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Control of Gene Expression

A. Role of Gene Expression

B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

C. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

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A. Role of Gene Expression

1. Genome complete geneticmaterial of an individual

(found in each cell)

2. Gene expression is theactivation of a gene that

results in the formation of aprotein_

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B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

1. Structural gene a genethat codes for a polypeptide(AUG-Stop)

2. Promoter segment of DNAto which RNA Polymerasebinds (TATA Box)

3. Operator DNA segmentthat serves as the bindingsite for a repressorprotein_

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B. Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

4. Operon DNA sequencefrom promoter throughstructural genes

5. Inducer molecule thatinitiates gene expression(lactose)

6. Terminator DNA sequencethat marks the end of thegene or operon_

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1. Pre-mRNA initial form ofmRNA composed of intronsand exons

2. Exons segments of mRNAthat will be translated into

protein (expressed)(exported)

3. Introns segments of mRNAthat will not be translatedinto proteins (in between)(inert)

4. Transcription factor special protein (hormone)that must bind to anenhancer region of DNA forgene expression _

C. Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

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THE END

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Gene Expression and Development

A. Development

B. Cancer

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A. Development

1. Cell Differentiation thedevelopment of cells havingspecialized functions

2. Morphogenesis development of overall form

of an organism3. Homeotic genes genes that

determine where anatomicalstructures will form

a. Homeobox sequence of180 nucleotides that arecommon to homeoticgenes_

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1. Benign tumor is a mass ofnormal cells

2. Malignant tumor is a mass ofcancer cells

a. cancer is a disease caused

when cells divide andgrow out of control

b. when cancer spreads it iscalled metastasis_

B. Cancer

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3. Causes of Cancer

a. Carcinogen substance thatincreases the risk ofcancer (tobacco,radiation)

b. Mutagen agents that causemutations (changes inDNA)

c. Oncogene gene that causes

cancer (proto-oncogene)

d. Tumor-suppressor genes prevent uncontrolledcell division_

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4. Treatments

a. radiation

b. chemotherapy_

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5. Types of Cancer

a. Carcinoma cancer of theskin or tissues that lineorgans

b. Sarcoma cancer of thebone or muscles

c. Lymphoma cancer of thebone marrow that canlead to leukemia_

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THE END

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DNA Technology

A. Genetic Engineering

B. DNA Techniques

C. Uses of DNA Technology

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1. DNA technology is any toolused in genetic engineering,or applying genetics for apractical purpose

2. Restriction enzymes

enzymes that cut DNA intomanageable pieces

3. Sticky ends single chaintails of DNA_

A. Genetic Engineering

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4. Cloning vector carrier usedto clone a gene and transferit to another organism(plasmid or virus)

5. Plasmid ring of bacterial

DNA other than mainchromosome

6. Donor gene can be clonedafter being spliced(recombinant DNA) intotarget cells of new

(transgenic) organismExample- insulin gene_

A. Genetic Engineering

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1. DNA Fingerprint patternof bands made up of specificfragments from anindividuals DNA as read byRFLP analysis (Restrictionfragment length

polymorphism)2. Gel electrophoresis used

to separate and view DNAfragments using radioactiveprobes and electricalcharges_

B. DNA Techniques

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3. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) process used toquickly copy DNA when onlya small amount is available

a. requires DNA

polymerase, andnucleotides, (same asDNA replication) andusually primers

b. heating DNA breakshydrogen bonds

c. cooling allows new DNAdouble strands to form_

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1. Human Genome Project complete sequence of humanDNA plus a map of locationof all genes

2. Gene Therapy treating

genetic disorders by addinggood genes or correctingbad genes

3. Pharmaceuticals drugs andvaccines can be engineeredto treat disease or prevent

disease4. Donor Library Thousands

of plasmids are alreadyavailable carrying donorfragments_

C. Uses of DNA Technology

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5. Crops are engineered toyield more food while beingmore resistant to herbicidesand diseases_

C. Uses of DNA Technology

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