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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
12-1
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Industrial Revolution
The IR is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories.
• Began – 1780’s in GB
• Took – decades to spread
Why Great Britain? Circle the
advantages on this map and
explain your answer.
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• Why GB?
– Ag practices change (wealthy landowners experimented with new farming techniques in order to increase their harvest)
• Inc food supply b/c new tech., good weather, new crops, inc transportation
– Parl passed laws allowing large landowners to fence off common lands
• B/c enclosure mov’t – many ppl were forced to move to town in search of work
– Ready supply of $ capital to invest (wealthy class of ship owners and merchants that were able to further industrial growth with their extra profits)
– Natural Resources plentiful in BR• Rivers – provided water to power factories• Also – coal & iron ore
– Supply of markets (colonial empire)
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Cotton Production
• Pre-Indust Rev (2 step process)– 1. spinners make thread– 2. weavers – wove– Known as cottage industry
– Tech adv made cottage industry inefficient
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Necessity, is the mother of invention.
-Plato
What does that mean to you?
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• 1st – Flying shuttle made weaving faster (John Kay)
• 1764 – J. Hargreaves invents spinning jenny
• Edmund Cartwright – inv. Water powered loom became more efficient to build factories
• Streams & rivers powered early machines• James Watt – improved steam engine
– Steam power spun & wove cotton– Did not need to be near a river
1760- 2.5 million lbs
1787- 22 million lbs
1840- 366 million lbs $$$$ GB most valuable export
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Cotton gin - 1794• His cotton gin
removed the seeds out of raw cotton.
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Steam engine
Do you know what this is?
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Coal & Iron Industries
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Steam Engine• The steam engine
was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to.
• Success of steam engine crucial to BR’s IR, needed coal– Led to exp. in coal
production
*remember the map?
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• Henry Cort developed puddling process– Produced better quality iron ore– Coke used to burn away impurities in ore– Produced high quality iron (stronger and
cheaper than importing from Swedes)
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BR Iron Industry• 1740 – 17,000 tons
• 1780s – 70,000 tons
• 1852 – 3 million tons
• Used to build new machines, esp transportation
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Railroads
•1804 – 1st steam powered train in BR
•Pulled 10 tons of ore & 70 ppl
•At 5 mph
•Rocket – 1st public rail line
•Sped 16 mph
•W/in 20 yrs – trains @ 50 mph
•1840 BR – 2,000 miles of track
•By 1850 – 6000 miles of track
•Building RRs created – new jobs
•Lower prices
•Meant owners reinvested profits & grow
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New factories• Workers forced – to work in shifts
• Factory owners created system – work discipline– Example fines for being late, fired for bad
behavior– Child workers often beaten
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Child labor
• Shoeshine boys
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Child labor
• Bowling pin boys
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Child labor
• Coal miner boys
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• Girls were preferred over boys. They were paid less, had smaller hands.
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Spread of Industrialization
• Mid 19th C, GB- world’s 1st & richest ind. nation– Produced – ½ world’s coal & manuf. goods
• Gov’ts provided- $ to build RR, roads & canals
• By 1850 – network of RR through EU• US pop 1800 – 5 mil• Robert Fulton – built 1st paddle wheel
steam boat
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Transcontinental RR*train clips
• RR turned US into 1 huge market for goods made in the NE
• The transcontinental railroad made travel across the country faster, cheaper and more efficient.
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• Women & girls – big part of work force
• 2 new social classes 1. IR Middle Class 2. IR
Working Class
– EU pop 1750 – 140 mil 1850 – 266 milThomas Malthus argued – pop
would out pace ability to feed ourselves
Pop up b/c – death rate is down, wars down, less disease/ppl ate better & more resilient to diseases
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Irish Potato Famine
• Irish depended on potato as staple food• Crop ruined by fungus• 1 million died• 1 million moved to US• Ppl moved from rural areas to cities
– Rapid inc in cities led to – bad living conditions
– Promoted – reforms to ask gov’t to improve things
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Irish Potato Famine
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• Many lived in tenements.
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tenement
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Industrial capitalism
• New Indust Middle Class made up of ppl who built factories, bought machines, found markets, etc.
• Indust Working class faced bad working conditions– Hours 12-16 hours/day, 6 days/week– No job security or minimum wage– Factory Act of 1833 – 9 min age for employment – Women paid ½ what men got– Socialism – where society (gov’t) own factors of
production• Idea of – intellectuals that believe in equality of all
Some slides from worldofteaching.com