120509 Parts of Speech

8/14/2019 120509 Parts of Speech

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REVIEW OF THE PARTS

OF SPEECH


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The Parts of Speech Nouns

Pronouns

Verbs Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions Conjunctions

Interjections


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What is a Noun?


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What is a Noun?

A word used to name a person, animal,place, thing and abstract idea.

Types of nouns:

- common nouns- proper nouns

- concrete nouns- abstract nouns

- countable nouns - non-countable nouns

(mass nouns)- collective nouns - compound nouns


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Common nouns Refer to a person, place, or thing in general

sense

E.g. people, city, river

Proper nouns

Write with a capital letter

Represent the name of a specific person, place,or thing

E.g. Christopher, Kuala Lumpur, MississippiRiver


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Concrete nouns

Refer to anything (or anyone) that youcan perceive through your physical

senses E.g. book, chair, clerk

Abstract nouns

Refer to anything that you cannotperceive through your physical senses

E.g. childhood, happiness, love


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Countable nouns Can be in singular or plural forms

Refer to anything (or anyone) that youcan count

E.g. table, tables, baby, babies

Non-Countable nouns (Mass nouns) Does not have a plural form

Refer to something you could not count E.g. oxygen, water


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Collective nouns Refer to a group of things, animals, or

persons

Usually think the group as a unit

E.g. class, committee, swarm

Compound nouns

A noun made up of 2 or more words E.g. shoelace, keyboard, flashlight


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Possessive nouns A noun changes its forms to show

that it owns or is closely related to

something else.

Nouns > Possessive nouns

Add apostrophe [] and the letter [s]


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Singular noun that does not end with s Cassandra - Cassandras

friend - friends

Singular noun that ends with s Chris - Chriss / Chris

bus - buss / bus

Plural noun that does not end with s children - childrens

sheep - sheeps Plural noun that ends with s

dogs - dogs

babies - babies


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Noun Plurals Most nouns change their forms by adding -s

E.g. dog - dogs

bus - buses

Nouns that end with -s, -ch, -sh, -x, or -z, add-es E.g. witness - witnesses

church - churchesdish - dishes

box - boxes

buzz - buzzes


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Nouns that end with -y and the letterbefore -y is a vowel, add -s

- e.g. boy - boys

key - keys

Nouns that end with -y and the letterbefore -y is a consonant, change -y to -I

and add -es- e.g. army - armies

baby - babies


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Nouns that end with -ff, add -s- e.g. tariff - tariffs

Nouns that end with -f or -fe:- Some become plural by replacing -f

to -v and adding -s or -es

E.g. knife - knives wife - wives

half - halves leaf - leaves

- Some become plural by only adding-s

E.g. belief - beliefs proof - proofs


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Noun Gender Masculine

E.g. Peter, actor, waiter

Feminine E.g. Sarah, actress, waitress

Common

E.g. teacher, doctor,engineer

Neuter

E.g. table, chair, book


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VERBS


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What is a Verb?

Assert something about the subjectof the sentence

Express actions, events, orstates of being

Action verbs, Compound verbs,

Auxiliary verbs, Linking verbs


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Action verbs: identify physical or mentalactivities

Dracula bites his victims on the neck

Auxiliary verbs: is, are, was, were, will

Compound verbs: combination of auxiliaryverb and action verb

The book Seema was looking for is under the sofa.

Linking verbs: connects a subject to a subjectcomplement which identifies or describes thesubject.

The play is Waiting for Godot.


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ADVERBS


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What is an Adverb?

a word or phrase that modifies an adjective, verb,or other adverb or a word-group, expressing arelation of place, time, circumstance, manner,

cause, degree, etc. Usually identifiable by ly suffix: unfortunately,quickly, beautifully Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today.

The students waitedpatientlythrough the longhours.

He turned up unexpectedly.


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Conjunctive Adverbs

To join two clauses together.

Common conjunctive adverbs:

hence, however, therefore, then,thus, nevertheless, consequently,finally

With the aid of semicolon [;]

He did not have all the ingredients therecipe called for; therefore, he decidedto make something else.


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PRONOUNS


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What is a Pronoun?

Can replace a noun or another pronoun.

To make your sentences less cumbersome

and less repetitive Personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun,

interrogative pronoun, indefinite pronoun,

relative pronoun, reflexive pronoun,intensive pronoun


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Personal Pronoun

Personal Pronouns

refer to a specific person or thing andchanges its form to indicate person,

number, gender and case

Subjective Personal Pronouns

The pronoun is acting as the subject of the

sentence: I, you, she, he, it, we, they

Theyreturned to their homeland.


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Objective Personal Pronouns

The pronoun is acting as the object: me, you, her,him, it, us, them

Give the list to me.

Possessive Personal Pronouns

The pronoun is acting as a marker of possession anddefines who owns a particular object or person:mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs

The smallest gift is mine.


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Demonstrative Pronouns

Identifies a noun or pronoun: this, that, these, those

Subject or object

Thatis the tree I want.

Three customers wantedthese.

Interrogative Pronouns

Used to ask questions: who, whom, which, what[compounds formed with the suffix ever: whoever,whomever, whichever, whatever

Whowrote the novel?


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Reflexive Pronouns To refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence:

myself, yourself, themselves

We ended up painting the apartmentourselves.

Intensive Pronouns To emphasize its antecedent: myself, yourself,

themselves

I myselfbelieve that aliens should abduct my brother.


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ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that modifies anoun or pronoun

It describes a quality or state of anobject, usually relating to taste,colour, size, shape or judgments.

E.g. pretty, ugly, good, bad


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Quantitative / Indefinite AdjectivesTo show how much of the thing is being

described Many, few, several, some She wants some salt.

They lost all their property.

Descriptive AdjectivesTo show the kind or quality of persons or

things

Thin, dirty, short, wet That tall building is for sale.

She bought a beautiful painting.


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Interrogative Adjectives Used with nouns to ask questions.

Which, what, whose What method did you use?

Which car did he buy?


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CONJUCTIONS

Used to link words, phrases, clauses orsentences.

Coordinating conjunctions To link 2 individual unit of the same category (2

words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses)

And, but, or, yet

Jude and Susie saved the boy. (nouns)

My sister did not call or write to my parents. (verbs)The game was good but slow. (adjectives)

Twenty-three plants were planted, but only twenty arealive. (clauses)


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Subordinating Conjunctions

To join and show the relationship betweendependent clauses and independentclauses.

After, although, because, before, since,

until Unless you save some money, you will not be

able to buy a car.

Ifmy father comes before ten, he will take us tothe library.


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Correlative Conjunctions Appear in pairs

Link equivalent sentence elements

Eitheror, neithernor, soas, notonlybut also, whetheror,

The customer wanted either a soft drink or a hotdrink.

The landslide destroyed not only the bungalowbut also the fruit trees.


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Simple prepositions

In, on, till, with, at, for, from, up, out

Compound prepositions

Among, inside, outside, across,

without, around, below

Phrasal prepositions

Instead of, in comparison to, in favour

of, with references to


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Functions of Prepositions

Time

To indicate the time or duration of theactivities

We have to wait until the meeting is over.

Place or position

To indicate the place of the activities

The competitors are from Brunei.


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Direction To indicate the direction of the verb

She is going down the hill.

Manner To indicate the manner or the verb

I sang the song with courage.

Similarity To indicate similarity between a comparison

He talks like a professor.

Agent To act as an agent

The movie was directed by Samson.


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Measure To show the amount or rate

She is shorter than you by 4cm.

Accompaniment To show accompaniment

Can you go with him?

Reason To show cause or reason

He was late because of the rain.

Possession To show possession

Their players are with yellow shorts.


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DETERMINERS

Words that determine nouns

Articles

a / an ( indefinite articles) a: consonants

an: vowels

the (definite articles)

I want a book. I want the book.


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Demonstratives

Refer to something that is known and specific Point out the thing that a noun refers to.

This, that, these, those

This is our house.

Those boys come here every Friday.

Possessives Used before nouns to indicate ownership

My, your, his, her, its, our, their

This is my car.


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WH-determiners

To indicate that noun phrase is the focus ofquestions

Which (persons & things)

Which is your bicycle?

Which boy are you referring to?

Whose (possessive form of who & which)

I dont care whose fault it was.

What (things only)

What is your ambition?


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INTERJECTIONS

Brief expressions to express strongor sudden feelings or emotion.

Punctuated by an exclamation mark[!]

No grammatical connection but helpto create atmosphere or mood forthe sentence. Ouch! Hey! Yes!

Damn!

Well done! Look out!

120509 Parts of Speech

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