110706 Nose Intl Hisitorical Ling Osaka2
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Transcript of 110706 Nose Intl Hisitorical Ling Osaka2
Grammaticalization of temporal expressions in Amele: a diachronic account
Masahiko, NOSE [email protected]
Reitaku University, Japan
20th International Historical Linguistics Conference (Osaka) 25-30, Jul. 2011
Overview of this talk
1. Previous studies
2. This study
3. Data sources
4. Amele language
5. Data
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
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1: Previous studies: Time, temporal in grammar
Haspelmath 1997, Hage’ge 2010, etc.
Typology of Temporal Adverbials
Locative to Temporal (inessive, pre-/post-essive, perlative)
Svorou 1991, Heine et al. 1991, Lakoff & Johnson 1980
Space and Time can be considered together.
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2: This study
Descriptions of Temporal expressions in Amele, such as “5 years ago, until tomorrow, in June”
In terms of Grammaticalization
Semantic extension from [Space] to [Time]
Borrowed temporal,
such as “Mande, wan kilok, wan aua”
Contact-induced language change
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3: Data sources
Data from my fieldwork
Since 2006, every year
Sein village, Madang Province, PNG
Descriptive grammars
Parallel-text research
New Testament
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4: Amele language: Roberts (1987)
Trans-New Guinea language, spoken in Madang Province
SOV, no case marking, postpositional, Noun-Adj, Noun-Demonstrative
Ca. 5000 speakers, Amele/Tok Pisin Bilingual
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Noun-based/ Verb-based temporal expressions
”Yesterday’s past” tense in Amele (Roberts 1987:224-228)
Ija hu-g-an
1sg come-1sg-yesterday’s past “I came yesterday”
Clause-based temporal in Usan (Reesink 1987:70-71)
Ai gâb-gâb (earth see.SS-REDUP):”in the afternoon”
Urigerma (it becomes light.DS):”at dawn”
Worom is-a (sun go.down3s.DS):”at sunset”
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Noun-based/ Verb-based Temporal in Amele
Noun-based temporal
1: temporal adverbs/adverbials: casac (first), qila (now, today)
2: noun + postposition: qasil-na (morning-in)
3: others: loanword from Tok Pisin, Mande (Monday)
Classical time and new time (calendar-based):
cabi gel (year, literally "garden fence"): Roberts (1987:195)
Now spoken "Yaar<Year" and geel
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Noun-based Temporal in Amele
Questions
• Is postposition "na" extended from [Space] to [Time]?
• Can grammaticalization explain borrowed temporal forms from Tok Pisin?
Research in this study
• Three temporal meanings (inessive, pre-/post-essive, and perlative)
• Analog-/Digital-based time forms
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Temporal expressions in this study
Inessive Pre/post-essive Perlative
on, in, at before/after, ago/later for
Digital/Calendar-based
At five o’clock
A week ago for 3 minutes
Analog/Abstract In morning 3 days later until dawn
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Data 1: Results in Amele a. In-essive: postposition “na” b. pre-/post-essive: adverbial “hedocob” c. perlative: postposition “na” and verb-based
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Inessive Pre/post-essive Perlative
on, in, at before/after, ago/later for
Digital/Calendar-based
5 kilok-na Week osol hedocob
3 minut-na
Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na
Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)
Data 1: Results in Amele a. Digital-based: borrowing from Tok Pisin, together with postposition “na” b. Analog based: traditionally Amele
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Inessive Pre/post-essive Perlative
on, in, at before/after, ago/later for
Digital/Calendar-based
5 kilok-na Week osol hedocob
3 minut-na
Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na
Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)
Observations: traditional versus. loanwords
Traditional usages:
• ahine (noon), deel (day), wesu (afternoon), cuha (Sunday)
Borrowed from Tok Pisin: by necessity
• wik (week), Ogus (August), 1 aua (1 hour), Mande (Monday)
Complex forms and others:
• 1 minut-na (for/in one minute, with postposition), two kilok esaue (half past two), ahinec saab (midday food: loan translation from Tok Pisin "belo kaikai")
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Loanword typology (Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009:30-31)
Time: sain
Now: qila
Day: deel
Night: witi
Morning: qasil
Afternoon: wesu
Today: qila
Tomorrow: uqadec
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Hour: aua
Clock: kilok
Week: wiik
Sunday: cuha
Monday: Mande
Month: muun
Year: yaar, geel
Season: sain
Discussion 1
Is it applicable that there is [space] to [time] grammaticalization? The postposition “na” can express both location and time
meanings, but the form “na” is muti-functional, and it is still doubtful to clarify its process.
Classifying temporal expressions into two different groups; classical (yesterday, morning) and artificial (at 12 o’clock, on Monday) Is there any difference between classical and artificial ones?
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Functions of postposition “na”
Roberts (1987:160): at, in, on, with, of
Ija na jo (my house): of
187: Uba jo dunuh (inside) na teia (He went up into the house): at
188: Mala jo igoc (peak) na bilia (The chicken sat on top of the house): on
168: Ija man sonon-ec sigin (knife) na quga (I killed the snake with knife): with (instrumental)
We cannot identify a typical function
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Grammaticalization 1 a. Postposition “na” has too many functions b. “Hedocob” means originally “to finish”, but it means both [before] and [after/later].
World Lexicon of Grammaticalization
Allative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”
Comitative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”
Finish > After, Already >>> hedocob (“to finish”)
Front > Before, later >>> hedocob?
In (Spatial) > Temporal >>> postposition “na”
Locative > Temporal >>> postposition “na”
Time > Temporal >>> sain (“time”> when-clause)
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Grammaticalizaton 2: “na” became a linker
Grammaticalization process of postp. “na”
No form: qasil (in morning)
Analog time: qasil-na, deel eu-na (from that day)
Digital time: 1 kilok-na, 2 minut-na, Ogus-na
“na” is used first in analog time, and then in digital time, meaning “for, in, from, around, etc.”
PERSON> OBJECT> ACTIVITY> SPACE> TIME> QUALITY
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• Grammaticalization 3: digital-based time 1. Not existed temporal expression like “5 o’clock”, “June” 2. Contact with Tok Pisin 3. Borrowing temporal words and gap filling
Thomason & Kaufman (1988:21): borrowing to refer only to the incorporation of foreign elements into the speakers’ native language
Haspelmath & Tadmor (2009): loanwords by necessity
Heine & Kuteva (2005:124): Contact-induced grammaticalization on the replica languages Gap filling: There is now a new category for which previously there was no equivalent category.
We will refer to this situation for want of a better term as gap filling.
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Conclusion: Amele has the traditional and borrowed
time systems (gap filling).
• Borrowing from Tok Pisin: year > ya’r, minute> minut (later using with postp “na”, 2 minut-na)
1. Originally non-existing temporal expressions
• Speakers are bilingual in Amele and Tok Pisin
• not heavy structural borrowing (Thomason & Kaufman 1988:50)
• few grammaticalization from [locative] to [temporal]
2. Contact-induced, partly grammaticalized
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References (selected):The slides are available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/
Anderson, S. R. & E. Keenan. 1985. Deixis. Shopen, T.(ed.). Language typology and syntactic description, III, Cambridge: CUP: 259-308.
Hagège, Claude. 2010. Adpositions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hapelmath, Martin. 1997. From Space to Time: temporal adverbials in the World’s Languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, & Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2002. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: CUP.
Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: CUP.
Kurzon, Dennis. 2002. ‘Preposition’ as functor: the case of long in Bislama. In: Feigenbaum, Susanne, & Dennis Kurzon(eds.). Prepositions in their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 231-248.
McWhorter, John C. 2001. The World’s simplest grammar are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5:125-166.
Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The Jacaranda Press/Web Books.
Muysken, P. Functional categories. Cambridge: CUP.
Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London/New York/Sydney: Croom Helm.
Thomason, S.G. & T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: University of California Press.
Thank you for your attention.
Acknowledgments:
CASIO Science Promotion Foundation, 2011-2012
Grant-in-aid for Young Scientists (B), Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 2011-2013
Amele & Tok Pisin: Villagers in Sein, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea