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PHYLUM CHORDATA

The Chordates

Subphylum Hemichordata: Ba/anogiossus.

Subphylum Cephalochordata: Amphioxus.

Subphykn Urochordata: sea squ i r t s .

Subphylum Venebrata: the vertebrates

Class Agnatha: lawless vertebrates; ostracoderms. lampreys. and hagfishes.Subc lass : Monorhina;* a dorsa l nos t r i l be tween the eyes .

Otder Cephalasptda:* armored osrracoderms. wth a flattened heads h i e l d .Order Anaspida:. small. armored. deep-bodied ostracoderms.

Subclass Diplorbina:’ no do r sa l nos t r i l .O&r Pterasplda:’ ostracoderms with a head shield of large plates.Order Coeloleptda:’ unarmored ostracodecms. denticles covering body.

Subclass Cyclos tomata: modemJawless f i shes .Order Mvxmiformes: hagf isnes .

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2 2 0uld 11

Order Petromyzoatifotmes: lampreys.class Placoderml:* early jawed Bshes, mfndy heavily amwmi.

Onier Arthrodlfa:* attic@ fistm with jOhtd necki.Order Pycmdoatida:* small, armored placodetms.Order Petahihthyida:* annoted Bshes related to arthrodires.Order Antiarchi:* small placodertns with jointed, movable. pectoralspines.Order Rhenantda:l “skatelike” piacoderms.Order Phyllolepida:* flattened, heavily plated placodetrnsOrder Palaeospondyloidea:* Palueospmfy/us, an enigmatic form.

Class Acanthodii:’ spiny fishes.Order Climatifonnes:* primitive acanthodians.Order Ischnacanthifo-:* specialized forms, with reduced spines.Order Acanthodifo-:* persisting acanthodians.

Class Chondrichthyes: cartilaginous fishes, the broad category of sharks.Subclass Elasmobranchii: sharks.

Order Clasdoselachifo-:* ancestral sharks.Order Pleuracanthiformes:* early freshwater sharks.Order Heterodontifortnes: archaic sharks.Order Hexanchiformes: primitive sharks.Order Lamnifo-: modem sharks.

Suborder Galeoidei: the majority of living sharks.SI border Squaloidei: dogfishes and related forms.Suborder Batoidei: skates and rays.

Subclass Holocephali: sharklike fishes.Order Chimaerifonnes: chimaeras or ratfishes.

Class Osteichthyes: bony fishes.Subclass Actinopterygii: ray-tinned fishes.fnfraclass Chondrostei: primitive ray-finned tishes.Order Palaeoniscifo-:* ancestral ray-tinned fishes.Order Pofypterifo-: surviving palaeonischid types, living in Africa.Order Acipenserifomxs: sturgeons and paddlefishes and their extinctrelatives.

tnfraclass Holostei: intermediate ray-finned Eshes.Order Semionotifo-:* early holosteans.Order Pycnodontifonnes:* deep-bodii holosteans.Order Amiifonnes: the central holostean group; the modem bow&Order Aspidorhynchiio-:* heavily scaled, elongated holosteans.

Infraclass Teleostei: advanced ray-Emed fishes.Superorder Pholidophoromorpha:* transitional from holosteans to teleosts.

Order Pholidophotifonnes:* ancestors of teleosts.Supetorder bept~epidotnorpha:* the beginning of teleost radiation.

Order Leptoiepif-:* geaeralii tekosts.Superorder Elopomotpha: primitive, vacied te+eosts.

Order Elopifonnes: ancestors of the tarpons.Order Anguilliio-: eels.

Order Elotocanthifotmes: certam deep-sea f ishes .Superorder Clupeomorpha: pe rs i s t en t ly p r imi t ive t e l eos t s .

Order Clupeiformes: herrings and their relatives.Superorder Osteoglossomorpha: primitive Cretaceous teleosts and therrdescendan ts .

Order Osteoglossiformes: primitive, troplcal freshwater tist+e%Order Mormyriformes: snouted freshwater fish of Africa.

Supernrdrr Protacanthopterwii: basically pr imi t ive , but progress iveteleosts.

Order Saimonifonnes: salmon and tmut.Order Ctenorhrissiformes:* Cretaceous dncestoP; of sp iny- f inned te leos ts .Order Gonorhynchiformes. milk fishes and their relatives.

Superorder Os tar iophys i : a majority of f reshwater te leosts .Order Cyprmlfomws characms. mrnnows. carpOrder Siluriformw catf ishes .

Superorder Paracanthopterygii. advanced te leos ts . para l le l ing the acanthop-teqgians.

Order IPolymlxliformes: beartishes.Order I?emopsiformes: pirate perch and freshwater reiatwes.Order Gadiformes: rod. haddock.Order Batracholdiformes: toadf i shes .Or& Lophi i formes: anglers .Order Gobiesociformrs: clingfishes.

Superorder Athrrinomorpha: va r i ed t e l eos t s .Order Arherimformer: flying fishes. killifishes.

Superorder Acanthopterygli. sp iny te leos ts . a major i ty o f teleorts.Order Beryciformes: prlmitlve xanthopterygians, squrrel fishes.Oider Zeiformes John Dory and o ther t rop ica l t e leos t s .Order Lampndiformes: moon fishOrder Gasterosteiformes. sticklebacks. seahorses .Order Chanmformes: the snakehead. Chonnn.Order Synbranchifoormes: tropIcal coas ta l f i shes .Order Scorpacmformes. xuipms. sea robinsOrder Dactyloptenformes: large-tinned Oncntal fishes.Order Pegasiformes: tropical armored telrosts.Order Perclformes: the major i ty of sp iny te leos t s .Order Pleuronect~fonnes: flatfishes.Order Tetraodontlfotmes: plecrognath f i shes .

Subclass Sarcopterygi: lot&inned. a i r brea th ing f i shes .Order Crossoptcrygii: p rogress ive a i r b rea th ing f i shes .

Suborder Rhipidistla:* ancestors of the amphibians .Superfamily Osteolepiformes:’ leading toward the amphibians.Superfamily Porolepiformes:’ primitive and aberrant forms.

Suborder Coelacanthini: predominantly marine crossopts; the SW-vivmg Luuneno.

Order Dipnoi: lungfishes.

*Extinct

u ~mphibla: arnpkibiam the earIiat tetrapods or laud-living vertebrates.subclass Labyrinthodo&:* late Paleo?.& and Trlasslc so&skulkdamphibians with complex vertebrae.

Order Ichthyostegalia:* ancestral labyrinthodonts.Order Temnospondyli:. lat? Paleomic and Triassic labyrinthodonts.

Suborder Rhachitoml:* the cuhniwtll of labyrhkthodont evolution.Suborder Srereospondyl:* large, aquatic labyrlnthodonts.Suborder PIaglosauria:* flat, broad-skuIled labyrinthodonts.

Order Anthracosauria:* late- Paleozoic labyrinthodonts, evolving to&&dreptiles

Suborder Schmmeri : l very early anthracosaurs.

Suborder Diplomerl:’ primitive anthracosaun.S&order Erhbolomeli : l typical anthracosaurs.Suborder Seymouriamorpha:* intermediate between labyrinthcdontsa n d reptlks.

Subclass L.epospondyli:* late Paleozoic amphibians with spool-shapedvertebrae.

Order Nectridia? varied lepospondyls, including dlplocaulids.Order Aistopoda:. ancient, limbless lepospondyls.Order h+icrosauria:* smaI1, early lepospondyls.

subclass Lissamphibia: the modern amphibians.Infraclass Salientia: frogs, toads, and their ancestors.

Order Proanura:. ancestors of frogs and toads.Order Anura: frogs and toads

Infraclass Caudata: tailed l&amphibians.Order Urodela: salamanders and newts.’Qrder Apoda: coecilians; limbless, tropical amphibians

Class Reptilia: reptiles; scaled or armored terrapodr reproducing by thearnniote egg.

Subclass Anapsida: reptiles with solid skull rooI.Order Cotylosauria:* stem reptiles.

Suborder Gephyrostegomorpha:* early, primitive cotylosaun.Suborder Captorhlnomorpha? generally small,. carnivorous coty-1OSaU:S.Suborder Procolophonia:* small, specialized cotylosaun.Suborder Diadectomorpha? large herbivores

Order Chelonia: turtles.Suborder Proganochelydia:* ancestral turtles.Suborder Amphichelydia:* primitive turtles.Suborder Pleurodira: side-neck turtles.Suborder Cryptodlra: vertical-neck turtles.Suborder ?Eunomsauria:* Emorosaunrs, a doubtful Mle ancestor.

Order Mesosaurla:* ancient aquatic reptiles.Subclass Synapsida:. the mammal-like reptiles, with a Sk&opening belowthe postorbital-squatnosrd bones.

Order Pelycosauria:* early mammal-like reptiles.

;%lu1fl1m&ili 2 2 3

Suborder Ophiacodontia:* primitive pelycosaurs.Suborder Sphenacodontia:’ camivoro~~ pelycosaurs.Suborder Edaphosauria:’ herbivorous peI~osautx.

Order Tiherapsida:. varied advanced mammal-like reptikzs.Suborder Anomodontia:. small to large herbivorous therapsids.

Infraorder Dromasauria:* small, generalized types.Infraorder Dinocephalia:* large, massive herbivores.Infraorder Venyukoviamorpha:* large, partially beaked herbivores.Idjxorder Dicynodontia.. beaked therapsids. often with tusks.

Suborder Phthinosuchia:’ primitive therapsids.Subotder Theriodontia:. advanced, carnivorous therapstds.

Infraorder Gorgonopsia:’ primittve theriodonts.Wraorder Therocephalia:. ea r ly advanced ther iodonts .Infraorder Baunamorpha:’ spectalized theriodonts.lnfraorder Cynodontia:. lare advanced theriodonts.lnfraorder Tritylodontia:’ highly adapted theriodonts.Infraorder Ictldosautia:* thrriodonts close to mammals.

Subclass Eiuryapsida: generally marine reptiles, with a skull openingabove the postorbital-squamosal bones

Order Protorosauna:* ancestral land-living euryaps~ds.Order S.auropterygia:* marine eutyapsids.

Suborder.Nothosauria:* small, primitive sauroptetygiansSuborder Plesiosauna:* large advanced sauropterygians.

Superfamily Pistosauroidea:* ances t ra l p les iosaurs .Super fami ly P l iosauro idea : ’ shor t -necked p les iosaurs .Superfamdy Plesiosauroldea:’ long-necked p les iosaurs .

Order Placodontia:. mollusk-eating euryapsids.Order Ichthyosaurta:’ ocean-living reptiles of fishlike form.

Subc!aa Dlapsida: the ruling reptiles, with two skull openings separatedby the postorbital-squamosal b o n e s .~nfiaclass Lepidosauria: primitive diapsids and their direct descendants.

Order Eosuchia : * ancest ra l lepidosaun.Order Rhynchocephalia: beaked lepidosaxs; the modem tuatera.Order Squamata: l izards and snakes .

Suborder Lacettilia: lizards.Suborder Ophid ia : snakes .

Infraclass Archosauria: advanced diapsids.Order Theadonna:’ ancestral archosaurians.

Suborder Proterosuchia:* early, primitive thecodonts.Suborder Pseudosuchia:* varied thecodona.Suborder Aetosauria:* heavdy, armored thecodonts.Suborder Phytosauria:* aquattc, crocodilelike theccdonts.

&der Crocodiiia: crocodilians.Suborder Protosuchia:* ancestral crocodilians.Suborder Mesosuchia:* Mesozoic crocodilians.Suborder Sebecosuchta:’ aberrant crocodilians.

2 2 4

Suborder Eusuchia:* m o d e m crocodiliansf gavials. cmcud&,alligators.

Order Saurischia:* saurischian dinosaurs.Suborder PaJaeopoda:* ancestral sauris3lians.

Infraorder Palaeosauriscia:* Triassic carnivores.Infraorder Plateosauria:* Triassic herbivores.

Suborder Sauropoda:. gigantic, swamp-dwelling diMSaurS.Suborder Theropoda:’ carnivorous saurischians.

lnfraorder CoeIurosauria:* small to medium-sized carnivorestnfraorder Carnosautia:* large and gigantic carnivores.

Ordei OrnitNschia:* ornitbischian dinosaurs.Suborder Omirhopoda:* duck-btlled and related dinosaurs.Suborder Stegosautia:’ plated dinosaurs.Suborder Ankylosauria:* armored dinosaun.Suborder Ceratopsia:. homed dinosaurs.

Order Pterosauria:* tlying reptiles.Suborder Rhamphorhynchoidea:’ primitive pterosaun.Suborder Pterodactyloidea:* advanced pterosaurs.

Class Aves: birds.Subclass Archaeomithes:. Jurassic toothed birds.

Order Archaeopterygiformes:* Archaeopreryx.Subclass Neomithes: ttue birds.

Order Hesperornithiformes:* Hespemmis and its allies.Order Ichthyomithiformes:* rchthyomb and related genera.Order Tinamifotmes: tinamous.Order Struthioniformes: ostriches.Order Rheifomws: rheas.Order Casuariifomxs: cassowaries. emus.Order Aepyornithiformes:* elephant birds.Order Dinomith%on’nes:’ moss.Order Apterygifotmes: kiwis.Order Gaviifotmes: loons. _Order Podicipedifotmes: g&es.Or&x Procellatiiiomxs: albarrows. petrels.Order Sphenisrifotmes: penguins.Order Pelecaniformes: pelicans, frigate birds.Order Ciconiiformes: herons and storks.Order Anseriformes: ducks. geese. swans.Or&r Falconiformes: vultures, hawks. falcons. eagles.Order Galliiormes: grouse, quail, turkeys, pheasants.Order Gntiformes: cranes, rails. limpkins. phororhacids.Order Diatrymifomxs:. Dimyna and related genera.Order Charadriiformes: shore birds, gulls, auks.Order Columbifotmes: pigeons. doves. the dodo.Order Psittaciformes: lo&s. .purors. macaws.Order Cuculiformes: cuckoos. roadhers.

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i-jillwlfll~uo4a’ki 226

Order Strigiformes: o w l s .order Caprimldgifofmes: goatsuckers.Order Apodlfomxs: swifts, hummingbirds.Order Coliiformes: cdi.Order Trogonifocmes: trogcms.Order Gxaciiformes: kingtisbes, rollen, hoopws, hornbills.Order Piciformcs: barbets, toucans , woodpeckers .Order Pasxrifomxs: perching birds; flycatchers, ovenbirds. lyrebirds.songblds.

Class Mammalid: mammals; tetrapods with hair, that suckle the young.Subclass Eotheria:’ very primitive Triassic and Jurassic mammals.

Order Docodonta:* docodonts.Order Triconodonta:’ triconodonts.

Subc lass Pro torher ia : egg-taying mammals.Order Monotremata: the recen t p la typus and echidna.

Subclass ANotherid:* a long line of early mammals.Order Multitubercdata:* early mammals with multicuspid teeth.

Suborder Plagiaulacoidea:* primitive multituberculates.Suborder Taeniolabidoidea:’ large persisting multitubercuiates.S&order Ptilodontoidea:* small forms with shearing teeth.

Subclass Theria: most of the mammals.[nlraclass Pantotheria:’ the first of the therians.

Order Eupantotheria:’ ancestors of marsupials and placentals.Order Symmetrodonta:’ symmetrodonts .

Infraclas,s Metatheria: pouched mammals.Superorder Marsupialia: marsupials.

Order Marsupicamivora: opossums. carnivorous marsupia ls .Order Paucituberculata: oposwmrats and related fossil forms.Order Peramelina: bandicoots.Order Dipro todonta : phalangers, koala , wombat,diprotodonts. kangaroos .and wallabies.

Infraclass Eutheria: placental mammals.Order Insectwora: insectivores, the most primitive placental%

Suborder Proteutheria:* primitive insectivores.Suborder Macroscelidxa: e lephan t sh rews .Sutrorder Dilambdodonca: moles, hedgehogs, shrews.Subwder Zalambdcdonta: tenrecs. the golden mde.

Order Dermoptera: the cdugo and foss i l re la t ives .Order Taeniodonta:* taeniodonts.Order Tillodontia:’ tillodonts.Order Chi roptera : ba ts .

Suborder Microchiroptera: the in sec t ivo rous ba t s .Suborder tigachiroptera: the f ru i t -ea t ing ba ts .

Order Primates: iemu?.. triers, monkeys. apes. men.Suborder Plesiadapoidea:* ancestral primates.Suborder Lemuroidea: lemurs.

226 llnl 11

Suborder Tatioidea: tars&s.suborder Placyrrhini: hew World monkeys.Suborder Cacarrhinl: Old World monkeys, apes. men.

Superfamily Parapithecoidea? ancestral cataxfhines.superfamily Cempithecoidea: Old World monkeys.Superfamily Hominoidea: apes and men.

Order Edentata: New World edentates.Suborder Palaeanodonta:* ancestral edema&.Suborder Cingulata: armadillos and glyptodonts.Suborder pilosa: sloths, ground sloths, anteaters.

Order Rodentia: rodents.Suborder Protrogomorpha? primitive rodents.Suborder Sciuromorpha: squirrels.Suborder Caviomorpha: South American rodents.Suborder Myomotpha: mice and rats and their relatives.Suborder Castorimotpha: beavers and their relatives.Suborder Theridomyomorpha:* certain European fossil~rodents.Suborder Hystticomorpha: Old World porcupines.Suborder Thryonomyomorpha: cane and rock “rats.”Suborder Ctenodactylomorpha: gunis and related forms.

Order Lagomorpha: hares. rabbits and pikas.Order Cetacea: porpoises apd whales.

Suborder Archaeoceti? ancesiral whaLes.Suborder Odontoceti: porpoises, dolphins, toothed whales.Suborder Mysticeti: whalebone whales.

Order Creodonta:’ ancient carnivorous placentals.Suborder Deltatheridia:’ early creodonts.Suborder Hyaenodontia:* varied and persisting creodonts

Order Camivord: the modem carnivomus placer%&.Suborder Fissipedia: land-living carnivores.

Superfamily Miacoidea:’ ancestral fissipeds.Superfamily Canoidea: dogs, bears, pandas, raccoons, mustelids.Superfamily Feloidea: civets, hyenas, cats.

Suborder Pinnipedia: marine carnivores; seals, sea lions. waltuses.Order Condylanhra:* ancestral h&d mammals or ung@ates.Order Amblyjxda:’ primitive ungu4ates.

Suborden Pantodoma* and Dinocerata:* large, early Tertiary ungulates.0:der Tubulidentata: aardvarks.Order Photidota: pangolins.Order Xenungulata:* certain ancient ungulates of South America.Order Pyrotheria:. very large South American ungulates.Order Notounguhua:* the most varied of the South Americanungulates.

Suborder Notioprogonia:. primitive nomungulates.Suborder Toxodoncia? large specialized notoungulates.Suborder Typorhetia:’ small, rabbitlike nocoungulates.Suborder Hegetotheria:. small notoungulates.

‘Extincr

Order Astrapotheria:* large. possibly amphibious South Ameticanlmgulaltes.Order Litoptema:. “came-like” and “horse-Ii(ce” South Americanunglhtes.Order Perissodactyla. odd-toed hoofed mammals.

Suborder Hippomorpha: horses, titanotheres.Superfamily Equoidea: horses .Superfamtly Brontotherioidea:’ t i t ano the res .

SuboNrder Ancylopoda: chalicotheres.Suborder Ceraromorpha: rhmoceroses, and tapirs.

Superfamily Taptroldea: t ap i r s .Supetiam~ly Rhmocerototdea: rh inoceroses .

Order Artiodactyla: even-toed hoofed mammals.Suborder Paleodonta:’ early xttodactyls.

Superfamrly Dtchobunoidea:* ancestral artmdactyls.Superfamily Entelodontoidea.* entelodonts.

Suborder Suina: ptglike artiodactyls.Superfamdy Suotdea: ptgs and peccaries.Su~pctfam~ly Anthracotheriotdea:* anthracotheres.Superfamily Hippqotamoldea: h ippopotamuses .

Suborder Ancodonta:* ancod&xs. .Superfamtly Camotheriotdea:’ caenotheres .Superfamtly Merycoidodontoidea:* oreodonts.

Suborder Tylopoda: camels and llamas.Suborder Ruminantla: advanced a r t iodac ty l s .

superfatmly Tragulotdea: tragulids and their relatives.Superfamilv Crwotdea. deer.Superfamily Giraffotdea: okapis and gidfes.Superfamtly Bovoidea. antelopes and cattle.

Order I’roboscldea: elephants and thetr p-ogenitors.Suborder Moejthenoldea:’ ancestral pmbosctdeans.Suborder Dinotherioidea:’ dmotheres.Suborder Barythertotdea:* barytheres.Suborder Euelphanto idea : mastodonts and e lephan t s .

Superfamdy Gomphotixnoidea:* l o n g - j a w e d masfodcmts a n dtheir descendantsSuperfamdy Mastodontotdea:’ crested-toothed mastodonts.Superfamtly Elephantotdra: rtegodonts, mammoths. elephants

Order !Sirema. sea COWS.Order IDesmostylia. desmostylids; large manne waders.Order IHyracoidea: hyraxes .Order IEmbrithopoda:* Arrmorrherium, a gigantic rhinoceroslike manunal.

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