GCSE Physical Education The Effect of Lifestyle on the Cardiovascular System
1.2.2 a healthy, active lifestyle and your cardiovascular system
Transcript of 1.2.2 a healthy, active lifestyle and your cardiovascular system
STEP-BY-STEP GCSE PE ©STEP-BY-STEP GCSE PE ©
Chapter content:
1. How the cardiovascular system works
2. A healthy active lifestyle and the cardiovascular system
• The immediate and short-term effects of participation in exercise and physical activity
• The long-term effects of participation in exercise and physical activity
• The importance of rest in-between exercise sessions
• The effects of diet on the circulatory system
• The effects of recreational drugs on the circulatory system
Second edition
A healthy, active lifestyle and A healthy, active lifestyle and your cardiovascular systemyour cardiovascular system
SECTION 1.2 Your healthy, active bodyYour healthy, active body
1.2.2 1.2.2
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There are three components to the circulatory / cardiovascular system:
The heart
The main function of the circulatory system is transportation.
• It carries blood from the heart to all the cells of the body to provide them with food and oxygen.
• It carries waste products, including carbon dioxide, away from the cells to the lungs so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged.
• How the cardiovascular system worksHow the cardiovascular system works11
The blood The blood vessels
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Humans have a double circulation
When a blood cell travels through the circulatory system it goes through the heart twice. This is known as double circulation. This occurs because there are two circuits for the blood to travel through:
1 The systemic circuit (Takes blood around the body)
• It carries oxygenated blood around the body via the arteries, reacting with glucose in foods to release energy in the muscles.
• It then carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart along the veins – this is then pumped through the second circuit.
• The pulmonary circuit (Takes blood to the lungs)
• It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
• The oxygenated blood then travels back to the heart along the veins to re-start the process in the systemic circuit.
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An analogy of how the circulatory system works A red football
leaves Anfield, the home of Liverpool F.C.
It enters Wembley (the heart of English football) and leaves red because Wembley is a neutral venue
The red football enters Goodison Park, the home of Everton F.C.
The football leaves blue
It enters Wembley and leaves blue
because Wembley is a neutral venue
The blue football enters Anfield
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Vein (pulmonary vein)
Artery (pulmonary
artery)
OXYGENATED BLOOD
Transported through arteries (except
pulmonary artery)
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
Transported through veins (except pulmonary vein)
PULMONARY CIRCUIT
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
The circulatory system in more detail
Artery (aorta)
Vein (vena cava)
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How blood is pumped around the body
Below is a simple plan of the circulatory system:
Blood flows around the body in a ‘figure of eight’ circuit. It passes through the heart twice on each circuit.
Label the arteries and veins on the diagram:
Blood travels AWAY from the heart through ARTERIES. ( A )Blood travels BACK to the heart through VEINS. ( V )
Label the 2 separate ‘loops’ to the circuit:The top loop carries blood from the heart to the LUNGS and back. (Pulmonary Circuit) The bottom loop carries blood from the heart around the BODY and back. (Systemic Circuit)
Complete this key:
STUDENT TASKV
V
A
A
OxygenatedDeoxygenated
Systemic
Pulmonary
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The heart in more detail
• The heart is made up of cardiac muscle. Its function is to act as a pump for blood.
• The heart contains four hollow chambers.• The top two chambers are called atria (where the blood enters the heart).• The bottom chambers are called ventricles (where the blood leaves the heart).
RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICL
E
LEFT VENTRICL
E
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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1 Colour in both sides of the heart to represent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.2 Label the four chambers of the heart.3 Using arrows draw the direction of the blood flow.4 Label the entries and exits of the heart with one of the following:
Blood flowing: To lungs From lungs To body From body
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICL
E
LEFT VENTRICL
E
From lungs
To bodyTo lungsFrom body
STUDENT TASK:
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Important parts of the heart
The function of the labelled parts:THE SEPTUM – Divides the two sides of the heart preventing oxygenated blood
mixing with deoxygenated blood.THE PULMONARY VEIN – Transports oxygenated blood to the heart.THE AORTA – Transports oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.THE VENA CAVA – Transports deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.THE PULMONARY ARTERY – Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
AORTAPULMONARY VEIN
PULMONARY ARTERY
VENA CAVA
SEPTUM
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How the heart pumps blood
The heart is divided into two sides. Each side is a pump. Consequently, the heart is a double pump.
THE RIGHT SIDE – Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
THE LEFT SIDE – Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
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The cardiac cycle
The heart relaxes
allowing both sides to fill
with blood from the veins
The atria contract
forcing blood into the ventricles
The ventricles contract
forcing blood out of the heart into the
arteries
Stage 1 Stage 2
1 2 3
Stage 3
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STUDENT TASK: Use the diagram below to describe in detail how blood moves around the body.
The blood leaves the right side of the heart through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs where it is
oxygenated.
After being used by the body the blood becomes
deoxygenated and returns to the heart
through the vena cava.
The blood travels back to the left side of the
heart through the pulmonabbbry vein.
Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and around the body via
the aorta.
Pulmonary artery
x xwsxwxwx
w
The blood leaves the right side of the heart through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs where it is
oxygenated.
Lungs The blood travels back to the left
side of the heart through the
pulmonary vein.Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary vein
After being used by the body the blood becomes
deoxygenated and returns to the heart
through the vena cava.
Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and around the body via the
aorta.
Pulmonary artery
Heart
Body
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Valves in the heart
Valves within the heart separate the upper and lower chambers. This allows blood flow in one direction only, preventing back flow.
SEMI-LUNAR VALVES
BICUPSPID (MITRAL) VALVE
TRICUPSPID VALVE
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Blood vessels
Blood moves around the body in blood vessels. There are three types of blood vessel.
Arteries• Carry blood away from the heart.• Carry oxygenated blood.
(Except the pulmonary artery)• They have thick elastic muscular walls.• They contain no valves.• They have small lumen (inner space).
Veins• Carry blood back to the heart.• Carry deoxygenated blood.
(Except the pulmonary vein)• They have thin muscular walls.• They contain valves.• They have large lumen.
Capillaries• Connect arteries to veins.• Carry food and oxygen direct to the
tissues.• Take waste away from the tissues.• They are microscopic in size.
BLOOD
ArteryVein
Wall of capillaries
Valve
BLOOD
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Blood is composed of three different types of cells and a fluid known as plasma, which is mainly made up of water and gives the blood its liquid appearance.
1 Red blood cellsCarry oxygen around the body in red haemoglobin.
The composition of blood
2 White blood cellsFight against infection.
3 PlateletsWhen the skin is broken they clot the blood.
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The pulse rate
• A pulse is caused by the heart as it pumps blood around the body.
• The pulse can be felt every time the heart beats because the artery walls expand and then contract.
• The pulse can be measured wherever an artery passes close to the surface of the skin, these areas are known as pulse rate points.
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1 Insert the correct names for the valves within the heart on the diagram below: (3 marks)
2 What is the purpose of valves within the heart? (1 mark)
3 How does the blood on both sides of the heart manage to get through the valves? (2 marks)
Semi-lunar valves
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve
To allow blood to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow.
The atria contract and then the ventricles contract. Each time forcing blood through the valves.
STUDENT QUESTIONSp.92
4 State whether the following statements apply to arteries or veins: (7 marks)
a) Usually carry oxygenated blood –
b) Usually carry deoxygenated blood –
c) Have thick walls –
d) Work under low pressure –
e) Contain valves –
f) Blood is carried towards the heart in the -
g) Blood is carried away from the heart in the -
5 Capillaries are the third type of blood vessel and are connected to both veins and arteries. What is their function? (2 marks)
6 Blood contains four major components. Complete this table by listing these components correctly. (4 marks)
To carry food and oxygen to the tissues and take the waste away from them.
ACTION COMPONENT
Fight infection
Help clotting
Carry oxygen
Transport substances
Arteries
Arteries
Arteries.
Veins
Veins
Veins
Veins.
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Plasma
Total marks /24
7. Complete the following sentences: (5 marks)
i) A pulse is caused -
ii) The pulse can be felt due to the -
iii) The pulse can be measured at –
iv) When we exercise the pulse rate -
v) This enables more oxygen to be -
By the heart as it pumps blood around the body
Artery walls expanding and contracting
Pulse rate points
Speeds up
Delivered to working muscles
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• A healthy active lifestyle and the A healthy active lifestyle and the cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system
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The immediate and short-term effects of participation in exercise and physical activity
Heart rate increases
Blood pressure increases
Blood vessels expand at skin
surface, to release heat,
causing the skin to redden
Blood is shunted to the working
muscles
The amount of exercise
influences the heart rate
Waste products water and salt
exit the body via pores at skin
surface
Arteries widen automatically to let more blood
through
Heart rate
• The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
• A normal resting heart rate is between 60 – 80 beats per minute.
• Oxygen and nutrients are carried to the muscles by the blood. During exercise the muscles require more oxygen and nutrients so the heart has to pump faster, increasing the heart rate.
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Blood pressure
• Blood pressure is a measurement of how much pressure the blood flowing through an artery puts on the artery wall.
• When exercise begins, blood pressure increases. This increases blood flow to meet the demand of the working muscles.
• Systolic blood pressure is caused by blood being forced into the arteries by the contraction of the left ventricle.
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• Diastolic blood pressure is caused by the left ventricle relaxing once blood has entered it via the atrium. At this point the arteries relax allowing a reading of their elasticity which indicates the vessel’s quality.
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• A blood pressure reading can range from between 100 over 60 and 140 over 90 for an average person.
The long-term effects of participation in exercise and physical activity
Decreased resting heart
rate Faster recovery from exercise
Stroke volume increases
Heart increases in size
Reduces risk of coronary heart
disease
Reduced blood pressure
Healthy veins and arteries
Oxygen delivered to the working muscles more effectively
Cardiac output increases
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The benefits of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system
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Resting heart rate
• Resting heart rate gives an indication of fitness.
• Regular exercise increases the size and strength of the heart, allowing it to supply the same amount of blood with fewer beats.
• Regular exercise can decrease the resting heart rate.
Heart recovery rate
• Heart rate recovery is the rate at which the heart returns to its normal state after exercise.
• The faster the recovery rate the better the level of cardiovascular fitness.
• Regular exercise can increase the heart recovery rate.
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Stroke volume
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.
• Regular exercise will increase the stroke volume both at rest and at work.
This is due to the heart becoming stronger and more efficient.
• At rest the heart pumps about 85ml of blood. During exercise this could increase to 130ml.
Cardiac output
• Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute.
• Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)
• The changes that take place to stroke volume and heart rate through regular exercise affect the cardiac output.
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Blood pressure
• Blood pressure is used as an indication of how fit the circulatory system is.
• High blood pressure can lead to angina, heart attacks and strokes.
• Blood pressure can be affected by four main factors:1 AGE – it generally increases with age.2 GENDER – it is generally higher in men.3 EXERCISE – it increases in the short-term but reduces in the long-term.4 STRESS – increases blood pressure.
• Regular exercise can reduce blood pressure.
A patient has her blood pressure taken by a doctor
Veins and arteries
• Regular exercise can increase the number of capillaries within the heart.
• Regular exercise improves the flexibility and efficiency of blood vessels, reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
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The importance of rest in-between exercise sessions
• In order to improve cardiovascular fitness levels the cardiovascular system needs to be put under increased stress from exercise.
• Rest is essential after exercise sessions in order to maximise the effect of training.
• Rest allows the heart to grow in size and thickness and the number of capillaries to increase.
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The effects of diet on the circulatory system
• Diet can affect blood pressure and cholesterol.
• A diet low in fat, salt and sugar but high in fruit and vegetables can help to reduce the risk of high blood pressure.
• Including omega 3 essential fatty acids in a diet can help to keep the blood from clotting.
• Cholesterol is a fatty substance carried in the blood by lipoproteins, which come in two forms:
1 Low density lipoprotein (LDL) ‘BAD CHOLESTEROL’Consists mainly of FAT and can cause deposits, called ‘PLAQUE’, to build up inthe arteries which restrict blood flow. This can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heart problems.
2 High density lipoprotein (HDL) ‘GOOD CHOLESTEROL’Consists mainly of protein with small amounts of fat. It helps reduce the amount of cholesterol building up in the arteries.
• Reducing the intake of animal fats and salt and increasing the intake of fibre, fruit and vegetables will help to control cholesterol levels.
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The effects of recreational drugs on the circulatory system
• Smoking cigarettes, which contain the drug nicotine, releases adrenaline which constricts the arteries increasing the heart rate and raising blood pressure.
• Smoking lowers HDL cholesterol which increases the chance of blocked arteries.
• Smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the red blood cells’ ability to transport oxygen. This has an impact on fitness levels.
• Alcohol in moderation can increase HDL which can lead to lower blood pressure.
• Alcohol in excess can be detrimental to blood circulation.
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John Daly has struggled with diet, smoking and alcohol problems throughout his golfing career
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3 Why is rest important in-between exercise sessions? (1 mark)
4 What effect does drinking alcohol have on blood pressure? (1 mark)
5 Identify five immediate and short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system. (5 marks)
6 Identify five long-term benefits of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system. (5 marks)
Total marks /14
STUDENT QUESTIONS
The amount of blood shunted to working musclesThe amount of blood ejected by the heart per minuteThe number of times the heartbeats per minuteThe amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
The number of times the heart beats per minuteThe amount of blood ejected by the heart per minuteThe amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beatThe amount of blood shunted to working muscles
1 Cardiac output is: (1) 2 Stroke volume is: (1)
X
X
To maximise the effect of training, to allow the heart to grow and to let the number of capillaries increase
It raises blood pressure
Heart rate increases; Blood pressure increases; Blood vessels expand at skin surface, to release heat, causing the skin to redden; Blood is shunted to the working muscles; The amount of exercise influences the heart rate; Waste products water and salt exit the body via pores at skin surface; arteries widen automatically to let more blood through
Decreased resting heart rate; Faster recovery from exercise; Stroke volume increases; Heart increases in size; Reduces risk of coronary heart disease; Blood pressure reduced; Healthy veins and arteries; Oxygen delivered to the working muscles more effectively; Cardiac output increases
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D