historiography was enriched and improved with new studies, our goal being to draw off the respective information regarding fortification types and elements and to explore it.

What is a fortified settlement or a hill fort? Is it just a defensive structure, permanent or not, or a different role can be attributed to it, such as a central place? Can we think of other interpretations, related to the movement of goods and people, protecting certain natural resources or setting limits for a given space? Is it possible to apply and argument the above questions within a wider discussion regarding Late Iron Age fortification types and systems from the southern Carpathian area? To what extent the interpretations concerning this topic were influenced by the field excavations?

This proposed discussion will generally approach the main theoretical debates regarding the role and significance of a defensive system and of hill forts and fortified settlements, focusing on the current state of research in Romanian Archaeology on the matter.

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DIE COTOFENI-KULTUR IM BERRIOGIONALEN KONTEXT

Elmar Christman (Heidelberg - Deutchland)

In der Coofeni-Kultur lassen sich regionale Unterschiede und

Besonderheiten erkennen. In den materiellen Hinterlassenschaften sind darber hinaus Analogien und sogar Importe aus den Nachbarregionen zu erkennen. Ausgehend von der Coofeni-Kultur im Sdwesten Rumniens werden die Verbindungen zur Vuedol-Kultur und den frhbronzezeitlichen Kulturkomplexen sdlich der Donau in Bulgarien aufgezeigt. Bestimmte Elemente, besonders in der Keramik, belegen Interaktionen zwischen den Gebieten an der Unteren Donau und in Bulgarien sowie bis in den nordgischen Bereich. In dem Beitrag werden diese Aspekte vorgetragen und zugleich wird die Frage gestellt, wie und auf welchen Wegen man sich diese Verbindungen vorstellen kann. Welche Faktoren in all diesen Regionen waren dafr ausschlaggebend und warum gab es auch am Ende der Coofeni-Kultur einen kulturellen Bruch.

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LATE BRONZE AGE RITUAL PIT DISCOVERED IN CERNAVOD,

CONSTANA COUNTY

Nicolae Constantin, Ctlin Ionu Dobrinescu, Vitalie Bodolic (Constana Romania)

Rescue excavations conducted during December 2011-May 2012, on section Cernavod - Medgidia motorway, km 152 000/152 200 have identified a particular site, in terms of typology, chronology and cultural history. Highway investment would cross the entire studied area. Research has shown the following categories among the 122 complexes: a) a dwelling house of the Roman-Byzantine era, dated by ceramic material to the late 4th and the 5th century b) an inhumation grave preliminary assigned to a Coslogeni culture community c) filling ritual pits of various shapes - round, ovoid and irregular belonging to the late Bronze Age and Coslogeni culture respectively.

Inhumation grave. The grave pit was difficult to identify because of the particular soil (roots of trees and vines). Some details have been recorded: length about 1.90 m, width 0.80 m, depth 0.80 m from the current ground level. The skeleton is poorly preserved, the deceased was laid back, hands on hips, oriented N-S, no inventory. The conservation status, the lack of inventory and background, its position among pits with Coslogeni type material, leads us to cautiously assign it to Coslogeni culture communities.

Pits with ritual deposits. They were identified in the present vegetation. The pits were dug in ancient vegetal soil (quite thin) and loess. Offerings were covered with mixed earth. The shapes are: circular holes with straight or tapered sides, straight-walled, ovoid or irregular bell shapes. Most pits had an inventory of animal bones, pottery fragments from different types of vessels (cups, dish-bag with simple belt or cell, bulging body vessel and flaring rim of fine ceramics class black, bowl, double cone pot, pot), flint stone and bone tools (sickle type tupik, rubbing tools and fragments of grinders, blades of processed bovine bones), stones. A highlight is C121, with an inventory of three vessels on the bottom of the pit: double cone vessel with two handles in the curved area, a bowl and a pot with handles in the middle. We also assign a bronze deposit consisting of four pieces-swords, ax termination, spherical bowl, boiler handles applied on the rim-to the same hole.

In many cases the inventory was "missing". All these complexes are assigned to a Coslogeni culture community.

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LATE IRON AGE WEAPONRY AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT AT THE LOWER DANUBE

Ctlin-Petre Constantin (Bucharest Romania)

Military archaeological discoveries dating from 2nd to 1st Centuries BC made between Stara Planina massif and Southern Carpathians offer the image of an important warrior category whose characteristics may be deciphered by analysing those grave goods consisting of weapons and military equipment items. This paper is focusing on a series of common discoveries of this periods military phenomena. Trajans column or the Adamclisi monument have ancient representations offering many information regarding the fighting techniques specific to north Balkan populations before the Roman conquest.

The map of the Late Iron Age funerary discoveries from the mentioned space shows us, at the first sight, a compact group of discoveries. This characteristic is due to the intensity and expressivity of funerary phenomena and it appears as opposite to the lack of such manifestations in other areas like inside the Carpathians or in the eastern Carpathian area. This phenomenon does not represent an ethnic cultural reality but is more likely related to metal pieces (weapons and military equipment) spreading area.

We consider that a unitary interpretation of these discoveries considering funerary inventories representations is a useful step in outlining a general view of military sets functionality. Depending on the absence or presence of certain weapon categories different discussions regarding the discovered military sets must be made. The complexity of associations does not represent a random cumulation, they are rather combinations of different military equipments within certain items may have the main fighting role. Our aim is to highlight military characteristics and the fighting technique specific to north Balkan populations before the Roman conquest.

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CONSIDERATIONS ON MONTEORU CULTURE SETTLEMENTS

(BRONZE AGE) IN THE AREA OF CURVATURE SUB-CARPATHIANS

Daniel Costache (Buzu - Romania) In an attempt to achieve a settlement analysis on Monteoru communities

in general and the area bounded by the river valleys of Prahova and Buzau in particular, we must consider several aspects: a. preferred habitat type and specific economic reasons; b. type and character of the settlements; c. concentration of settlements in certain areas more or less restricted (micro habitation), d. access to natural resources. The small number of Monteoru settlements fully researched or at least enough to talk about organizational plan and the lack of publications devoted strictly to the cultural aspect of Monteoru communities hinders a scientific approach.

In our analysis we start from the fact that a human settlement construction is a complex mix of domestic interest in the first place and economic interest in the second place. The settlement is the main economic, domestic, social and political activity of a human community and can serve one or more communities at large and small distances. Considered as more than a collection of houses, enclosures, system of fortification or streets, the human settlement "betrays" the social relations of family ties and the level of socio-political relations of one or more communities.

Constituent elements of human settlements can be divided into two categories according to use: a. family household items (housing, appendices / annexes, combustion structures) and b. elements of common use (fortifications, streets). At least some of the waste pits most likely to be part of both. To achieve this scientific approach, for the first time in the literature, we made a repertory of more than 100 settlement/habitation belonging to the Monteoru culture of the area under review. Following the cartography, the result was a micro layout dispaly of landscape areas and unitary natural resources. In our analysis we considered both the limits of the archaeological research (there were very few sites fully investigated; most of the points mentioned in this paper were identified following field surveys without having performed excavations). Even under these conditions the image of the Bronze Age settlements is revealing for the analysis of socio-economic organization and the first half of the third millennium and second millennium BCE.

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AN IMPORTANT CENTRE OF POWER FROM PRE-ROMAN DACIA: THE OLT GORGE SITES FROM THE PERSANI MOUNTAINS.

TRANSYLVANIA

Florea Costea (Braov Romania) Angelica Blos (Deva - Romania)

The largest concentration of sacred and cult buildings in Dacia is located

around the capital city of the Dacian state, Sarmizegetusa Regia, and followed by a second large center situated in the Olt River Gorge in Brasov County around Racos. Together with the other lay buildings, they represent the two largest centers of power in Dacia.

The