$100 Cells Evolution And Classification Cell Division Photosynthesis Molecular Genetics Double...
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Transcript of $100 Cells Evolution And Classification Cell Division Photosynthesis Molecular Genetics Double...
$100
CellsEvolution
AndClassification
Cell Division
PhotosynthesisMolecularGenetics
Double Jeopardy!
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Respiration
Respiration
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What is the final electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain?
Respiration
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Oxygen
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$200
What is the name of the process that produces ATP in glycolosis and the citric acid cycle?
Respiration
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Substrate-level Phosphorylation
Respiration
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How many total ATP are produced in cellular
respiration?
Respiration
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36 ATP molecules produced
Respiration
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Where does each step of cellular respiration take
place?
Respiration
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Glycolysis – CytosolKrebs cycle – Mitochondrial
MatrixElectron Transport Chain- Mitochondrial Membrane
Respiration
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What is the chemical equation of cellular
respiration (products & reactants)?
Respiration
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C6H12O6 +6O2
6CO2 +6H2O+Energy (ATP & HEAT)(glucose & oxygen
Carbon dioxide & water & energy)
Respiration
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What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells?
cells
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Prokaryotic – no membrane bound organelles or true
nucleusEukaryotic – membrane
bound organelles & nucleus
Cells
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What function do the ribosomes have?
Cells
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Protein Synthesis – site of translation
Cells
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What do selectivly permeable
membranes select for and select against?
Cells
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Selected for – non polar substances (steroids)
Selected aganist – large,polar molecules (amino acids, glucose)
Cells
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How are neighboring plants and animal cells connected?
Cells
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Plant cells – PlasmodesmataAnimal Cells – tight junctions,
desmosomes, gap junctions
Cells
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What makes up the endomembrane
system?
Cells
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Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic
reticulum(ER), golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
vacuoles, & plasma membrane
Cells
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What is evolution?
Evolution & Classification
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Gradual change over time
Evolution & Classification
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What are the levels of classification?
Evolution & Classification
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D – DomainK - KingdomP - PhylumC - ClassO - OrderF - FamilyG - GenusS - Species
Evolution & Classification
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What is convergent and divergent evolution?
Evolution & Classification
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Convergent – species from different evolutionary branches develop structures that resemble one
anotherDivergent – gradual change over time from a
common ancestor
Evolution & Classification
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What were Darwin's Views?
Evolution & Classification
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* Natural Selection is the mechanism of Evolution
*Natural selection occurs through interactions between the organism and the environment* Natural selection produces an adaptation
Evolution & Classification
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What are the 5 requirements for a population to be in
hardy-weinburg equilibrium?
Evolution & Classification
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* large population* isolated population* no net mutations* random mating
* no natural selection
Evolution & Classification
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When does crossing over occur?
Cell Division
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Prophase I of meiosis
Cell Division
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What are the results of mitosis and meiosis?
Cell division
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Mitosis – 2 identical diploid cells
Meiosis – 4 genetically unique haploid
gametes
Cell Division
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What regulates the cell cycle?
Cell Division
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Various checkpoints:Cyclin & cyclin
dependent kinase (cdk)
Cell Division
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How does meiosis promote genetic
variation?
Cell Division
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*crossing over*independent assortment of chromosomes (metaphase 1)
*random fertilization
Cell Division
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Why is cell division important?
Cell Division
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*reproduction*growth & development from
fertilized egg*repair & replacement of damaged
cells
Cell Division
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis
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Cholorplasts
Photosynthesis
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What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
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CO2 + H2O + Light energy
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
Photosynthesis
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How is sugar produced during
photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
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Calvin Cycle – produces G3P (sugar)
Photosynthesis
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How do plants get out of ATP debt as a
result of the calvin cycle?
Photosynthesis
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Cyclin Electron Flow – uses photosystem 1
only
Photosynthesis
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What is the difference between C3 & C4 photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis
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The enzyme that doescarbon fixation differs:
C3 – rubiscoC4 - pepcarboxylase
Photosynthesis
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What is transcription and translation?
Molecular Genetics
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Transcription – DNA to RNA
Translation- RNA to Protien
Molecular Genetics
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What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous individuals?
Molecular Genetics
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Homozygous – 2 copies of the same allele ( AA or aa)
Heterozygous – 1 copy of each allele (Aa)
Molecular Genetics
$300
Molecular Genetics
What is the difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic DNA?
Back $300
Molecular GeneticsProkaryotic Eukaryotic
Many mistakes Proofreading eliminates mistakes
No introns introns
Not in a nucleus In a nucleus
Transcription & translation coupled
Transcription & translation seperate
Singular, circular chromosomes
Several linear chromosomes
$400
What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?
Molecular Genetics
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DNA polymeraseDNA ligase
PrimaseHelicase
Molecular Genetics
$500
What are the nucleotides of DNA
and RNA and what is their composition?
Molecular Genetics
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A – 30.3%T – 30.3 %C – 19.9%G – 19.5%A=T, C=G
Molecular Genetics
DoubleJeopardy!!!
$200
PlantSystems
Things weDid notcover
AnimalSystems Labs
Final Jeopardy!
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BiotechnologyEcology
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What is ecology?
Ecology
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The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms; their interactions with other
organisms and the environment
Ecology
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What are the trophic levels of an ecosystem?
Ecology
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Primary producersPrimary Consumers
Secondary ConsumersTertiary Consumers
Ecology
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What is the difference between a realized
niche and a fundamental niche?
Ecology
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Realized niche – the niche a species actually occupies in a praticular
enviornment
Fundamental niche – the niche potentially occupied by that species
Ecology
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What resources define/set the
carrying capacity of a praticular population?
Ecology
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*competition*energy available*water availability
*shelters*soil nutrients
Ecology
$1000
What are proximate and ultimate questions?
Ecology
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Proximate questions – what in the immediate environment led to
the behavior; mechanisticUltimate questions – why did
natural selection favor this behavior; evolutionary
signifigance
Ecology
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What are the three basic plant organs?
Plant Systems
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RootsStemsLeaves
Plant Systems
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What do the stomata allow for in the plant?
Plant Systems
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Gas exchange -CO2 enters & O2 leaves
Plant Systems
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What do xylem and phloem tissues
transport?
Plant Systems
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Xylem tissue – transports water and minerals from the roots up to the
shootsPhloem tissue – transports organic nutrients to where they are needed
from where they are made
Plant Systems
$800
What does the mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungi
provide for both?
Plant Systems
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Mycorrhizae:Fungi – steady supply of sugar
from the plantPlant – increases surface area for
water absorption and received minerals from the soil
Plant Systems
$1000
What are the three tissue systems of
plants?
Plant Systems
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Dermal – outer protrective coveringVascular – long distance transport
between roots and shootsGround – tissue between vascular and
dermal
Plant Systems
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What are Detritivores?
Things we did not cover
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Consumers that obtain their energy by consuming dead
plants and animals; top trophic level of an ecosystem
Things we did not cover
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What is outbreeding?
Things we did not cover
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Mating with unrelated partners; creates new allels and new allele
combinations; increases genetic variation
Things we did not cover
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What are the biomes of the world?
Things we did not cover
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*tropical rain forests*savannas
*temperate grasslands*temperate deciduous forest
*deserts*taigas
*tundras*fresh water biomes
*marine biomes
Things we did not cover
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What is disruptive selection?
Things we did not cover
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Occurs when the environment favors unusual or extreme traits as opposed
to common traits
Things we did not cover
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What are the 5 kingdoms?
Things we did not cover
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*Kingdom Monera (prokaryotes)*Kingdom Protista (protists)
*Kingdom Fungi (Fungi)*Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
*Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
Things we did not cover
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What is the function of restriction enzymes?
Biotechnology
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Cut up the foreign DNA to prevent bacteria against intruding DNA
Used to cut DNA into fragments during experiments
Biotechnology
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What does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) do in regards to DNA?
Biotechnology
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A specific target segment of DNA can be amplified and and PCR produces many copies of this
target segment
Biotechnology
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How can DNA technology affect our
lives?
Biotechnology
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*diagnosis of diseases*medical applications
*gene therapy*Forensic evidence
Biotechnology
$800
What is a genomic library?
Biotechnology
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The complete set of plasmid clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
Biotechnology
$1000
What does gel electrophoresis do?
Biotechnology
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Gel is used to seperate nucleic acids or protiens based on size, electrical
charge, and other physical properties; seperates DNA molecules into bands for comparision purposes
Biotechnology
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What is the molecular hierarchy of animals?
Animal Systems
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*Atom*Molecule*Organelle
*Cell*Tissue
*Organs & organ systems
Animal Systems
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What are the tissue types of animals?
Animal Systems
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*epithethial tissue*connective tissue
*muscle tissue*nervous tissue
Animal Systems
$600
What is the difference between and open
and closed circulatory system?
Animal Systems
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Closed circulatory system – the blood is confined to vessels
Open circulatory system – pumps blood into an internal cavity called
hemocoel
Animal Systems
$800
What is the order of the digestive system?
Animal Systems
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*Mouth*Pharynx
*Esophagus*Stomach
*Small Intestine *Large Intestine
Animal Systems
$1000
What is the structure of a Neuron?
Animal Systems
Back $1000
*Cell body – contains nucleus and other organelles
*Dendrite – branched extension of cell body and receives stimuli
*Axon – extension of cell body and sends nerve impulses
Animal Systems
$200
What is the difference between an
independent and dependent variable?
Labs
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independent variable – what you manipulate in the experiement
Dependent varaible – what changes based on the independent variable
Labs
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What is the difference between the control and experimental groups?
Labs
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Control group – does not contain the independent variable, does not contain what is being tested
Experiemental group – contains the independent variable, contains what is being tested
Labs
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What is the scientific method?
Labs
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Used to test a hypothesis:1) ask a question – problem intended to be tests
2) make a hypothesis3) test the hypothesis/ perform the experiment
4) collect data5) form conclusion or test new hypothesis if experiment
did not work
Labs
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What ensures good experimental design?
Labs
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*Independent & dependent variable*control and experimental group
*large sample size *double blind experiment
*random sampling*repeatable experiment
*controls*constants
Labs
$1000
Why are constants and controls necessary in experiements?
Labs
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Ensures all groups are exposed to the same things to place no advantage on one group.
Labs
FinalJeopardy!!!
The father is a heterozygous individual (Aa). The daughter is homozygous recessive (aa).
The mothers genotype is unknown. What is a possible phenotype of the mother?
Final Jeopardy!!!
Aa or aa
Final Jeopardy!!!
