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uz popratne ilustracije u boji, a opisane su i vrsteukopa, tehnike arheolokoga iskopavanja, opremapotrebna za iskopavanje, kao i procedura iskopava-nja samoga skeleta. Slijedi opis procesa dokumenti-ranja ukopa (grobni obrasci, crtei, fotografiranje)i metode podizanja i pakiranja kostiju. Posljednjidio odlomka posveen je postupcima koji se pro-

vode u osteolokome laboratoriju (pranje, suenjei pakiranje opranih kostiju), ali i radnjama koje seobavljaju nakon provedene analize (npr. pisanje an-tropolokoga izvjetaja). aj posljednji dio iznimno

je vaan jer se navodi popis arheoloke dokumen-tacije (grobni formulari, fotografije ukopa i nalaza,plan groblja i, ako postoji, preliminarni izvjetaj s

podacima o dataciji i stratigrafiji) koja je potrebnaantropologu da bi mogao nainiti izvjetaj, a vrlo jeesto manjkava ili uope nije dostavljena zajedno skostima.

U drugome poglavlju, Osnove osteologije i odonto-logije (str. 1735), donose se kratke osnove osteolo-gije (discipline koja prouava kosti) i odontologije(discipline koja prouava zube). aj dio prirunikazapoinje definiranjem standardnoga anatomskogpoloaja i ravnina u tijelu te izraza za smjer i poloajodreenih kotanih elemenata. U istome odlomku

ukratko je prikazana graa ljudskoga kostura i po-jedinih kostiju, ali i podjela kostiju s obzirom na ve-liinu i oblik. Autorica zatim opisuje svaku kost za-

tion of bone materials in archaeological fieldworkand the procedures applied after excavation andduring laboratory work. Each of these steps is out-lined in detail and accompanied by colour illustra-tions. Te types of burials, archaeological excava-tion techniques, the necessary excavation gear and

the procedures for excavating skeletons themselvesare also described. Tis is followed by a descriptionof the process to document a burial (grave entryform, sketches, photographs) and the methods forextracting and packing bones. Te final part of thissection is dedicated to the procedures implementedin the osteology laboratory (washing, drying andpacking washed bones), as well as the activities car-ried out after analysis is conducted (e.g. writing an-thropological reports). Tis last part is exception-ally important, as it cites the list of archaeological

documentation (grave data forms, photographs ofburials and goods, necropolis/cemetery layout and,if it exists, the preliminary report with data on dat-ing and stratigraphy) necessary to anthropologistsin order to compile a report, which is very oftendeficient or not even delivered together with thebones.

Te second chapter, Basic osteology and odontol-ogy (pp. 17-35), contains a brief outline of basicosteology (the study of bones) and odontology (thestudy of teeth). Tis part of the manual begins witha definition of the standard anatomical position and

flat surfaces in the body and the terms for directionand position of specific skeletal elements. Tis samesection contains a brief overview of the compo-nents of the human skeleton and individual bones,as well as a specification of bones given their sizeand shape. Raji ikanji then describes each boneseparately, from the skull bones through the trunkbones to the long and tiny bones, using Croatianand Latin terms comparatively. In the section of thechapter dedicated to teeth, she describes the teethand explains the classification into deciduous andpermanent teeth, as well as the classification basedon type (incisors, canines, premolars and molars),specifying the traits of each individual tooth type.

Te third, last section, Analysis of human skeletalremains (pp. 37-64), is also the most extensive. Techapter begins with an outline of the fundamentalfeatures of human bone and dental materials giventheir state of preservation and taphonomic char-acteristics. Tis is followed by a description of themethods for determining the sex of adults based onmorphological differences between the male and fe-male skeleton (particularly in the cranium and pel-

vis), the measuring methods to determine sex andthe methods for determining the sex of children.Next is a description of the method to determine

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sebno, od kostiju glave preko kostiju trupa do dugihi sitnih kostiju, koristei usporedno hrvatske i latin-ske nazive. U dijelu poglavlja posveenomu zubimaopisuje grau zuba i objanjava podjelu na mlijenei trajne zube, ali i podjelu s obzirom na vrstu (sjeku-tii, onjaci, pretkutnjaci i kutnjaci) navodei karak-

teristike svake pojedinane vrste zuba.rei, posljednji dio, Analiza ljudskih skeletnih osta-taka (str. 3764), ujedno je najopseniji. Na poet-ku poglavlja iznose se temeljne znaajke ljudskogakotanog i dentalnog materijala s obzirom na stanjeouvanosti i tafonomske karakteristike. U nastav-ku se opisuju metode odreivanja spola u odraslihosoba temeljene na morfolokim razlikama izmeumukoga i enskoga kostura (posebice na podrujuglave i zdjelinoga obrua), metrike metode odre-ivanja spola i metode odreivanja spola u djece.

Slijedi opis metoda za odreivanje dobi u djece (ra-zvoj i nicanje zuba, duljina dugih kostiju, srastanjeepifiza) i u odraslih osoba (morfologija preponskekosti i zglobne plohe preponske kosti, lubanjskiavovi, sternalni krajevi rebara i istroenost zuba).U dijelu pod naslovom Paleopatologija navode se iobjanjavaju brojne patoloke promjene koje se jav-ljaju na ljudskim kostima kao to su kongenitalnei zarazne bolesti, bolesti zglobova, kotane traume,metabolike bolesti i tumori. Vano je istaknuti da

je svaka spomenuta patologija popraena fotografi-jama snimljenima na kotanome materijalu koji je

analizirala sama autorica. Nakon dijela u kojemu seobrauju patoloke promjene na kostima opisujuse bolesti zuba: kariozne i periapikalne lezije, ka-menac, zaivotni gubitak zuba i hipoplazija zubnecakline. Razmatraju se i metriki podaci kao to sumjere i dimenzije odreenih kostiju, ali i nemetri-ke karakteristike, npr. metopske suture ili otvori nadistalnome kraju nadlaktine kosti. Poglavlje zavr-ava opsenim uputama o tome kako napisati an-tropoloki izvjetaj, a na kraju se navode i dodatneanalize koje se mogu provesti na kotanome mate-rijalu (radiokarbonsko datiranje, stabilni izotopi i

analiza DNK-a).Iako nevelik, ovaj prirunik na vrlo pristupaannain obrauje metode postupanja s ljudskimosteolokim materijalom iz arheolokoga kontek-sta. a je tema u hrvatskoj arheologiji donedavnobila zanemarena i veina arheologa nije joj posve-ivala dovoljnu pozornost. Ljudske su kosti, kao idrugi arheoloki artefakti poput keramike i nakita,neprocjenjiv izvor informacija u naemu pokuajurekonstrukcije svakodnevnoga ivota arheolokihpopulacija.

Nakon knjige Bioarheologija demografija, zdrav-lje, traume i prehrana starohrvatskih populacijaMarija lausa (2006) ovaj je prirunik prvi hrvatski

the age of children (development and emergenceof teeth, length of long bones, ossification of epi-physis) and adults (morphology of pelvic girdle andits joint surfaces, skull sutures, sternal tips of ribsand dental wear). Te section on Palaeopathologycites and explains the numerous pathological

changes that appear on human bones, caused bycongenital and infectious diseases, joint ailments,bone trauma, metabolic illnesses and tumours. It isimportant to stress that each of these pathologiesis accompanied by photographs of bone materialsanalyzed by the author herself. Te section dealingwith pathological changes on bones is followed bya description of dental ailments: carious and peri-apical lesions, plaque, eventual lifetime loss of teethand hypoplasia of tooth enamel. Metric data areconsidered, such as the measures and dimensionsof specific bones, but also non-metric characteris-tics, e.g. metopic sutures and apertures on the distalends of upper arm bones. Te chapter closes withextensive instructions on how to write an anthropo-logical report, and in the end an additional analysesis specified which may be conducted on bone mate-rials (radiocarbon dating, stabile isotopes and DNAanalysis).

Although modest in length, this manual very acces-sibly covers the methods for dealing with humanosteological material in the archaeological context.Until recently, this topic was neglected in Croatian

archaeology and most archaeologists did not accordit sufficient attention. Human bones, like other ar-chaeological artefacts such as pottery and jewellery,are an inestimable source of information in our at-tempts to reconstruct the everyday lives of archaeo-logical populations.

After the book on bioarchaeology, Bioarheologija demografija, zdravlje, traume i prehrana star-ohrvatskih populacija (Bioarchaeology TeDemographics, Health, rauma and Diet of EarlyCroatian Populations), by Mario laus (2006), thismanual is the first Croatian attempt to summarize inone place the rules and procedures for dealing withhuman skeletal remains found during the course ofarchaeological research, from the moment of ob-serving skeletons in grave pits to laboratory analysisand storage in depots. Raji ikanji has dealt withhuman skeletal materials both as a field archaeolo-gist and as a laboratory bioarchaeologist, and hermany years of experience are reflected in the multi-disciplinary approach to the topic addressed by thismanual.

Although no similar works exist in Croatia besides

the already mentioned book by laus several ex-cellent manuals dealing with the same problem haveappeared at the wider, global level over the past dec-

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pokuaj da se na jednome mjestu samu pravila iprocedure postupanja s ljudskim skeletnim ostaci-ma pronaenima tijekom arheolokih istraivanja, ito od trenutka uoavanja kostura u grobnoj raci doanalize u laboratoriju i pohrane u depo. Autorica seljudskim skeletnim materijalom bavila i kao arheo-

loginja na terenu i kao bioarheologinja u laborato-riju i to se njezino viegodinje iskustvo vidi u mul-tidisciplinarnome pristupu temi primijenjenome uovome priruniku.

Iako u Hrvatskoj ne postoji slino djelo, osim vespomenute knjige Marija lausa, u svijetu je po-sljednjih desetak godina, posebice na engleskomegovornom podruju, objavljeno nekoliko izvrsnihprirunika koji se bave istom problematikom. Uzpionirsko djelo D. R. Brothwella Digging up bo-nes: the excavation, treatment, and study of hu-

man skeletal remains (Cornell University Press,Cornell, 1981) svakako treba spomenuti knjige TeHuman Bone Manual . D. Whitea i P. A. Folkensa(Academic Press, London, 2005), Human Remainsin Archaeology: A Handbook C. A. Roberts(Council for British Archaeology, York, 2009) i TeArchaeology of Human Bones S. Maysa (Routledge,London, 2010). Navedena djela vrlo su slina posvojemu sastavu i metodama koje obrauju (osnoveosteologije, rad na terenu, rad u laboratoriju), a odPrirunika za iskopavanje, rukovanje i analizu ljud-skih skeletnih ostataka iz arheolokoga konteksta

razlikuju se opsegom: svaka od spomenutih knji-ga ima vie od dvjesto stranica. Knjiga Petre Rajiikanji mogla bi se po svojemu opsegu usporediti sprirunikom Human Bones in Archaeology autori-ce Ann Stirland (Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 1999)s kojim dijeli i tu odliku da je predoeni kotani ma-terijal u cijelosti obradila sama autorica.

Imajui na umu iznimno aktualnu tematiku pri-runika, posebice unutar arheoloke i antropolokestruke, moe se zakljuiti da je autorica na jezgroviti pristupaan nain s pomou brojnih slikovnih pri-loga u potpunosti uspjela predoiti postupke koje

valja poduzeti kad se doe u kontakt s ljudskimskeletnim ostacima pronaenima u arheolokomekontekstu. Prirunik je u prvome redu namijenjenstudentima arheologije i antropologije, zatim diplo-miranim arheolozima i antropolozima koji se u svo-

jemu radu esto susreu s tom vrstom materijala, alii svima zainteresiranima za tu tematiku.

ade, particularly in the English-speaking countries.Besides the pioneering work by D. R. Brothwell,Digging up Bones: the Excavation, reatment, andStudy of Human Skeletal Remains (Cornell: CornellUniversity Press, 1981), other books that certainlymerit mention are Te Human Bone Manual by

. D. White and P. A. Folkens (London: AcademicPress, 2005), Human Remains in Archaeology:A Handbook by C. A. Roberts (York: Council forBritish Archaeology, 2009) and Te Archaeologyof Human Bones by S. Mays (London: Routledge,2010). Tese works are very similar in terms ofcomposition and the methods they explain (basicosteology, fieldwork, laboratory work), but theydiffer from Prirunik za iskopavanje, rukovanje ianalizu ljudskih skeletnih ostataka iz arheolokogakonteksta in terms of extent: each of these bookshas over two hundred pages. In terms of volume,the book by Petra Raji ikanji may be comparedto the manual Human Bones in Archaeology byAnn Stirland (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1999),and another similarity is that Stirland also entirelyprocessed the bone materials herself.

Keeping in mind the exceptionally current topiccovered by the manual, particularly within the ar-chaeological and anthropological fields, one mayconclude that with the help of numerous illustra-tions, the author concisely and accessibly succeededin fully presenting the procedures which should be

observed when coming into contact with humanskeletal remains in the archaeological context. Tismanual is first and foremost intended for studentsof archaeology and anthropology and professionalarchaeologists and anthropologists, who often en-counter this type of material in their work, but alsoanyone with an interest in this subject matter.

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LITERATURA / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brothwell 1981 D. R. Brothwell, Digging up bones: the excavation, treatment, and study ofhuman skeletal remains, Cornell, 1981.

Mays 2010 S. Mays, Te Archaeology of Human Bones, London, 2010.

Roberts 2009 C. A. Roberts, Human Remains in Archaeology: A Handbook, York, 2009.

Stirland 1999 A. Stirland, Human Bones in Archaeology, Oxford, 1999.

laus 2006 M. laus, Bioarheologija demografija, zdravlje, traume i prehranastarohrvatskih populacija, Zagreb, 2006.

White & Folkens 2005 . D. White & P. A. Folkens, Te Human Bone Manual, London, 2005.

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