* d a i i ? o $ ~ ~ a o ~ ~ ~ ~ u L u u ~ n u a ~ r ~ q u ~ ~ ~ n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ i Z ~ ~ d a n ~ i u u ' n u ~ d d ~ ~ n # u f : w ~ i d & n ~ w ~ u d k r ~ ~ \ ~ i r i 0 1 f l ~ ~ n ( 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ d

(SEVEN, YEARS' WAR n.R. 1756-1 763) ~ ( I U ~ $ ~ L R A L ~ U ~ I ~ ~ / I ~ L ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ I N L Q ~ U Y

unu~~~ur:~n3wrIuular#ulH'~~riK~nq~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 u ~ n ~ o u n . r o ~ o ~ r u i i i n u h u l a ~ \u~i i iuoru3ni~ur~~7Bn 60 Eldouwtdun'4o~lou 7 ~ q r t a o i ~ ~ n u ~ w r l ~ d u l d

d o ~ q ~ n d ~ & n ~ m u i ~ n n a o u n a ~ . ~ ~ ~ b n ~ ~ i (ANGOLA) L~atbuCdn (MOZAMBIQUE)

~1rin"&a~yq~lfm$ni:~'tb~~um:3"uoon (EAST INDIES visa kJwQtQu) lfi~~ri&%iarl d a u ~ n q d G n ~ i u u i ~ ~ ~ d a t ~ n ~ ~ a i u i ~ n n a a u n a o ~ ~ i m i ~ n u \ a ' u ~ n f i T ii~urio: & o ~ y q ~ l f u a ~ ? 3 o ~u^sni~~iK~n~wn"l6~u'inaou ~ ~ Q J L L ~ M I U I L L B : ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ M ~ n.R. 1763

oonnsLtielu9 R.R., 1788 l$ i jukni (CEYLON) iib ~ndln ls i i (CAPE COLONY)

ainn1ads:~uC(i~uuu1 (CONGRESS OF VIENNA) lw9 9.R. 181 5 wonaind ojnqw

k m u i a o ~ u ' i ~ n n a o ~ i i a Q ~ ~ ~ w 6 (NEW ZEALAND) l d i ~ ~ 3 n.R. 1840

I

d l ~n - n u nirclqnno~~rn~anaons?ss6iiuuqRbd d w d d I. n i d 2 i u i d o o i m i i i n u r i o l f l ~ i i ~ n ~ i u ~ n n i n ~ ~ l a a ~ t n i d 6 u i r ~ ~ n ~ ~ a

URZ~QGLIJ (PRESTIGE) d ~ n a i a ~ n k n d i a ~ n ~ ~ q u ' t b n " u n ~ u % u ~ n n ~ n ~

r i r u d ~ r ~ n ~ ~ ~ u u i ~ i ~ f i ~ u ~ u ~ i ~ ~ n ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ u n ~ u ) r ( ~ ~ d ~ t ~ n w idu BqiGuar~uosuCI

' ~ a u l Bernstein and Robert W. Green: Hlstory of Clvlllzatlon : ~ l n c k 1648 (Vol.11, New

Jersey : Rowrnan 8 Allanheld,l976), pp.333-334

178 HI 862

C Y o:nno$nio~6~ni~nl?enn<uoinn~u~1M'~~~~~uniaoonu~daioirui~nu ndu twnr 2 2 ~n aun~uuoraJindnutuudnaf~u"ina~~n~od t~~n"~t~unisnfe~u~Jia"~uin6od~uui

~ ~ I L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y I ~ ~ ~ I ~ J M I ~ I ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ n.Q 2. t a ~ t r n n i d 6 i u t w ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ n h t d ~ d ~ i o i n n i f d ~ a m ~ n m ~ n a a u

2.1 ~d~~~inwawtnm~6iu~am~1naau~o~qladtAuBuoeii~~amt~aR"~tt~

4. taq w~nid6iunimai.i~tsznid6iuqn~~~~a~tr'rio~dtn^mnia~~a~~a1 c r d u

oiruiiinu& tdu n.rmno~nqutC7~nnsod~fiddu~ n.R. I882 EL& tduni~$n.rod p l d u

tkwni~\ddEu~Gu U ~5on.rruno~nqwhEnnfa~tCo~viilal%1\7 IWEI-HAI-WEI) yad

n.w. 1898 n"~da1inou~~m~6n%n~o~~ut; i iu i f .~ \6~~i~mn'1o~do~moif t d

(PORT ARTHUR) 90d%A

5. t Y I ? W f i ~ l d 6 l ~ ~ f i ~ ~

5.1 n i a ~ m n a ~ ~ ~ i r u i ~ n u ~ ~ ~ ~ u n i f u n f r ~ u n a i ~ ~ ' i l ^ r q \ d ~ n ~ ~ a u $ u ' d n d

KiaRjlunidttofinittnrnid~at~u ~ ~ d u m t i i i p u i C 8diid (RUDYARD KIPLING)

u'n~2iuusi~ojn~wltr't~utbunn~Ba THE WHITE MEN'S BURDEN lug R.R. 1899

~ m u ~ g m ~ ~ a u i u d ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ u n i f i o u o d a ~ k a ~ i a r ( o r 6 o ~ ~ i ~ o i n a i u ~ ~ ~ q ~ d ~ n ~ u n w d u p l

~ ~ L ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ L L ~ L ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u L ~ ] u D ~ $ ~ ~ H ~ ~

5.2 Aonssuuo~n~urin~ouwiru7 (MISSIONARY) 0i+au~6uadb~6u nisum~niaimiQnu & ~ d u n s r i ~ o ~ IR?~ 3djdaTolu (DAVID LIVINGSTONE)

M U ~ W ~ J ~ ~ ~ H Q ~ ~ I ~ I T I ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ U L ~ ~ ( G Q " I I ~ ~ L L Q ~ P S ~ " ~ ~ . J L L ~ ~ ~ n.w. 1840 t f l u ~ a a i f i ~ 30 fl ~ v l ? ~ ~ l s l u i h ~~uqnnnhcl"~ \un~sdo8 iun i~ f i in i~~ ia uo~n"u'fimuwanrjofii.aiao~~iu nis~i3quua~ijdP1~ ~~01uiiotOunistDmGu~~~~nin '

n r ? u o o n u o ~ n ~ d u o d ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ r i n ~ a ~ n d i ~ i m i ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ n i ~ i o u i n~onsf i f ln~iuuo~

a " w ~ ~ ~ 3 a 3 3 6 ~ a ~ ~ ~ W ? d b b ~ d % n 7 riounGifl FIJI. I 871 aiaq'fi.nI\flCrru~inid~~~d^aniii~~unit4n~d

a d' (DARK CONTINENT) nou ~wsirsia~'fisd~do~n;t6 U ~ < Y G ~ L L ~ ~ J ~ I U I ~ Y Q J Y ~ ~ ~

u d ' L u u d ~ ~ o d i n i h u u i n riowuiucls~~wdmniummao~ uoaaisu d ~ o $ n i ~ n o w ~ n ~ o u o ~ niduodni!flu?J m.w. 1830 ~u~~mu[i?udu ~ ~ ~ ~ o f l i n i ~ ~ ~ & f i ~ o t i n i ~ 1 ~ 6 n i s %I

dnrno~uo~oimi~nsoomfot~~ (OTTOMAN EMPIRE) ?!fil&dou~t8 ri?uojnq%t

n ~ u r i n a o u ~ ~ r ~ i a i a c l ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ n i ~ 1 6 ~ a SOClETE DES MISSIONS AFRlCAlNES

rnulhisrl.iuoo %d~~una a'l?l~o? (CARDINAL LAVIGERIE) ~sinniuairfluus~n~~iru n i ~ n i s ~ i o ~ d o ~ ; g u i ~ c l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n a i u n ~ r ~ ~ " r o f u d o n i ~ o o n ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i o i m i ~ f i u I

6. us~nft~uoinrin~nia"~un13~deru (SOCIAL DARWINISM) g ~ t f i n h

~uda~nfiuo~waasn*ft 19 n l t l ~ 6 ~ l ~ d 1 ~ ~ 3 tao%dim ~ IdH la~a " (HERBERT

SPENCER) ~ n d i ~ ~ i a i a ~ n d i ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ f h u i n i s ~ o . ~ ~ ~ d ~ 5 m u o ~ a 1 a d

RI~?H (CHARLES DARWIN) ' h d o ~ n i s d i u ~ ~ ~ 0~~3d~~01~dona~uo~som (SUR- nd w

VIVAL OF THE FITTEST) 'fin~~dwidst nnYUuvn"nnirCfii ~~aiolmauaknas I

a d I thdnerso~aimnoouuoni~~ ui~Curryunn~surn3nioimiii,m~~ 'fine~cnronqwij

CI-i in~uau~doaifi uo~Tna-aanaou (ANGLO-SAXON) t~un~uaudi inaiu

~ ~ u u ~ ~ n i i n $ u a u ~ ~ o a i ~ 6 u ~ nqw~kniia\di iunissouiuodi~uwinnis~u dsr~nwmigo~uini~

3 u n ~ i n u ~ a ' u ~ ~ ~ n ' u m ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ , ~ o n n i m i ~ a o ~ q ~ i a i u y ~ d n ' ~ ~ ~ a u ~ a a ~ Man and CIVI-

lization ~ h u d 8-15 ( i r u ~ b d ro ; npmwunluna : j~Radnlsiru& 2529). n f i 378.

180 JiI 362

'

~ J V ~ I U ~ I U I ~ L C I I ~ ~ ~ L R Y J ~ R ~ ~ ~ (CAPE COLONY) B ~ r ~ ~ u d u d a d ~ o ~ n ? n u i 9 %I

(BOERS) 1 R.R. 181 5 I U Y N Z $ I Y ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ I kvu1u8n^a1"1au"u~dn1d~v~a~~1~ 6uunuoo~-ixo'lai (ORANGE FREE STATE) ka:n5ixR?ia (TRANSVAAL)

dau1&nqd6~u'18n~so~b8ufi Lab% (SIERRA LEONE) ~ n u ~ d u (GAMBIA)

~ra~:€nnam!aaA' (GOLD COAST) & o ~ ~ n ~ u n r i w n n v o ~ n ~ d ~ ~ o v ~ r n ~ ~ m ~ u ~ ".A. 1821

iratbn 40 ~ d o u l o j n q w f l 6 ~ ~ l f i n n f o ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ u (NIGERIA) ~fluwah~% r i a ~ n ~ . r ~ ~ ? ~ v ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u v o d d % i ~ ~ ~ d n ~ f l n ~ ~ u m n v o d n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ~

na~~odsou 91 7 n'uunu ~abxga (SENEGAL) dau~d$d~~~cnu~sowu?n l o ? o i l ~ a d ( n o R v COAST) lniu'l n.R. 1842 fig (GUINEA) tug n.R. 1849 aarclllabu (DAHOMEY) IuS n.R. 1863 n ~ ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ~ r n u ~ s n ~ C ~ n s o ~ ~ s a ~ ~ d ~ S " ~ i ~ € ~ TYJ (FERNANDO PO) d d ~ i l u m ~ r ~ ~ n uan%<oikwmuam qI luil A.R. I 843 ( ~ Q U I ~ U S

n.R. 1885 I L ~ u ~ & L ~ ~ R ~ Q Y R ~ Q ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ L L V ~ A Q 3rQ LRQ lQT5 (RIO DE ORO)

karabdii%iiii (SPANISH GUINEA) I u ~ ~ t d d a f ~ r n ~ u j ~ ~ f i s o ~ ~ s o ~ o ' ~ € n a i uar€uCu9n 7

Y d nirrgi t~s?o6x~~er~nid~o~'i~~13dn~d~rod~nirii~a~bx~~oin W ~ ~ I M

a o d c i n d i n o ~ j d o ~ d i f ~ a 1. lusrcri~tg ".A. 1795-1796 ii~tf~ d?/n (MUNGO PARK) rinhnoma

aflomliL%ihsao~uunM~tod~nlm:?"~fln~6o~ bbnutduunruinruyubaiddd& ~ M I ~ Q ~ W ~ C S I M

2.1us:~i149 n.g. 181 2-1 824 ~m &a hS"ai/twi (J. L. BURCKHARDT)

<nehsaoa~ari?n 1&flin1sffis?o~u1dfl7~~utidu'i1~a" (NILE) oumulsn~Run7~ Wn'dnr~aund (RED SEA) l$ffiL%

3. I $ ~ ~ < ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U I U R I ~ R U L ~ ~ U ~ I J Q O ~ ~ I ~ niTYJQ (TRIPOLI)

f iunr ransi u aia i5 i (SAHARA) \ d i i ~ n r ~ a ~ i d % i ~ (LAKE CHAD) !FitRriolu stcri1d9 n.g. 1822-1 825

'4. I u s ~ v i i ~ S n . ~ . 1840-1843 B . ~ ~ . L u R (c.T. BEKE) rinhsaoa~a&nqw 'I6rhWdi u w u 6 l u ~ u u n u ~ o ~ r o ~ ~ u (ETHIOPIA)

darl The Mainstream of Clvlllzalon

5. ngn (sPEKE) Cnnhs~asi?hnqw~Runi~~dhs~oou$iuwun~~aniv % R O L ~ U (LAKE VICTORIA) lug R.R. 1858 ~ O U I M J L ~ O ~ (BAKER) Cninhs~oni~~?

ojnqwduk~Rn^um~~dinhs~oo i u h LG+R (LAKE ALBERT) lufl n .R.

I 864= I

6. L R ~ R Sd3anTm n^u~rmuni~niclmr~uoonuo~n4~1uo~~ni~~nrln'dni.rom~un'nnis8ir~~1~~uni~

w i o u i 7 ~ i i ~ ~ w u ~ b u i ~ r l ~ u n i ~ n ~ u ~ ~ a d l ~ ~ ~ b ~ u m I~~L(LWIL~ULL~~U~U~LL~A~U n j r k t n i (LAKE TANGANYIKA) ~ 8 t ~ w b m b k n ~ n ~ ~ m ~ ~ U 7 ~ 1 1 (LAKE NYASA)

~ v l ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ i ~ a ~ ~ R.H. 1873 ' ~ L L ~ u L G ~ (ZAMBIA) R W V D J ~ ~ I I O ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ %I

i ~ i s b ? R 6cuabol o f l un l~ f l aumo~~~,9cl;~b:~.iii~3:bunflw'bbrids~ bn~1nit

7. nisqnRsosyLoa (SUEZ CANAL) b ~ ~ ~ ~ J 1 ~ 6 r h ~ ~ ~ J L d Q ~ ~ ~ l ~

LRO ~anm-1~6 (FERDINAND DE LESSEPS) j ~ ? n s m ? ~ ~ + ~ i C a #JLUU~I~?URJ~U

~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ I J U ~ & ~ ~ " J ~ R I ~ ' L I Q ~ L I I ~ G E ~ ~ ( $ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 n i ~ n ~ 3 0 ~ 2 1 ~ ~ o l ~ f i b b 6 b f i e ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 7 ~ ) 9

nisr? I~ ; la~ao~y~oa ' lu i l @.a. 1869 8 n t i l i u s ~ n s r ~ u d ~ g ~ 1 u n i s v u i u ~ n ~ w n u a ~ G n i i a i m i G ~ ~ b . U i ~ ~ ~ u ~ 4 d b b ~ ~ n 1

d e 8. n isd i s?~aod Laus LON nuol~bad (HENRY M. STANLEY) Cn(inhs3o

ni-wnrf-a~uin'u I h ~ t u n ~ c r ~ I d ~ s a a I u ~ ~ o ~ i n i t A a ~ m m i u ~ i ~ ~ ~ e r QvIi~nTmu BJMI~G%W bflunei 2 3 ouluC(qm~nirun'u'ld3Jabmulu~ n.R. 1871 un-vhao~

~~;i?un'uhs?o~ubbmubbnun~~ani~~d<~~ni lug n.R. 1872 v&oin$ua~~~mu~n~

1 ~ u n ~ ~ ~ i n l d i ~ a b m u b m e ~ ~ n ' ~ u ' i I d h s a ~ ~ n i ~ (ZANZIBAR) lug q . ~ . I 873

i o u i ~ u ' ~ n.R. I 874 ~~~wu~~fl"lni$i1d8isaotu~~mubbnu~abbdJ'i~bn (CONGO

BASIN) l d ~ u o ~ m u ~ i ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ u R n d i l w ' a ~ ~ m u ~ n d n n ~ u ~ i l ~ n i ~ ~ ~ s d ~ u ~ ~ s n d c u m u i s o b ~ u n i ~ u i ~ ~ d i n ~ b i ~ i n a ~ b n nb~mubnunauuibrorlini~n~s"~~~~ n.R. 1879

nid$nisuauw U I U ~ O J ~ N ~ ~ U L L Q ~ ~ ~ ~ S ~ W ~ I ~ ~ T Z L P ~ ~ (INTERNATIONAL AFRICAN

ASSOCIATION) ~ I ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ $ ~ o I U ~ ~ ' ~ Q J W T L ~ ~ I ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 LLdd LUI L ~ U U R L L ~ U L R ~

l ~ ~ $ i ~ r h s ~ a R u o m u ~ ~ n u ~ u b ~ i J ' i ~ o ~ b n ~ ~ ~ r ~ n ' d s m ~ ~ ~ w ' W u b ~ m ~ b ~ ~ n ~ i a o ~ n i u l ~

ws:n.a6iuioua~wse~~i~b06:dnd 2 ~ L ~ U L ~ ~ Q ~ ~ U R O P ~ O U ~ n .R. 1884 L L A : ~ ~

(I Gordon A. Craig, Europe,1815-1914 (Illinois : The Dryden Press Inc., 1,972), P.408.

n i n,.. 1869

n 7 z u i d ~ ~ ~ d i ~ $ ~ n ~ a p 1 n ~ a d ~ ~ a d ~ n 7 ,

1. n i . ruuiu~n~wavo~&n~wu"i ld~w8i jdd n~uuknisb~nl~f laod~boglu~ n.n. 1869 u$q ~dnqwniuln'nis~iuod

uian?~atwni ~ R I ~ Q (DISRAELI) ~ i i n n ~ i ~ ~ ~ U j a n i i ~ ~ u m i ~ ~ n ~ i n w r ~ a ~ % ~ G ~ a o a " ~ a ~ Q u u - ~ ~ i ~ m r ~ s u n ~ a i u u u ~ n k o ~ ~ ~ o ~ o i ~ ~ ~ i l u ~ ~ u m i ~ d n ] a ~ ~ m ~ ~ bbdd~u"uodfinqw~%bflu ~riwmi~uuiudiuio~.u"i$6ubflgl 5d;u irlu'i? nn.. I 875 2ian~id~.u"i$a$nsod~bog

8 Edward Mc Nall Burns, et al., Western Clvlllratlon Volume II (loth ed ; New York :

W.W.Norton & Company, 1984), P.853.

PIU~U 44 L ~ Q ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ J L U W ( ~ ~ U V D J kRSd SILSJa (KHEDIVE ISMAIL) mnflfQd ~ ~ d 6 $ ~ i ~ j d f z ~ u ~ u 0 ~ ~ i n i ~ ~ i u n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ a ~ i n ~ % ~ a i ~ ~ u u 8 6 d f l 6 ~ n ~ o ~ u d o ~ i u Bn3wnu o~aiadi~aii lud^ud6 & n q w f i d ~ o n a i u i a u ! o o i n d k t ~ ~ 1tdfil6Tunis

d@(tn o jnqGt~u idnud ud~vjn.s$tflsauazlui~mojnqw

u inn~uua~nudoui A~~iuifn~u'ii ia n f o d ~ E i d ~ 6 ~ b ~ o ~ u ~ R.fl. 18

d a srranu'?fltb5ut~~u~a~3uo~m LLA:

n ~ i u ~ a i a ~ d i R. A' naiujua~euulwnnurnintia~n

i ~ n a i Jolclautwirn (ZUL d L1 iuni.miroilrZ1~lK~3nqwo3no

uo~aiaojnqwlun~iuw~in~ woa q ~ n a i (PAUL KRUGER)

i%ri o nmlfi~?oul&?u .a'cl%uz

uironodriwajnqwd~uf ~ C ~ M L Q U B J I ~ Y I u u (MAJUBA HILL) lug R.R. 1881 (/QUIIUEI n.R. 1886 ~ r i l r n i s C i ~ w v u f n o ~ ~ i ~ u n n u m n ~ 7 ' b ~ ~ " d i a ~ ~ n q w o w 0 ~ w tu'i~d~~~a3bvn

Iunnwmis~iludiuauuin ~ a g a h ~ d (CECIL RHODES) cinailnm$fisa~aiaC3nqw d a e adurn u~iddwuinn?~uua% o ~ ~ n d b f l ~ n ~ t ~ n = : ~ ~ d ~ i ~ = : t ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ d ~ " r 9 3 ' n ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ r i n " uo$ini~i5ol (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY) 1dlCnir1cip~w~~ttri%ia &nqw~unnum1~8old~wio~inwanY'ar"ni~1~~ni~t0iuo~~0~~~ (JAMESON RAID)

lug n.n, 1895 urin~tno5n"rnui~adn~~d~;~ni3nv~~~16~&7~4~ ~ q h bmk gnujcv

~ C ~ i o o n a i n d i u ~ i u n.cl. 1896 r ts r~6+Kn~aoAa~~uud 2 d ~ ~ t ~ o s u i i nw

'rlardii Gaeuqa, ~T~daGuItnd m . ~ . 1789-1971 ($udn?eC( s ; nprrmr : vir:w'mi, 2522), H ~ I 169.

'~ums, Western Clvlllratlon Volume 11, PP.855-856. i

w~nu'?fl~uavl'iniIrii

' lu6o~hhiaaon~ls~ ~8 onn"~uodsi?didai~1unaiu~?i~~dnqw~dda::nier64dermu Kunnu~-ain (BOER WAR) 1ua:nii~V n.R. 1899-I 902 mnnuauaadi?un?iu

a. 8 riiuuviuo~w~nihf nduu aifi15otign.nwa~in uaeaisismigoo~5wd1& & nnuu?~r~ i~ i lukundduo~~~nqw 91 doni~ufl n . ~ . 1906 ? 2 $ d ~ o ~ ~ 6 ? ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ w " i

niadnnao~olu~o~ LLREZUTJ n . ~ . 1909 ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ? u L ~ ' I ~ Y L ~ ~ I ~ I ~ Q L L ~ : : ~ ~ ~ ~ R

(NATAL) 1nemdui~u~ilu~~ni~~11~d'in'1~6 (UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA) Iupu::

ln~da1<uadluu5isnd 91

\

" "

3. ni~<mFlsr~jer~a I ~ U U R O J ~

n i s d ~ t ~ u d n ~ ~ i u o i i i u (BERLIN CONFERENCE) lug n.R. I885 ido q ~ ~ ~ n i 8 d ~ m r c l s ? u i ~ i n n i ~ u i u d i ~ i ~ v o . j ~ u 61 bduu b u ' i ~ d o " . ~ ~ ~ o , ~ , n i n ~ i ~ ~ m u n ~ i u

d d' wuiu iudsr~& ?g~o~Tn rns VW\U?? n . ~ . 1884 \ $ Q ~ ~ I L ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ . I I % ~ I ~ I Q I I Q J

wsrroi3TnTdad 2 d~iiluwa~iwvo~nuaurai ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R R ~ ~ I L E ~ I ~ I ~ ~ w Q I F ~ ~ J ~ s I

nim<m6iu ~ ~ o ~ ~ n " l u ~ r l l c l i ~ n d i a i u ~ a u ~ i i 6 1 t d ~ d ~ ~ & d i ~ ~ ~ ~ f d ~ a ~ ~ n ~ f i ~ n i a d ~ ~ ~ u d' d ~ t c l i i ~ d s t ~ n ~ ~ u n n ~ ~ r u o i G u ~ n u d ~ i ~ w w o ~ d s : ~ n ~ d i ~ q ~%ifaudc~u$duun 12

dwnn ni~d3:quq~edci?u$oanad by or"a^u (BERLIN ACT) 1dijnaiu h6'ysionis

u ~ ~ m i o i n r i ~ n u u o d d x i n ~ u c l i d i u i s q ~ s d d o ~ ~ d i i ~ d ^ a n i ~ u ~ a n i ~ o u i ~ u ~ m ~ t rh%W ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ d d ~ l d & %

I. l f i f i o ~ o i n i ~ 8 n n s o ~ u i i n u Z ~ n ~ d i ~ ~ ~ n i ~ i ~ n ~ u d o ~ n i ~ d ~ : ~ u ~ n ~ ~ ~uofiiu~iluu3.mCn~iu ~nuar~aiooulfid3nnmi1d 7 I u q I d ~ ~ i Y ~ UAJSJ~~MLLWM#

gn8nrno~odriouuh

2. r ? n d ~ . - ~ n ~ 0 ~ ~ n i w l u n i a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o l ~ i ~ d J ' i l ~ i s o 4 ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ d J ' ~ n ~ ~ l n I

3. n i ~ n i n i a i i n ~ i l ~ ~ ~ i i n n ~ c l u i u

4. ddsr7uuouitluw3:3 I % ~ I ~ I O Y Q J ~ ~ : L ~ I Q ' ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 lu~uununodln

d d F 1 t ~ ~ & 1 ' 1 ~ ' u 7 ~ l ' d l ~ L ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ u ' l ~ l ~ ~ d ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ 6 ~ d l ~ L & u

n i u v k o i n n i ~ d s r ~ u d n ~ ~ ~ ' ~ o i 5 u Z u ~ n . ~ . I 885 EU~~R~LLK~WJ:LOI d R ~ Q T ~ I ~ ! 2 L L Y ~ ~ L Y R L ~ O U ~ $ J ~ ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y Q ~ W S ~ O ~ ~ L H ~ Q W U U ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ' ~ ~

riaunui~uaodin1s~~i1~~~~'~01~16~dduu~oui~iluigno~Tn'nlai viGtmnk

LURL:LIU~~L~!~ILA~JRIW R ~ s ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ F ~ I ~ L M ~ Q ~ L L ~ ~ Q ~ L L ~ ~ ~ L A ~ L L ~ F ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d!04 ~ u n o . j ~ n ~ n u i r u a r d O u u ~ ~ w u ? n n o ~ ~ n ~ ~ i ~ ~ u ~ a ~ ~ d ~ ? 1 ~ d 1 ' U ~ ~ d O f l u ~ u ~ ~ ~ : : ~ u a ~ ~ ~ u A ~ J T ~ (BELGIAN CONGO) luil n.R. 190s

4 . n1swu1u5n~waao~d~~'nladwuovlin1 n~sum~a1oinri5nu~o9'dr"~~~(~~~u~~orl^ani~~uu'Iu'~i0d(&6~~~~~~d

(JULES FERRY R.R. 1832-1 893) ~ ~ 1 3 d d l ~ ~ c l ~ d ~ l ~ l n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r l " a d r " ~ ~ R ~ ~ d 2 I& (n.R. 1880-1 881, 1883-1 885) L ~ Q ~ ~ I L ~ ~ M ~ ~ Y ~ ~ L L A ~ ~ M ~ Q I ~ I Q F ~ ~ L~QUIYIOILIYIU

Gw~rnu ~ n i h u a n o 8 n r (ALSACE-LORRAINE) Afiul$~~riruosu~ flil$Yd&~n~iI

cra~~uluni~rYin~ou~1~o~Gu~~wud1~ 9 luuovJ5n7kdoldfkn

Hf 352 187

4.1 d ~ d L R R L ~ l f i 6 1 ( 1 ~ 0 d ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ I (TUNIS) ~ 0 4 ? l f i l ~ g (1.R. 1881

m u ~ ~ + o m n ~ ~ o i n n i s ~ ~ ~ ~ u n " ~ u a + i P a (CONGRESS OF BERLIN) lug n.R. 1878 I 4.2 o i n n i ~ i i n o u o ~ baa U~ISI (DE BRAZZA) ~ n i n h a m v i q ~ ~ S L J ~ ~ ~ d i l f l d ~ ~ ~ ~ n i i o l o n i ~ ~ u " i i m ~ a o ~ 3 ~ m a n a ~ " r ~ a u a d i n i (EQUATORIAL AFRICA)

1 5 ~5uGuundo(ni~mou~~iiouo;l~udZinocln ~ ~ a : o i n ~ n w ' ~ " i l f l d ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ m u i a n uoianmunu~+i~Gib~~n~bao~'buu~~n4rl~~arPani~douoae1n~a1i~ain (LAKE CHAD)

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undl6b-d n . ~ . I888 n ~ i u ~ u I o u o ~ d k r ~ ~ c f . ~ : u u i o ~ n h ~ ~ ~ i l d fianiu Q4 (SUDAN)

oa:ofiihiiu (ABYSSINIA 3ogYi6a ETHIOPIA) l u ~ ~ a i ~ o n i ~ i l f l d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ u i

~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ i ~ u f i n ~ w n " b ~ a d d i ~ % n i (FASHODA CRISIS) lug (1.R. I898 o j n q d d u a u ~f iuv io~wai :~ ia ian L ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W R ~ U ~ R I U ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ O U R U I U ~ L R ~ ~ d l / i ~ f l ~ ~ w i n i s ~ a d

~1td~d~or&d~~uau' iuw"?d~~av~an7~inn d@inn:%mn ( FROM EAST

TO WEST) d O ~ ( G Q J K ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ " ~ G I ' O

5. r aw~n i~w? i~a~Pan i~ tn ldaa~ ~ n ~ u ~ ~ i a w u n i a r ~ d o i ~ l b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ' b ~ u ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i o ~ ~ ~ u n i a ~ i i ~ ~ # i b

nldraldn"fillnil A CAPE TO CRIRO RAILWAY i i d ~ ~ ~ ~ i i & n ~ l l ~ : ~ i u i a n ~ u ' i f i n

n ~ o j l u $ b % ~ ~ ~ a y ? ~ u u o ~ n i n : % m n ~ d u ~ n.H. I 894 t t d n ~ i a ~ i ~ u o ~ o j n q u h .

nidor~57~~r~wni~s~rIdoin ~(1d'b~'bwii,~dn~d~~'b~~u"o~ddin"~dmai~ nuasBlfl)id~~iu

~w.n:oinnu~~~iAojnr~wI~iili~u~uasuii lug n.R. 1890 f l ihhhnqd6

~ h n ~ o u n s o ~ g n * w n i (UGANDA) LLR:$UUI (KENYA) ~~dDjn~1~66odf iuuaUId

roosuiiru'7(1roucl~odo?'dii~~ni (TANGANY IKA) ~uLrof in im:~aon oinu'omnr~d u aa l u ~ d r i r y ~ i ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ i l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ i ~ ~ f u n i ~ ~ q

$a~iinld#d C(&nqumoisnlnn~oijd~a~i ' (BECHUANALAND) Idu8 R.R.

1885 ll~&fib%Y (RHODESIA) fl.R. 189

"~ernsteln and Green, Hlstory of Clvlllzatlon : Since 1648, PP.336-337.

Iuua:d~uosu~munna2uda:: t n n l 6 h d a l u 5 n.n. i 871 ifuijsuifn ,

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ l ~ o ~ n u l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ 7 f l b l ~ ~ 1 b ~ ~ d 1 ~ b ~ ~ ~ @ d o u i d a m i u n ~ & ~ ~ n i a ~ d a ~

a : ~ i i ~ ~ a z ~ n n r d d u u n ~ d a ~ ~ r u o a u ~ ~ ~ ~ u u ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ~ n u i ~ l o i m i ~ n u ~ u n i d uad?ni h u b . d n ~ . 1884 ij6~u?~~l6dr::n1d$6ubba~~un7m69~y.i'oaesn18~~~& I

a o a u o d i n ~ (GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA) ~ f l u i $ w o i i n u i (PROTECTOR-

ATE) VOJLUO~U~I n ~ ~ n a r ~ i < ~ n ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ i ~ ~ ~ i u l n a ~ ~ ~ ~ u I ~ ' ~ ~ r i ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ u o L i i ~ u i n t: a' ndu rwa iz&nr lw3a i~dar~nn~u3 n ~ a n n ~ l i ~ ~ ~ w u n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n ~ & ~ ~ w u a n Z ~ ~ r m u T:MIIJ&~~? (ANGOLA) < u i i f i u i u s l u d ~ ~ ~ $ i u i r i l u d a u ~ ~ d ~ o ~ ~ ~ n ~ w u o n o i n i u l w ~ l r i i u-ani~qnsllrld i l n ' a (GUSTAV NA~HTIGAL) a i ~ r o o a u i t u j U d a : n i n l ~ i m h b n ~ d (TOGOLAND) UarUmbiuoZu (CAMEROON) ~ e ( ~ u a i i n v 1

- a 0 4 Y Q J L U ~ ~ % J ~ ~ ( ~ U ~ m.n. 1890 ~uoauGo"~l6~u'inaounao~n~nuun1 ~ " % o GERMAN EAST

AFRICA luuo~nintiuooni~di291i~~0~uG~~~~1iiel~ao~~u~~tilu2un~J~~a~ni.a'i n i i ~ l a : ~ n n u ~ i d i u i ~ $ u 3 ~rd; krnuls~ielnro~~ubbmusiaui k i ~ ~ ~ u n " ? d ~ ~ o f l n i Lo7146

7, n 1 3 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ d 6 ~ t 6 ~ ~ ~ 0 d ? ~ l 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~

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1870 upi wana:n~uotma6o~~don7aaauda::~~~1~$16~ ~ ; 1 " ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ' d a z b n ~ ' i e l i ~ n ~ n m ~ ~ ~

d3ry~imiuuini~6iu~~1aw,sfi~ d t 3 y c l ~ ~ n i i ~ 1 6 n a i ~ l u i 1 ~ u ~ d m r ~ k l < ~ 1 u n i a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J w I Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ @ B ~ ~ o J ~ ~ I ~

lu~mud"oeg~?i~~4ii7ie\n~n~l6~~ri unnsgGnuocqafi ~dn6hdnngii U U d lu'l n.n. 1881 d ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ n u i u ~ n a o ~ u w n ~ ~ i i , a m i l l ~ u " a ~ n n ~ d ~ ~ a ~ ~ n i ~ ~ t s ' ~ ~ r i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

l u n ~ a d s : ~ u d ~ u a u l u n.n. 1878 lwmousiwg 9.q. 1885 6 ~ ~ W & u ~ i u d i u 1 0 d t:

1h1lJ~uAuuauulra1a1 (MAsSAWA) vdn9a ~ u u f t ~ n : ~ a s a a 5 Boiou'l f i u ~ m u

< ~ n 8 i ~ ~ 6 ~ n ~ n i d u i ~ u b 0 u a 7 b 1 6 ~ ~ n u ~ a d ~ e \ 1 ~ ' b ~ u 1 ~ ~ 0 ~ 6 0 ~ b n (ERITHEA)

lug n.n. 1889 q a o i ~ r n ( v i ~ t b % u g u l i n 3 ~ 8 y ~ l ~ l t s ' ~ m 7 ~ l * \ n 3 a ~ n a o ~ d u u

h ~ m ~ h u ? r i u (SOMALIA) ~unaldoul~uunudJw"~~~~u~~on<u~uula~ ITALIAN

SOMALILAND ~ E I U I ~ M ~ fl.fl. 1895 Em1#16wuirriu~rr7u~n^swr~~uinaou~ao~ bo26obttu uleifi~eia'unla6o61ubo.inn~(iil~iluru!~n rrvi~Lo%~otdu d7~ts'nodn"w

~ n i ~ ~ e w ~ ~ u ~ i u ~ i u b b w ' ~ t i i ~ ~ i ~ u ~ ~ u ~ ~ u a ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ (ADOWA) lug R.R. 1896

n m u ~ i ~ u o ~ 8 ~ i " R d e ~ ~ ~ i ~ a o u ~ a ~ 9 b o ~ b ~ b ~ u ~ o ~ a o ~ d ~ n ~ 40

at the time of

B A Y O F B E N G A L

I N D I A N O C E A N

B i t t o n 7 8 4 * o g u ~ ~ s ~ o n ~ 1101-1111

Acquis~tions lo ,805 0 Dependent sla~es

durlutu9 R.H. 1857 ,

190 HI 363

A ' a GOL) # ~ 6 ~ ~ 1 ~ j a m o d ~ u ~ ~ l u ~ a t : ~ m ~ d ~ ~ a i ~ n f ~ a ^ n u ~ u m d ~ d f l R.R. 1526 319356

d " ~ u r l a ~ u ~ ~ i d ~ n ~ ~ o u ~ u o ~ ~ a ~ u n i ~ n 1 ; 1 f ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ a r " ~ ~ d u 1 (AURANGZEB R.R. a Y u n c

1658-1 707) ndu iwnrnmfuo~f io 7 u i ~ d ~ n ~ i u r n u i ~ o ~ u n i f J n ~ ~ o ~ r J ~ o u ~ ~

$did q ~~un6a~duBm: niu~wmahlin$iinial.a'iiu odi~J!ub~oo $ni3yo?~bRm

~w~w~ i?ou~n?~u ia wonoind U ~ U U I U ~ ~ ~ U ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ O ~ W ~ : L ~ I ~ B ~ " J L ~ ~ rliM d~:aiauri7u~~nj~~~u'1113~sa~~"r~99"uu~b~wdfi~ndsl"~~~ui~ uaekudfl n,R. 1707

~ i lun i tu iau~d idu~ rdu u i n s i (MARATHA) Bn (SIKH) l61%.~1Yuuido$rYu

? 2 ~ i a b u q ~ i dowuo d o u i w a n ~ d o % ~ u m u ~ ~ n 1 3 t % i u o ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ a? (NADIR SHAH)

1 6 ~ n ~ $ i u i d r j w ~ u ~ ~ u o u i d n ~ d b m i (DELHI) lufl n.n. 1739 hwwanna~lo.raia

~ ~ n i i r ~ m u l 6 ~ n ~ ~ i u i d d u Z ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ Q n.n. 1757

nisauiud~uisaodai?~~~db.nhY'iu~'Lu~ub~~ dohpnn ~ 8 u s i ~ ~ ~ ~ d m ~ u s n ~ ~ 6 ~ 6 u n i d u i n " d ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ u ~ n.R. 1498 niul6

n i ~ ~ i u o ~ q i n h RI n i u i (VASCO DA GAMA) daft~na~YiE!a~ij a (GOA) d a: r ~ n ~ o $ u w ~ ~ n : ~ ~ n i n ~ 1 = : ? " ~ m n v o ~ E t . b i ~ ~ ~ d u ~ n.w. 1510 ua:~d#wt~utiro~~u8 nmi~ni~n~.rciluod J ofq~na\wEu~Gu n i u ~ k o i n # b h u ' i ~ d ~ ~ n f w~nidnif6i lu ~ u ~ i o ~ ~ u ~ ? s i f ?u~oeQ~n'awa~ o d d o f q ~ n w ~ " r u ~ ~ o u a d f d ~ ~ ~ ~ n.R. 1600 i d o

e en is Richards, Modem Europe 1789-1945 (5" ed ; London : William Clowes and Sons

Ltd., 1967), P.276.

d a f ~ ~ n ~ f i a d f l n a ~ m t l t 8 n i f d n n f e ~ v a 3 ~ ~ d u ~ u ~ n i 60 9 ( S l X N YEARS'

CAP;lVlTY OF 1580-1640) ( I t ~ d ~ ~ t l ~ ~ 3 ~ 7 t : ~ ~ i f l 8 d d 2 ou6~~~uva~wfz~diflWd 6 4 uY(JILIIw'~ !

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6u~fiu v l d a

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IULLJOJA 6 ~ 1 1 (CALCUTTA) ~ ~ S ~ I ~ ~ ~ I L L Y ( J ~ U L ~ ~ ~ I O ~ D U I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' Y W ~ ~ : L I ~ U ~ " F I U ~ I B I l

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'kqtmr w i~ td , d~z53nrm~r1duqm~~d (npnws : hu'n~udurlunifnm~uf7u~7u~t~ 2537), MCI 121-122.

iga mas2

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3. iu6o~ y Y ~u inu lnso~ I

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5. nish~CMlm~Gmdani~ni~gma~6~~dn1~vfim^a<~~i~~uni~~nw&Knw~ d ~~a:ar6o~d~nw~rmrr i i~~~un"u

~ ~ v a ~ ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ i l r X K ~ n q w ~ ~ ~ ~ i u 1 d ~ n ~ 1 n ~ ~ i u n 1 ~ ~ i 7 ~ n i ~ ( i i n " ~ ~ u l u

~ a ~ i ~ a u i n i ~ Q u ~ rnu C I + ~ R R ? R L ~ U R L ~ U L Y R L ~ U U Cnfi r~e::naiqoruini

di~fiiia~oni~~$iu1fii<~qin1~ni~2i1n'yiurra:uo~n^ani~ni~nilrin'n~~sun'rJ

" ~ l a n Palmer, The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Hlstory (Aylesbury : Hazell Watson 8

Viney Llmited, 1983), P.216.

~ ~ 8 a n l ~ ~ O n ~ l ~ l b ~ ~ (EXTRATERRITORIALITY) l n ~ l u f i u u o u u o u h ' a ~ n i w U u uonoimi~~mldurinulu~~~u~o~ojnt~lr~fon~.r~nuluu~nuuo~&n~w~ns:fl~

0, U

n?iu k ~ ~ ~ ~ d l n ~ d n ~ ~ d 6 ~ d Y ' ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ u " ~ ~ ~ ~ n d 9 ~ ~ ~ d o ' d n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lufl n.n. 1844 ~cl igoruini l&f l inuEgqqi i~rBa (TREATY OF

u d' WANGHSIA) ~ I & ? ~ ~ Q J ~ ~ ~ R ~ I W U Q ~ Q I ~ I L Y ~ ~ ' ~ Q M L L R Z ~ U ~ ~ L # U ? ~ U W L D J C J ~ J L ~ ~ I

ril6fliau~gTq q iu -~dd (TREATY OF WHAMPOA) niidulnu5'~ui~~luounnclld . u

''~lbert Feuerwerker, "Modern History of China to 191 1," Encyclopedia Americana, Vo1.6

(19741, PP.535-536.

d PIJR~IU~URSJW 2 (THE SECOND OPIUM WAR OF 1852-1 860)

d atn.riukuntt4 2 riin6ulu.iraiit3 R.R: 1852-1 860 i j ~ i r a y u i ~ i n n i ~ n

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d cl

m:iumn lunaidouiruo~ul6rCia.ra~dmfio ARROW 6tr i lu~?adoiniul~uat

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au3%gqirfiuu3rr (TREATY OF TIENTSIN) ~ c ~ t u i u l u ~ ~ o u i j ~ u i u u

n.R. 1858 i j n s - f f i 6 ~ W o

1. ~ u ~ o ~ r ~ r n i i a ~ v i i r A o n i 3 ~ i " ~ i u r d u ~ u ~ n l o 2. i u ~ a t o ~ ~ i m l G n ~ , g m d i ~ ~ Z I ~ C i u i ~ i ~ n o i ~ u l u n S ~ ~ n ~ ~

'3. ~ u ~ o ~ ~ u u o u l ~ n i . r 6 i ~ u b ~ u ~ d ~ n n ~ ~ u i u

lunaipiouiBulduouiudoubh6~~uiula"bu~~~~y~i~~uui.un~~fii~ w n u o j n q w u ~ r ~ t ~ ~ n ~ ' c r ~ i i i n n ~ ~ ~ n i ; ~ I u ~ n . ~ . 1860 BWGJG~JLIQ~~UL:~UI~IU ~ u % ~ y y i ~ i u u ~ u ~ U ~ ~ R I ~ ~ U I R M ? ~ Q ~ U ~ ~ I ? a ~ ~ u ~ ~ a : a i ~ ~ h d i u ~ di~i i~,Yiuif l i

u d u %qqilut?inwm:rAu~ninun n.snqwrreecl?~1~[d6f l i~ i%4u~~

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liuqJniu~n^hw ani~n~i.r~a:lr iw Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ Q ~ J I ~ ~ U B ~ S W R ~ I J ~ I ~ ~ R K I M ~ ~ ~ ~ P I ~

Tanmriuan ~u.r:niidg R.R. 1862-1 908 du6~dmno~niu~6nisdnns~~"uad~dd #ad#

rinsws3nnoouunii~ 2 w s t a ~ d ? ~ ~ 5nsnssiiriJB (TUNG CHIH n.R. 1862-1 874)

usr~nsys.rGn7ida %I (KUANG HSU n . ~ . 1875-1908) 11eidi~1~drr f i~5~~~0~niu 'bf i nis&l.iuotnseui~~il h a i (EMPRESS DOWAGER TZU HSI n.R. 1835-1 908)

w3rmaui~miuo~a~d~nswa33n"~ RQJ WS:WIJ~JB 1111ai n~~1a.h Q I F ~ ~ o ~ J C I ~ I - J vo, cl nriwslnriilmuou o u n . r . ~ ~ ~ u s i r m B y ~ 1 u ~ ~ ~ l ~ n i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ n i ~ d ~ r ~ n " u ~ ~ n a i ~

"lbid., PP.536-537.

200 HI 862

ni;lnou~vliisuo~n~vayns~nmij hvnrr#dk LRR!~~.~;UL~I~~LLR)JMI W P ~ ~ L T U B ~ ~ ~

Ruunuyau (ANNAM) ~ J L Q U L V ~ ~ ~ ~ S W ~ ~ ~ O ~ B M ~ I ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ n . ~ . 1858 LLR:AIUI~~L$I d u n n m ~ ~ d - B U (INDO-CHINA) 16n"Jaunluq n . ~ . 1885 ojnquaiui3nwwan

R U L ~ U W ~ I ~ J ~ B U ~ U ! ? ~ ~ ~ ~ nn.. 1 886 LLB:IUYJLW u?~u~ubodddun"!~b$~ u q

d

unn3odcrd~nir3aiia (RYUKYU ISLANDS) !dolniulug n.R. 1887

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i a: ~ ~ v i ~ w u ~ n ~ ~ ~ e i q n.R. 1557 ~unEntw~dmflu~~d~ui~~finroun. io~dau'bvl~~~u~um a:

ddna~u ~o5~n1~61unl~ri1 nduu n ~ s ~ r y ~ i R u ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ w ~ o i n G ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ n ~ i a i ~ d ~ / ~ ~ ~ a da nacwudoniarn"ua~wnau~nu!Ga'u

,

a ~ ~ n u . r : w i q ~ ~ u n ' y d f l u - q (SINOJAPANESE WAR) '4' a~nnu~:~ i i~ iu~u$~u~i inuPaIua: fs i i~~ n.n. 1894-1 895 iim~vlyuloin

'4' n3iui~nu~dd tiin<u~uniua~ nsbnl~; bu~i fo~i inn~~u!ua~u"~uIun~ua~ &13~n~~d lug n.h. 1894 $diuaer$!ut4 ~ ~ ~ ~ d n s d n ~ i a ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ o ~ w ' n d w a d a c ~ u " d ~ ~ o ~ ~ u a & ad ,a' o~bfinn13n~:nu n s : n d n u ~ u o u n n i u u i ~ ~ ~ ~ d n ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ d ~ n ~ ~ i u I U C ( ~ R ~ $ Q U A ~iludiul6a'u5gaur lug n.R. 1895 !6in13~~uiulunuh%qyiQr~~ub%n" (TREATY

OF SHIMONOSEKI) d d ~ i W 3 : h & $ ~

I. rnifsi?i!G?u~onarlr

2. $un'o~diutiidfinnuadnaiul~q~~ri~4w 3. iwn'o~unbnqrdo~um (FORMOSA) ~ ~ b n i z r w a n i ~ o ~ 3 r (PESCA-

DORES) d& 01fL110f (PORT ARTHUR) L L B ~ ~ I U ~ ~ I ~ T L ~ ? ~ U ~ ~ J (LIAOTUNG

PENINSULA) IfiLbddd~ i R-I u ? a ~ ~ u ~ ~ l G u n i u a ~ u o ~ n d k ~ ~ a a ~ z ~ u n ~ u i i r n ' ~ u i u i ~ m u a i ~ n i . r

u u i u ~ n ~ w a u a ~ ~ ~ u l u ~ u ~ ~ u n " ~ m u s i ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ~ o s l ~ i u n n l a i ~ u ~ o u I ~ " Q ~ u w u a n r d d ~ i u n ~ n s ~ i i u ~ ~ ~ ~ a z d o h o d ~ a o s ~ u ~ ~ J u ~ ~ u i i n d a : ~ a i ~ i u i ~ n d n ~ f i u ~ i u

~rwuni-idij-idiu~u-i~~t~aai 91 100 5% .

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od7~uuiu lw~u~nanr ian io lu3tu:n~ i 100 7% lu'l n.R. 1898 6s:mui~nrii

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naiunira~oluuuu&num:?'unn nduu nm:d~~d%$n~uusruidnu;nda:~ia$?m

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niada3d

u o n ~ i n i l : n ~ ~ c i o h u u w u n i . i d ~ ~ d ~ r R i ~ ~ : u i ~ ~ ~ h r a i & n . r ~ l ~ n a i u

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~ u r i o ~ ~ ~ i l n i i l a Y " u I n u n i a ~ ~ ~ i a w a : ~ ~ n : ~ r ~ ~ l u ~ O I ~ ~ : k l ~ n $ u ~ ] ~ w a n n ^ a w r ~ ~ ~ Inu

19 Op. cit., P.540.

~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ Q J % I ~ ~ : ~ u o ~ ~ L & ' I ~ ~ u N ~ ~ u q

~ l o + ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ u a i a ~ T a ~ v i ~ ~ ~ a n d ~ ~ u w i ~ u i f i ~ ~ ~ u I ~ ~ 4.q. 1542 I uns i i ou i

b ~ ~ s i v ( n u 8 n bk%du$(S~. FRANCIS XAVIER) wa:aian~du$3au~i~~~nm:bu~~w V

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n.R. 1549-1551 I u ~ a a i B i ~ u i wanws:nm:da1u8nih (FRANCISCANS)

o o6n8biiuu (AUGUSTINIA~~~) uazhu'iini, (DOMINICANS) f lGimmiu~uiui

~w uuwin^sa6qiauifiniuni na5inlu~1iu

Q ~ U ~ ~ J H I ~ U , ~ ~ R L I S M

~ i a ~ ~ u t ~ u i i u a u u i n ~ 6 ~ u u i ~ u ~ a ~ i 1 u i n " a a ~ ~ u u rcanniarluut$ilu f l i u i ~ o ~ h ~ ~ i ~ n " f i w a n w ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w a n w ' ~ ~ i w " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ e l meuim3nrflud4inniuu1

~ ~ u w k w l J n i ~ ~ o d d ~ ~ u s i a d q ~ d i ~ i ~ " 1 1 o d w a n d o d " f l d ~ ~ w f l u i lunaidouin4u

w ~ : ~ n i u u l i a o 6 n n " d u ~ r i ~ ~ i ~ ~ a ~ u ~ u u ~ i n ~ i a ~ ~ u ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ : r ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ fisnnunilrgod ! i i juitRasluniiaui (RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE) ira:ahla"i$

d' n i s ~ d ~ u u ~ ~ a u i ~ m u n i a ~ u ~ ~ " a a n i ~ ~ n a i u ~ u u ~ ~ uonoinuwanrioniaiaKvw"bbnt w a n ~ o f i a i a & n s w ~ ~ ~ u ~ o n ~ a 6 ~ i ~ u i ~ n i u ~ r b ~ a u ~ u f i d b ~ ~ ~ ~ i u i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ i l u

<mislS"'uwan n i aa~n~~bi lun~udnou~%~wblb7aau~~~bbatd"d~~iuna iuwi~~~~ma"-1u

Y o~wannia o ~ n d ~ i n ' u w ~ n ~ ~ m a u n u f i ~ ~ ~ d a 6 i u n i ~ d ~ ~ ~ i ~ u i n i a ~ ~ e ~ u d ~ i ~ ~

fin<V1uqbd 6u"u lug n.q. 1587 bh~b~fi i?LRk!a (TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI)

u i u n ~ i ~ ~ i i d i u i s a o ~ 0 i n ~ ~ 6 ~ n a w a a ~ ~ ~ o o n d a : n i i J o a u w i ~ o ~ n

o i n ~ i l u ~ ~ ~ i d ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ n ~ i a ~ ~ ! i ! 6 ~ n i ~ d a : n i ~ s J ' ~ Q i * u ~ . a " b ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ~ u i u Y q IWLTRI i o u ~ f i ~ & i i m m ~ a o u ~ d ~ i a w a n n i ~ b ~ u u ~ u ~ u ~ ~ u ~uuru:b6uanitfl6b~mniabbeid%d

204 HI 352

Iug m . ~ . 1603 ~ i l o b m n v e U l o a ~ ~ ~ (TOKUGAWA IEYASU) l 6 ~ n i d u i a u ~ o ; l 4 ' u t ~ u ~ a ~ ~ " (SHOGUN) n~~an~od~qu~~?~2nm^ar~ i isu f i16~nd1a1dd

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nmTI~dsrtnrrdilu q

d i l u l n i l i n i a ~ n d a z ~ n ~ ~ u i u q ~3ubaaifau 200 ~ L R W w o f i ~ ~ f l o u n a n ~ i m u

n.R. 1853 w i ~ w a k 3 a L~UII~?? 4. LWO% (COMMODORE MAlTHEW C. PERRY)

~bvidnooni.ri?oo ~ u i ~ G ~ i n o c ~ o a u ~ n d 3 o ~ ~ n s l o ~ i i ~ i u i ~ d d ~ ? ~ a ~ f i u ~ (~uoflaWa d d

~ i n ~ ~ o l n ) ~wouumriuuo~ds~m~oai%u~ u'ani ip l R a i u o f (MILLARD FILLMORE

m.H. 1850-1 853) d ~ ~ ; l n i s f l i ~ ~ ~ i n i 3 n i 5 6 i n ' u $ 4 ~ M k s i n $ u f l ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ i u d i ~ z

n~~~uidacii~nu1uniu~53'abbkaoaiuwnbw~~~9~~unidoon0indaz~n81~~u

r d o u i u w a ~ w o i ~ a i n l d ~ ~ h ~ u u i ~ r h u l ~ ~ C ~ l d t A u ~ a u 5 u n i a ~ ~ n d . r ~ ~ n n ~ . t gd n mauu ~ d o u i u ~ ~ ~ ~ a a a ~ ~ u n i ~ n ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ i m u m . ~ . 1854 Tar ldoBai~i

(IESADA m . ~ . 1853-1 858) ) 1 6 i ~ n ~ ? i ~ 5 3 ' d ~ ~ d ~ z ~ i ~ ~ ~ i n i d n i . r 6 i n ' u ~ i u w a b w n ~

d o u i b d o ~ ~ ~ i $ ~ ~ ~ d ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 u i s n ~ n i a u z n n d ~ w ~ + ~ a ~ f l u ~ ~ u ~ o d ~ ~ ? ~ n b u ~ n i \ ~

~ n n u ~ o " o i m i ~ ~ k ' i u ~ ~ ~ d ~ i ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i n i ~ (TREATY OF KANAGAWA) A a

lwi5iouiiuinu n.,R. 1854 r;lna~ilu~~%~~~ini~lua"a~~~tnia6in'u~iGat?'oaan

'Olaqu ~ ~ u ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u i ~ l ~ w i ~ ~ u ~ ~ w l j i ~ i ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 u n ~ ~ d n ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ i n ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ n ~ i ~ ~aarailu$h r%rnani5unuo~6~nfw~sG. t

21 H. Paul Varley, "lemitsu," "leyasu," Encyclopedia Amerlcana, Vo1.14 (1974), P.748.

ni5ddu~uda~ni~n1sriio~'luddilu - q

d a i ~ ~ ~ ~ h u ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ n i i ~ u ~ i d n o = : ~ o i a u ~ ~ n ^ a w s o a a i ~ m : ~ u n n n a

l~i~liduS?'rrlu~W0ni3e~0u~u~~~:b"ae~u~n0ini3I~~~ oinw~nnriumn lug n.R.

1866 T % ~ K Q S T N ~ (IEMOCHI) ~d~l i l6?un~iui iuuoinda:aiaulGr~u~~mn~ ~wnnidoui~n ldu iu6n.m.r . r8~~~u~ (KOMEI) ~!u~uuluci061u~n^awsnt~umn iil6rdo cnssnmnald r d u r $ u ? k Tu8Tuq (YOSHI NOBU n.R. I 866-1 867) lanu

i nuYniaiituonioonoin$iiu~riJIuil n.R. 1867 r~orioIvilEmn~iur~uronniwuw

~ w ~ ~ u u a : ~ d o r d ~ u u ~ ~ d i u i o n i t n i s r ~ o ~ ~ G ~ ~ n i u ' l 6 ~ ~ 6 n ~ w s 3 1 r r c i r f l u ~ ~ r 6 u q lutffounmpinu n.R. 1868 no~hkq-nqnJiiuuo~nstps~mpni~tii~ndmudmun~

I A' o t i i ~ n u n i u n i u ~ & o i n n i ~ r i i m ~ ~ n a 7 u n ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u u u 1 ~ ~ s t u : ~ ~ ~

Tnrw.rsGi~u3 (MEIJI n.fl.1868-1912) ~nstwsrrui~nsdoond~ds:ni~

ng~.r6q6~%Gryq 5 d.rrn7.r d ~ ~ i l u d i d s r n i ~ d ~ 6 d i ~ ~ o r ~ u ~ 1 ~ r r r i w a : o ~ n ~ m u ~ " Y d'u a: d' ~ i s r h n i y w oald~mn~uno ws:oanb:nst 8w oulji!nir&m~anids:aiauuulu

L I Y &A u Irj~urra:orIjiiinisun~~n~onaaud~it~~~o~<us:uu~n~u~m~unnn~~nor~ua:uuA

h n h l d u h l u n a i z u uuonoind o~d5nanswaaGor~alos1nn~~iiu~la (KYOTO)

lddaehdnl~lsniiu? (TOKYO) d d ~ ~ ~ u n i a m 1 d ~ i u " u ~ ~ ~ ~ d u o d ~ a ~ d 1 v l ~ ~ o d d i l ~ 1

. .

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diluluqn~uifio~3uyndiiniqclliuuudaanitdiiuknu 1 ~~.nw;Fio uatnis

~ i i o ~ a d i ~ l v l ~ ~ a ~ ~ d w e f i i l ~ ~ ~ u ~ d ~ n u u d ~ ~ ~ n w m r s ~ n k n u ' i l n ~ ~ u u o ~ ? n d C u u u i ~~uciJnur~niuoi~errraau~::a"ueln niu~u3:u:~qai 44 3 vo~qnrui iilvl?niaol

k * q ~ u o ~ d 1 6 ~ ~ i o T d ~ u o I. ~nawaai~~Gwrsun~~ndau~uiuo~iu~i~ii~m~ 2. 114.3 R.R. 1871 ~ ~ w L ~ ' ~ G R ~ E ? ~ u M ~ " ~ L . ~ ' I u ~ ~ ~ H q ~ i d I ~ ~ i a w " a ~ i ~ a 7 ~ n 1 ~

~~duguloruii raih (SANJO) ~~~~s~1rnri~~iluuiuni~uuni~0unuu3mo~dilu 9

3. rij~u~d~uuudadniadn~a09a~i~~aeuuni~~ddiu7~&$d~una1d (CEN-

TRALIZATION) i i ~ ~ ~ u n i ~ f i i a i u d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o d ~ ~ n y u u i d n ~ u d i d 7 I ~ f i l d ~ (

4. di lui ;u~7ifniaann~qaiL1~~ q ~ u u o s u i i u i ~ ~ w ~ n . ~ . 1872 aa:~$iiinir a d'

$kmino~n'w~aouwuih~ n.R. 1873 n i u ~ b i n ~ i u d ? u ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ o d o ' ~ ~ n ~ w

5. li'uijni~~ruin1~&iu~amvlnaa~niul6nia~i~o~?~ 6. n ~ r n ~ ~ ~ ~ n w i ' r m i ~ ~ n ~ n ~ ~ B u l u ~ n . ~ . 1871 ~ n u i i o n ~ ~ ~ u i u i d o l ~ n 7 a q 1

a: in~i~dda::ninwndd3z~nfi

7. du~uui ldi l~f iu~~uumna~uu (GREGORIAN CALENDAR) lul] n.R.

1873

8. H'ni5d5:niHld?~35q~~~t%fl R.H. 1889 d~du?3a~5uyed\ps'diui~~~n'o~6 A',, ~ n ~ w ~ s i ~ u n i s ~ s ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ : n i ~ ~ ~ u ~ n ~ Q ~ Q I ~ ~ ~ J N ~ I ~ ~ : ~ \ . A " ~ ~ z L W H ~ ~ O ~ L $ U

d ~ ~ r n ~ ~ ~ ~ ? i u d d u n ~ d ~ i d ~ ~ i ~ s l i u ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ a o d ~ j ~ ~ i ~ n a i d d b ~ u ~ b ~ d ~ ~

w~uuisBii~ds~rol~~sJ'u~aG ~ u u i u d i d d r ~ ~ n ~ r ~ u r u ~ i i n i ~ b d ~ t l u ~ b d n ~ ~ d s i n ~ b u 1 1 ~ u d i d d a 2 : ~ n ~ ~ ~ u ,

lm~ni31' ~ ~ u ~ u u ~ t l ~ 1 u ~ n n 5 ~ a a ~ C u u ~ t l i u d i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ u m ~ 7 ' u o o n l u ~

=Bemstein and Green, Hlstory of Clvlllzatlon : Since 1648, PP.82-83.

HI 352 207

d ~ r i n ~ a ~ j n i u ' s n i ~ u t ~ o u < u u i u u n.R. 1905 ~ r n ~ z h ~ w o ~ d ! 6 6 d e i o ! d f k i o 1. ~~uorl6~uiuiinu8iuaun"sd9/1dd~odbnirii%ni~u (SAKHALIN) ddiflu

iuiinunidm~u'b6~odini:~)ina"ai~u

2. d ! ~ ~ : ! ~ ~ f l ~ $ i d l d ~ % l ~ l ~ i ~ ~ f i i ~ ~ ~ l ¶ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 i 8 ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ 7 n ~ ~ d d i ~ ~ ~ ~

1Eirii riryryi!i<uiRIBo 3. i~~~~~n~unouhoono~niiuu~i~tl~~a~~u;luanu&nd~a~~iiriiu irsr

i a i ~ a 6 o ~ anriudniusnld!u~iuu~ i3ulw"iiriddu q

4. ~~uoriC1~dii8n'mra!uniua~nainiw~1~ntbfi~a~~u~~

diluuu~n~niwii aJ q

lug n.R. 1907 fi!uuariai~nlfiaunicvli r i ryry~~ui40uouiuIu~n~a~od

i~riaedi n bnniai5no ou iun im ~ l ~ 6 ~ ' a w ~ Y ~ d ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ d ~ i d ~ ~ ~ ! 6 Y ~ d b ~ ~ ~ 3 i ~ ~

riauddun"uouiunisvuiu61uio~o~~ai5uiCi~d~uuo~~ni8uriawwon q (OUTER

MONGOLIA) ii~:nvmouiwii~ o~iiuu;fin eiouiIu3 n.R. i 91 o f i !u Ihu~nniu

aa.psiniw8 i ~ i ~ i l u r i a u w i t d ~ a i ~ f i ! ~

23 "Treaty of Portsmouth," Encyclopedia Americana, Vo1.22 (1974), P.409.

24 John P. Mc Kay, et al., A History of Western Society (Vol. II, Boston : Houghton Miffin

Company,1983), PP.927-943.