118 transportation then and now

TransportationThen and NowJames Styring

Read and discover all about transportatlonin the past and today .... What were the first planes made of?. How fast can solar cars travel?

Read and discover more about the worldlThis series of non-fiction readers providesinteresting and educationaI content, wlthactivit ies and project work.

Series Editor: HazeI Geatches

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Cover photograph: Robert Harding Wortd lmagery (Tranr rrr blrilrerl ||xrlton fft|ldtr

Then and NowJames Styring

lntroduction1 Then and Now

2 Boats and Ships3 Trains, Buses, and Trucks

4 Bicycles and Motorcycles

5 Cars6 Aircraft7 Around the World

8 ln the Future

ActivitiesProjectsGlossaryAbout Read and Discover

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Transportation is the movement of people or goodsfrom one place to another. We can transport things inthe water, in the air, or over land. We can use animals,vehicles, or just our feet. Sometimes we travel forwork, and sometimes for vacation or just for fun.

What transportation can you see here?What transportation have you used?What other transportation do you know?

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ow read and discover more about transportation!

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flhen andNowUntil about 7,00O years ago, people had to walkeverywhere. Then they started to use animals for

People used horses and donkeys for transportationin lots of places. People also used camels in Africa,elephants in Asia, and llamas in South America.People still use animals for transportation today.

The First VehiclesPeople made rafts from tree trunks. They floatedon their rafts along rivers and on lakes. It was easierthan swimming, and they didn't get wet. These werethe first vehicles.

Sleds were like rafts,but they were used onland. They were usefulbecause it's easier topull heavy things thanto lift them.

The WheelAbout 51500 years ago, peopleadded wheels to sleds. Farmersand traders made carts withtwo or four wooden wheels.Cows and horses pulled thecarts. Carts with wheels weremuch faster than sleds.

The wheel is one of the most important inventionsin history, and today you can see wheels everywhere.Cars, buses, trucks, trains, bicycles, motorcycles,and planes all have wheels. \il(rheels are importantln englnes, too.

A truck witha lot of trailers iscalled a road train.The longest roadtrain was Austratian.It had 117 trailerswith 2,126 wheels!

transportation. later, people invented vehicles.

Animals

r i , i r - i , i t rcnal Transportat ionUntil about 10,000 years ago, people lived in smallfamily groups and they didn't travel a lot. Then, asvillages and towns became bigger, people had to travelto find food. People used animals to carry goods likemeat and fur.

Then about 61000 years ago, people started to travellong distances to trade metals, salt, and spices. Shipsbegan trading in the Middle East 4,500 years ago.People used ships because animals could not travelover water. Soon, people were trading all aroundEurope and Asia.

Traders took Chinesesitk to Europe atong theSitk Road 2,500 yearsago. They used horsesand camets to carry the

Transportation TodayToday, every country in the world uses water, air,

and land transportation to trade food, fuel, clothes,

and other goods like cars and televisions.

Tourists started to go on vacation by train and boat

200 years ago. From about 1960, with the invention of

large passenger planes, tourism became very popular.

Today, about 900 million tourists travel to anothercounffy every year.

In 2001, an American called Dennis Tito was the first

space tourist. He flew in a Russian spaceship to the

International Space Station. tVill tourists travel to

the moon one dav?

-rn Go to pages 36-37 for activities. ,i;

silk more than 3,000 kilometers.

\ffi@@tumdWe use boats and ships to transport passengers andfreight. Boats and ships can travel along rivers andacross lakes and oceans. What boats or ships have

The first vehicles that people used on water were raftsmade from tree trunks. Then more than 51000 yearsago, people made canoes. They used paddles to powertheir canoes. People still use canoes today.

ln t947, Thor Heyerdaht buitta raft similar to the ancient rafts. Hesaited Kon-Tiki 8,000 kitometers fromPeru to an island in the Pacific Ocean.

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The Fix"st S&:ipsEgyptian traders sailed the first ships about 4,500years ago on the River Nile. Later, the Ancient Greekssailed larger ships around the Mediterranean Sea.Their ships were fast because they used sails, and atthe same time men rowed with oars. Traders sailedbetween the Middle East and India in small ships withtriangular sails. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese tradershad large ships with square sails.

Chinese people invented thecompass about 21000 yearsago. Compasses point tonorth, and they help peopleto sail in the right directionacross oceans. They are stillimportant for sailors today.

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' l ' lrc Vil<.ings l ir.ed in Dcnmark, Norlvav, and Su,cdenrutroLrt I . ( )00 vears ago. Tl ' rev sai led around Europe,ancl thcl crossed the At lant ic Ocean to Canada. Atthc sumc time, hundrcds of ships \\ 'ere trading betu'een

.fapan, I iorca, China, and countr ies in Southeast Asia.

I i ronr about 1500' Europcan ships sai lccl to Northancl Sout l - r Ar-r-rcr ica, Afr ica, and Asia. ' fhcir journcvs

s()mct intcs t ( )ok vcars. A lot of s l - r ips sank clur ingst()r lns. ' l 'hc ships \ \ 'crc smal l ar-rc i thc sai l r l rs \ \ 'crcbrar,c. l) irates oftcr-t attackccl sl-ri1-ls anci stole golcl

itncl silvcr.

Aftcr : lbout 1800, ships bcclrr-nc important f i r rintcrnat ional t rade in goocls l ikc cof- fbe) tca. , and spices.Sl-rips becamc bigger, and thc1,' had a lot of sails to helpthen-r so faster.

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Stcam cngir-rcs pou'crccl m()st s l - r ips af tcr about 1850.

Stcam ships hacl propcl lcrs anci thcl ' \ \ 'crc f i rstcr t l - ran

sail ing ships. Tirdav, wc makc modcrn sl 'r ips fron-t

r-nctal , and t l - rc i r cngincs use oi l or d ie scl . J-hcre are

about 35,000 corrulcrc ia l ships arouncl thc r . lor ld.

Freighters carrv fbod and clothes., supcrtankers

transport o i l , and cruise ships carr \ . passengers on

vacation. I(orea builds the most sl-rins in the world.

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nryuiLtQ'Zt-::S'*>t;l( .-\"- \ r / some supertankers

are as long as the tal testskyscrapers. Knock Nevi sis 458 meters [ong.Sai tors use bicyctes totraveI along the ship!

Go to pages 38-39 for act iv i t ies.

Transportation became much faster after theinvention of engines. We use buses to transportpeople and goods, trucks to transport freight, andtrains to transport people and freight.

In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first train in\Wales in the United I{ingdom. fts steam engine usedcoal to heat water. The hot water made steam, and thesteam powered the engine. The train moved along twometal tracks called a railroad. In 1825, the world's firstrailroad system opened in the United I(ngdom. Soon,railroads with steam trains were common all aroundthe world. By 1930, steam trains could travel at about150 kilometers per hour .:,,,,.,:r:r"r,,. ':, i i, ':,,:.: ,,:

ln 1862 the first underground train system openedin London in the United ICngdom. Today, more than160 cities around the world have underground trains.

Modern trains have electric motors or diesel engines.Some long-distance trains have restaurants, andsleeper cars with beds for passengers to sleep in. Trainsare good because they use less fuel per passenger thancars, buses, or planes. Some high-speed trains cantravel at more than 300 kilometers per hour.

ffi".lQJ rhe tongest train

journey in the wortdis 9,288 kilometers. TheTrans-Si berian Expresstakes six days to travelacross Russia, fromMoscow to Vladivostok.

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Vladivostok

Hnrses pulled the first buses 200 years ago. Busesbecame popular as cities became bigger, becausepeople traveled on buses to get to work. Modern buseshave diesel engines or electric motors. Most buses cancarry more than 40 passengers, and some very long,articulated buses can carry 120 people. In manycountries, special buses take children to school. Inplaces with no trains, buses carry passengers longdistances between cities.

In some countries, buses carry a lot of passengers andgoods. \il7here the hills are very big, people use trucksinstead of buses because they are more powerful.

'frains can only go on railroads, but trucks can go

anyr;vhere where there are roads. Trucks can carrymany different things. Tanker trucks carry gasoline ormilk. Refrigerator trucks keep food cold. In miningareas, people use huge trucks to carry coal and rocks.

Long trucks often have a cab for the driver and aseparate trailer for the freight. The cab with a separatetrailer helps long trucks to turn. Some cabs have abed, so the driver can drive a long distance and thenstop and sleep.

Go to pages 40-41 for activit ies.

In busy cities, bicycles and motorcycles are usefu[.They are narrow so they can go past cars and busesin traffic jams. Can you rlde a bicycte?

f f i la'p'e lesThe first bicycles were made of wood. Then

after 1850 they were made of metal. Earlybicycles, called high-wheel bicycles, were

uncomfortable because they had notires. The front wheel was very big,and there were no gears or brakes.Cyclists often crashed.

Modern bicycles are safer becausethey have brakes and their wheels areboth the same size. They also haverubber tires so they are comfortable.

People cycle to work or school, andfor fun and sport. Bicycles are good

because they don'r produce pollution.

There are 1,000 mitlion bicycles in

How Bieyc{es \'VmrkThe cyclist sits on the saddle and turns the pedals.

The pedals move the chain, and the chain powers theback wheel. Gears help the bicycle to go faster, or togo up hills. The cyclist stops the bicycle with thebrakes. It's good for cyclists to wear a helmet andgloves. These protect their head and hands in a fall

or a crash.

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the world, and only 600 mittion cars. f ront whee{back wheel

BMX bicycles are small. They are fordoing tricks. Mountain bikes are foroff-road cycling, so they have thick tiresand strong frames. Mountain bikes areone of the most popular types ofbicycle.

Racing bikes are light. They havenarrow tires, and they can travel at40 kilometers per hour. The mosrfamous bicycle race is the Tour deFrance in Europe.The race is about3,500 kilometers and it usually takes23 days every summer.

Recumbentbicycles look funny,but they are verycomfortable. Thecyclist l ies downand the pedals areat the front of thebicycle.

300 kilometers per hour!

,(z:\i/\,&6'.x\C/ In 1991, Yasuyuki Kudo rode for

331 kitometers on the back wheel of

Motorcycles can carry one or two people. The enginepowers the back wheel with a chain, like a bicycle.

Motorcycles are heavier than bicycles, and they have

a strong, metal frame, and thick tires. Motorcyclists

have to wear a helmet and leather clothes to protect

themselves. Motorcycle racing is a popular sport. The

riders lean very near to the ground so that they can

turn quickly. Some motorcycles can go faster than

In2008, Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440the wortd. He visi ted 20 countr ies in

kitometers194 days.

his motorcycle in Tsukuba, Japan.around

Go to pages 42-43 for activit ies.

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Cars are the most popular type of motorizedtransportation. we use cars to go to work or school, togo shopping, and for vacation. There are family cars, fastsports cars, and special cars tike potice cars and taxis.

Tfre *{ istory of Carscan you imagine a world without cars? we have onlyhad cars for about l2o years. people laughed at thefirst cars. They were slow and noisy. Two Germanengineers, Daimler and Benz, made the first car witha gasoline engine in 1885. It only had three wheels.

From about 1905, companies like Rolls-Royce started

to make cars. They were very expensive because

people made each car by hand. Then, in 1913, the

Ford Motor Company started to make their Model T

car in a special factory. Ford's factories produced cars

quickly, so the Model T was less expensive than other

cars. By I 927 , there were more than 15 million

Model Ts on the roads.

Gasoline in the USA was cheap and people wanted to

travel long distances, so by 1950, American cars were

large. In Europe and Asia, drivers preferred small cars

that were better in city traffic.

Most cars have a gasoline or a diesel engine. Thedrivcr starrs the engine with a key. The engine canpowcr the front wheels, the back wheels, or allfour wheels. The driver uses the pedals to gofaster, to change gears, and to stop. Drivers ofautomatic cars don't need to change the gears.Cars usually have five gears for going forward andone gear for going backward. The driver turns thesteering wheel and the steering wheel turns thefront wheels. You have to wear a seat belt toprotect yourself if there is a crash. Airbags alsoprotect you, but older cars don't have them.

Sports cars, likethe BugattiVeyron,are low. This helpsthe car to go fast becauseair can move easily over it. The

Bugatti Veyron goes faster than 400 kilometers per hour.

It costs 1.5 mill ion US dollars, and the people who

make the cars have only sold a few hundred since they

started to produce them in 2005.

The Peel P50 is thesmallest car in the world.It was first made in I 963.It's 134 centimeterslong and 99 centimeterswide. Its top speed is61 kilometers per hour.

The world's longest car is theAmerican Dream. lt has 24 wheels andit 's 30.5 meters [ong! l t has a swimmingpoo[, and a heticopter can [and on it.

Go to pages 44-45 for activities.

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Peopte have dreamed about ftyingfor thousands of years, but there weren'tany planes until just over 100 years ago.Before planes, peopte flew in hot-air batloons.

Hot-Air Bal loonsHow do hot-air balloons fly? Hot air goes up. A fireunder the balloon heats the air inside the balloon, sothe balloon goes up. In France in 1793, the Montgolfierbrothers built the first hot-air balloon for passengers.

AirshipsAirships were popular between 1900 and 1940, andthey are popular again now. Inside an airship, there'sa gas that is lighter than air. This makes the airshipstay in the air. Airships have engines and they can flyat 90 kilometers per hour.

Fla nesPlanes have changed a lot since the first flight by

theWright brothers in 1903. For many years, planes

were wooden, and they had two pairs of wings.

Today, people make planes from very thin metal and

plastics. Airliners can carry hundreds of passengers

and their bags. Planes carry freight and letters, too.

Some very rich people have their own small plane.

Concorde was an airliner that flew between 1976

and 2003. It could fly from Europe to the USA in

three hours and 20 minutes - twice as fast as other

airliners. It flew at2,140 kilometers per hour.

The biggest airliner is the Airbus A380.It can carry more than 850 passengers. lt's a

double-decker and its wings are longer thana soccer pitch!

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How Planes WorkPlanes usually have engines on the wings. Thewings are a special shape. Vhen air goes overthe wings fast, the air under the wings pushes theplane up, and it flies. The engines make the planego very fast.

Pilots sit in the cockpit, ar the front of the plane.They use the rudder to turn left and right, and theyuse the tail flaps ro go up and down. The wing flapscontrol the speed. passengers sit in the cabin.

Other Types of AircraftThe Daedalus is a very light plane. A person pedalsthe plane, like a bicycle.

Helicopters have rotors above the cabin. The rotorslift the helicopter into the air. Helicopters are usefulbecause they can keep still in the air and they can flyin any direction. Planes can only go forward.

Planes with skis instead of wheels can land on snow.There are also special seaplanes that can land onwater. Space shuttles and rockets take astronautsand machines into space.

Yves Rossy, from France,is called Rocket Man. He hasbuilt a very sma[[ ptane withfour engines on the wings.

D ) Go to pages 46-47 for activities.

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Most places in the world haveand bicycles, but some placesof transportation. What do you

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vehicles like carshave speciaI typesthink these are?

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It's very cold in Nunavut in the north of Canada. SomeInuit people use dogs to pull their sleds over rhe ice andsnow. Today, many people also travel by snowmobile -a small, motorized vehicle.

In Mongolia, roads and railroads go between cities, but inthe I(hangai mountains there aren't many vehicles. Farmersuse a donkey or an ox to pull their carts. Traders use camelsto transport goods over mountains and across deserts.People also travel long distances on horses.

There aren't any cars' buses, trucks, or even bicycles

inVenice.This is because there are no roads.The city

was built on a lot of small islands and there are

bridges between them. People walk on small roads

called paths, and over bridges, but most iourneys in

Venice are by boat.

People take water buses to work and to school, and

water taxis to the airport and to the train station'

Ambulances and fire engines are boats, too!The

people of Venice have traveled by gondola for

hundreds of years. A gondolier stands at the back and

powers the gondola with an oar. Today, most gondolas

are for the tourists.

Delhi is a busy city, and the traffic is slow.Most people travel on buses, trains, orunderground trains.

Bicycles and rickshaws are also popular.A rickshaw is a cart for goods or passengers.A rickshaw has two wheels and a person pullsit. A cycle rickshaw has three wheels. Thefront is like a bicycle and the driver pedals therickshaw. An auto rickshaw has a small engine.It's the fastest type of rickshaw, but it,s noisvand it makes a lot of pollution.

Oxford is a small city and therearen't many hills, so bicycles arepopular. Also, bicycles are cheap

and people enjoy cycling in the

fresh air. Many of the city'sstreets are small and old, so it's

much quicker to travel by bicycle than by car or bus.

Some cyclists carry their shopping and even their

dogs in baskets or bicycle trailers.

People enjoy punting on the river in Oxford. A punt

is a wooden river boat. To move the punt, You push

on the bottom of the river with a long wooden or

metal pole.

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[nffieffiq@ffieThe world needs to produce less po[lution. Electric motorsproduce less pottution than diesel and gasoline engines.Wilt att vehicles have electric motors one day? What witttransportation be tike in the future?

Ca rsSome modern cars use biodiesel. Biodiesel comesfrom plants, and it's a clean fuel. We can also produceclean energy from the sun and the wind. Machinescan put this energy into batteries that power electricmotors. In the future, most cars will have electricmotors or thev will use biodiesel.

ShipsAfter 100 years of

ships with engines,sails will be importantagain for ships inthe future. Sails willhelp to power ships,so they use less fuel.

In some countries where it's very sunny, there are solarcars. They use energy from the sun. Most solar carsare racing cars. The fastest solar cars travel up to90 kilometers per hour.

People have made some solar planes, too. Solar planesare very light and they can't carry much. Maybe morevehicles in the future will use solar energJ.

Tra insMaglev trains use magnets to float in the air abovethe track. They are much faster than usual trains.tVill maglev trains be common in the future?

Solar Vehicles

,* i' fr,Xr-sgfiPassenger planes with scramjet engines will fly fasterthan 5,000 kilometers per hour. A scramjet plane willfly from NewYork in the USA to Hong I(ong in Chinain 90 minutes. This journey takes l4 hours in anairliner. The only problem with going fast is that ituses a lot of fuel, which produces more pollution.

t ; r . , '11p Y'AV*|Do you dream of being an astronaut? Perhaps yourdream will come true! Soon, tourists will be able totravel a long way above Earth in space planes. Spacetourists will see Earth from space. It won't be cheap,but it will be an amazing experience.

Whmt New&?What transportation will You use

in the future?\0fhat about an electric

bicycle? It has a small electric motor

that makes it easier to pedal quickly'

An electric bicycle is great for going

up hills.

Or do you want to try a Personaltransporter? It has two wheels and

an electric motor.You lean forward

to go forward, and to the left or

the right to turn. It can travel at

20 kilometers Per hour.

A jet Pack has one or

two iet engines, but it

doesn't have anY

wings. It can flY

anYwhere! Do Youwant to try a jet Pack?Where will You flY?

'' Go to pages 50-51for activities'

Then and Now:ij Read pages 4-7.

Write the words.

camel eatt ship sled spaceship trailer

2 Does it have wheets? Write yes or no.

1 a sled

2 a motorcycle

3 a raft

4 acar

5 a cart

6 an engine

3 Find the words. Then complete the chart.

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' ' , , ,

f u e t \ r ou'u\ I a & d%od

s, \ \ " t l " '

- " '^r ,

k

G-

t;il.q\-',4-

1 r:St-i

6

Answer the questions.

1 How did peopte travel before there were vehicles?

3 What was one of the most important inventions in history?

4 Why did peopte start to travel 10,000 years ago?

5 How long is the Sitk Road?

@

t?r"mtyt# qamt'F:#*$ *s" th+*,

Why were sleds usefu[?

t

6 How did Dennis Tito travel to the International Space Station?

m

I Foats arrd Ships* Read pages 8-11.

I Write the words.

paddte compass oar propetter sait steam engine

Match.

1 Thor Heyerdahl sailedfrom Peru

2 Egyptian saitors saited on

3 The Ancient Greekssai led around

4 The Vikings l ived in

5 The Vikings sailed across

6 Traders sailed betweenJapan, Korea, China,

the Atlantic Ocean.

the Mediterranean Sea.

Denmark, Sweden,and Norway.

the River Nite.

ffi

supertankers

i and Southeast Asia.

\ to an istand in thePacif ic Ocean.

3 Write true or false.

1 The first canoes were made from tree trunks.2 Peopte powered canoes with steam engines.3 Chinese ships had tr iangutar sai[s.4 The Ancient Greeks saited to Canada.5 Pirates stole gotd and sitver.

6 A cruise ship is a passenger ship.

& Number the vehictes in order. 1 = earliest, 5 - tatest.


1 Why were the Ancient Greek ships fast?

2 How do sai lors know which direct ion to saiI in?

3 What probtems did European sailors have about 500 years ago?

4 What fuels do modern ships use?

5 What ships do tourists use when they go on vacation?

r-ri I canoesr" l

tflrr?i ' [ff

f*-l saitins ships [Tl rafts6 How do sailors travel along Knock Nevis?

d Trains, Buses, andTruck** Read pages t2-t5.

1 Write the words.

tanker truck refrigerator truck bushigh-speed train steam train articulated bus

1 lt 's the fastest type of train.

2 lts engine uses coal and water.

3 lt 's very long and it carries people on roads.

4 l t carr ies gasotine or mitk.

5 lt carries chitdren to school.

6 lt keeps food cold.

2 Write the numbers.

150 160 200 300 9,288

1 By 1930, steam trains could travel at l5O kitometersper hour.

2 Modern high-speed trains can travel atkilometers per hour.

3 The [ongest train journey is ki[ometers.

4 There are underground trains in more thancities around the wortd.

5 Horses putted the first buses

3 Number the vehicles in order. 1 = earliest, 4 : latest.

I i diesel trains high-speed trains

i r underground trains : steam trains

4 Complete the sentences.

coat steam coaI engine steam water engine water

1 Steam engines use coat.

2 The heats

3 The hot makes

4 The

5 The

powers the

moves the train along the tracks.

5 Answer the questions.

1 Where did peopte buitd the first train?

2 What uses the most fuel per passenger, a train or a car?

3 How long does it take the Trans-Siberian Express to travelacross Russia?

4 Where was the world's first underground train system?

years ago.

D

5 Why did buses become poputar?

d Bieycles and MotorcylesT


comfortable light popular sma[] strong thick

3 Circle the correct words.

1 Bicycles have6-e@ an engine.

2 The Tour de France is a famous motorcycle / bicycle race.

3 The first bicycles were made of metal / wood.

4 Motorcyctes are slower / laster than bicycles.


1 Motorcycles and bicyctes have chains.

2 lt 's good for cyclists to wear a helmet.

3 There are more bicyctes in the world than cars.

4 Mountain bikes and motorcyctes havestrong frames.

Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440 kilometerson his back wheel.

Bicycles are heavier than motorcycles.


1 Why were the first bicycles uncomfortable?

2 Why do people cycte?

3 How does a cyclist stop the bicycle?

+ Read pages 16-19.

I Write the words.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

back wheel brake chainfront wheel gears hetmet

gtove sadd[e tire

framepedat

Racing bikes are

BMX bicycles are

Recumbent bicycles are

Mountain bikes are the most type of bicycle.

Their tires are and their frames are

rlr

4 Why do racing motorcyclists lean near to the ground?

Read pages 20-23.

Write the words.brake engine front wheelgears pedals back wheelseat belt steering wheel

Complete the chart.

were driving large cars. Ford opened tffi.15 mi[[ion Modet Ts were Rotls-RoyceThe Peet P50 cars. was first made.

1885 Daimler and Benz made l l ie f i rsi *ar.

190s

1913

t927

1950

1963

200s

started to make

the mode[ T factory.

on the road.

Americans

was f irst made.

The Bugatti Veyron

Write true ot false.

1 The first car had four wheets.

2 The Ford ModelT was expensive to produce.3 Rotls-Royce sotd 15 mittion cars between

1913 and L927.

4 Smatl cars are good in city traffic.

5 Cars usuatty have six gears.

6 A car's steering wheel turns the front wheels.

7 Otd cars have the biggest airbags.

8 The Bugatt i Veyron is 134 centimeters long.


1 What was the f irst car [ ike?

2 Why did Americans buy large cars?

3 What does a driver need to start a car?

4 What two things protect the driver and passengers?

5 Why are sports cars [ow?

AircraftFilffi

Read pages 24-27.

Complete the words.

\\

LL

\

1ta r I

f4 _ng_n_

3 w_ng2l

3 Find and write the aircraft.


1 Why do balloons go up?

t airliner

2b

3r

4a

5h6 P__7s

Fwh_ _t

9 c_ckp_t

Match.

1 Concorde stopped ftying

2 an airship's speed (kilometers per hour)

3 Concorde's speed (kilometers per hour)

4 the first hot-air ba[]oon for passengers

5 the first ptane ftew

6 the passengers that an Airbus A380 can carry

..,11f1-p

h10 p_1_

JNS

2 What is inside airships?

3 How do planes stay in the air?

4 Where do passengers sit?

t793

90

1903

2003

850

2,140

5 What powers the Daedalus?

6 Why are helicopters useful?

s p a c e s h u t t I e dh t b a I t o o n e s I dm g h d u I e w r s o ap a I r t n e r t o c I

t e I s p e c s h e p k na t r h e t c o p t e rn e r a s t r d e r t se t I p e n a s t r e r e

cbn

7 What aircraft have you traveled in?

Around the World3 Read pages 28-31.

1 Write the words.

snowmobile gondola puntcycle rickshaw sted auto rickshaw


cycle rickshaw gondotier ox sled

travets quickly over snow and ice.

A Mongolian farmer can use an

6

A

A

1

2

3

4

to putl his cart.

has three wheels, but no engine.

works in Venice.

Write the countries. Then write the types oftransportation.

Canada United Kingdom lndia ltaly Mongolia

1 Khangai

2 Dethi

3 Oxford

4 Nunavut

5 Venice


1 In Nunavut, how do people travel?

2 What animals do people in Mongolia use for transportation?

3 Why are there no trucks in Venice?

4 What is a gondola?

What is the difference between a rickshaw and acycte rickshaw?

6 How do some people in Oxford transport shopping or dogs?

6 In the Futurw* Read pages 32-35.

Complete the puzzle.

1 Biodiesel is made from them.2 lt uses energy from the sun.3 lt 's a special high-speed engine.4 lt has two wheets, but it

isn't a bicycle.It has jet engines, but no wings.They witt help to powermodern ships.It uses magnetsto float abovethe track.You can travel along way aboveEarth in this.

2 Does it fty? Write yes ot no.

1 maglev train

2 electric car

3 solar plane

1t

56

65+t

4

5

6


1 Diesel engines produce more pollution thanelectric motors.

Biodiesel is a clean fuet.

We can put gasotine into batteries.

Scramjet planes wi][ use less fuel thantoday's airliners.

Solar cars are faster than personal

transporters.


1 How witt ships use less fue[?

2 What do we use to make biodieset?

3 Where can we get c[ean energy from?

4 Why are electric bicycles good for going up hitts?

5 What transportation do you use now? What wilt you use inthe future?

2

3

4

scramjet ptane

etectric bike

jet pack

3

@

@ A Transportation Poster1 Find or draw pictures of two vehicles.

2 Write notes about the vehicles.

t t I t t t t t t t t t t t d. t t t t t t t t t t t t t t

Tlpo of transportation:

What's it made of?

Where doss it come from? * \rlhers dose ii Lorno from?

\rlho invonted it? \rlhen? I Who inventad it? \rlhan?

Write about the vehicles and make a poster.Disptay your poster.

Tlpo of transportation:

What's it made of?

@ ATransportation survey $1 Write the names of five frie;rds or people from your

family at the top of the survey.

2 Ask questions and complete your su:vey with / or l.

f f i (6

wNames

plane

heticopter

sled

camel

rickshaw

bicycte

motorcycle

truck

bus

canoe

3 Write about the results. Display your resutts. i

^-dLlr

So & ,. .#4 d| .*. *cf, r h Here are some words used in this book, and you can check{,# $ Pr,f S t 6t F y what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.

a

aircraft (plural aircralt) a vehicle that float to move stowly on water or in the aircan fly freight goods that ships, planes, and trains

ambulance a vehicte that takes very sick transportpeople to hospital freighter (or cargo ship) a ship that

ancient from thousands of years in the past carries freightarea part of a place fresh clean and cool (for air)attack to fight with someone or something fuel something that we use to produce

become to change into; to start to be heat or energy

canoe a sma[[ boat powered with a paddte powers an enginecarry to take something to another place gold an expensive yellow metalchange to become different; to make goods things that we buy and setl

bottom the opposite of topbrave not scaredcab where a truck driver sits

something differentcheap not expensive

burns and powers an enginedirection the position someone or

something moves toward

move a vehiclefamous known by many peopteferry a ship that transports peopte

funny unusual or amusinggas not a solid or liquid; like airgasoline (orpetrot) a liquid that burns and

ground the land that we stand onheat to make something hot

lie down to rest in a comfortabte ptace, forexample, when we sleep

low not high

noisy making a loud soundoit a fue[; it 's a btack [iquid used to

make gasotine

chitd (plural chitdren) a very young person huge very bigcoal old wood that you burn to make fire imagine to think of a possible situationcomfortable nice to be in, for example, soft invent to make or design something new

beds or chairs invention a new idea or thingcommercia[ about buying and setl ing island tand with water around itcommon usuat; seen in many places lake a big area of watercompany a group of people that makes land to fty a ptane from the air onto the

money by producing or sell ing things landcross to move from one side to another leather the skin of an animal; we use it todiesel a type of gasoline; a l iquid that make shoes and jackets

distance the space between two ptaces, metal something hard and made fromfor example, meters, kilometers minerats

donkey an animal l ike a small horse mining finding minerals under the ground

double-decker a vehicte with two ftoors modern not from the past

electric using etectricity (a type of energy) motor an engine, often small or electricenergy we need energy to move and grow; motorized with a motor

machines need energy to work move to go from one place to anotherengine a machine that produces energy to narrow thin

and goods ox(plural oxen) an animal l ike a cow

pair two things the same soccer pitch (orfootbalt pitch) the ptacepassenger someone traveling in, for where you ptay soccer

example, a bus, train, plane, or ship sotar from the sun; using energy frompeda[ to push with your feet on a pedal the sunpirate someone on a ship who attacks and space where the moon and stars are

po[[ution something that makes air, [and, space shuttte a vehicte that takes

push to make something move away; the thick not thinopposite of putl

steals things from other shipsplastic a man-made material

or water dirtypopular tiked by many people

power a ship or aircraftprotect to keep safe from danger

road vehicles travel on itrock a very hard natura[ material

make tiressafe not in danger

a boatseparate not connected; apart

ship a large boatsilver an expensive gray metal

spaceship a vehicte that takes astronauts' into space

astronauts into spacespace station a buitding in space where

storm bad weather; lots of wind and rainstreet vehictes travel on it

t ire (ortyre) the thick, soft ring on a wheet,

top speed the fastest that someone orsomething can go

traffic jam vehictes that can't movebecause there are too many other vehictes

triangular in the shape of a triangteuncomfortable not comfortable

vehicle something for transporting goodsor peopte

power to make something move or work astronauts l ive and workpowerfu[ having great power; being strong special different and importantprefer to like better spice we use it to give ftavor to food; itprobtem something that is not easy comes from plantsproduce to grow or make something steam the hot gas that water makes whenpropeller a machine that turns quickly to it boits

river water on land that goes to the ocean made from rubber

rotor btades, like a propelter, on a town a place with a lot of buildings, [argerhelicopter than a vittage and smatler than a city

row to move a boat through water with oars trade to buy and se[[ thingsrubber a soft material that you use to traffic vehictes moving atong a street

sail to travel in a ship or a boat using saits transport to take something or someoneor an engrne from one place to another in a vehicle

sailor someone who works on a ship or tree trunk the thick part of a tree

shape for example, circle, square, triangle useful that helps someone to do something

similar l ike someone or something vittage a few houses in the countryside;sink to fall to the bottom of water smaller than a townsize how big or smalt someone or without not having something; not doing

something is somethingsteeper car where you can steep on a train wooden made of wood

in a bed

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John C[egg

Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levets, from3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and o[der. They cover manytopics within three subject areas, and can support English across thecurriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).

Available for each reader:. Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD). Activity Book

For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go towww.ou p.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada nddiscover

.... Subiect

\:reaLeve[ \

The World of Science& Technotogy

The NaturalWorld

The Wortd of Arts& Social Studies

@600

headwords

How We Make Products

Sound and Music

Super Structures

Your Five Senses

Amazing Minibeasts

Animals in the Air

Life in Rainforests

Wonderful Water

Festivals Aroundthe World

Free Time Aroundthe World

@750

headwords

* A[[ About Plants* How to Stay Healthyr Machines Then and Now, Why We Recycle

' At[ About Desert Life. All About Ocean Life. Animats at Nightr lncredibte Earth

r Animals in Art

' Wonders of the Past

@900

headwords

Materials to Products

Medicine Then and Now

Transportation Thenand Now

Wild Weather

Alt About lsl.andsAnimal Life CyclesExploring Our WorldGreat Migrations

u Homes Aroundthe Wortd

, Our World in Art

@1,050

headwords

Cetts and MicrobesClothes Then and NowIncredibte EnergyYour Amazing Body

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Alt About SpaceCaring for Our PtanetEarth Then and NowWonderful Ecosystems

. Hetping Aroundthe Wortd

. Food Aroundthe Wortd

For younger students, Dotphin Readers Levets Starter, t, and 2 are available.

118 transportation then and now

Education

Transcript of 118 transportation then and now