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Urinary System ObjectivesUrinary System Objectives
• 1. Identify organs belonging to the urinary system
• 2. Describe the gross and microscopic structures of the kidney
• 3. Describe the structure and function of the nephron in urine formation
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Urinary System ObjectivesUrinary System Objectives
• 4. Identify the pattern of blood supply and urine output from the kidneys
• 5. Describe the function, histology, location and structure of the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
• 5. Define and use the correct terminology associated with the urinary system
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Urinary SystemUrinary System
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Urinary SystemUrinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
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KidneysKidneys
• Paired
• 11 cm x 6 cm x 2.5 cm
• Retroperitoneal
• Between T12 and L3, left kidney higher than the right
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KidneysKidneys
• Held in place by two layers of fascia– Perirenal fat– Renal capsule - fibrous CT
• Indented region = hilus where vessels enter and exit medially
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Kidney RegionsKidney Regions
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Kidney RegionsKidney Regions
• Cortex - outer, reddish
–Two layers
• cortical layer
• Juxtamedullary
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Kidney RegionsKidney Regions
• Medulla – inner
–Contains renal pyramids• Apex of renal pyramid = renal papillae• Pyramids separated by renal columns
– interlobar vessels within the columns
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Renal PyramidsRenal Pyramids
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Kidney RegionsKidney Regions
• Minor and major calyces = funnel shaped spaces for urine collection– Drain via renal pelvis into ureters
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Blood SupplyBlood Supply
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Kidney Blood SupplyKidney Blood Supply
• Arterial - nutrient, O2 and waste product rich– Aorta– Renal artery– Interlobar artery– Arcuate artery– Interlobular artery
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Kidney Blood SupplyKidney Blood Supply
• Venous - O2, nutrient poor, nitrogenous waste eliminated
• Interlobular veins• Arcuate veins• Interlobar veins• Renal veins• Vena cava
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Kidney Blood SupplyKidney Blood Supply
• Microscopic blood supply– Afferent arteriole
– Glomerulus
– Efferent arteriole– Capillary
– Peritubular capillaries
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MicrocirculationMicrocirculation
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MicrocirculationMicrocirculation
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NephronNephron
• Nephrons - microscopic units responsible for urine formation
• 1-3 million per kidney
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NephronNephron
• Two kinds of nephrons (location)
– Cortical (80%)- renal corpuscle and majority of loop of Henle in cortex
– Juxtamedullary (20%) - renal corpuscle near junction of cortex - medulla, long loop of Henle penetrates well into medulla
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NephronNephron
• Consist of two kinds of tubular components– Vascular– Tubular
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Vascular NephronVascular Nephron
• Containing blood
• Afferent arteriole
• Glomerulus
• Efferent arteriole( )
• .
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Tubular NephronTubular Nephron
• Containing urine components
• Bowman’s capsule– double layered epithelium, visceral &
parietal
– visceral layer formed by podocytes, perforated to allow filtration of plasma
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Tubular NephronTubular Nephron
• Proximal convoluted tubule – PCT
• Loop of Henle– descending limb - Thin loop
– ascending limb - Thick loop
– distal convoluted tubule – DCT
• Collecting tubule
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Renal CorpuscleRenal Corpuscle
• Together glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule = renal corpuscle
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GlomerulusGlomerulus
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PodocytePodocyte
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Filtration MechanismFiltration Mechanism
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FiltrationFiltration
• Movement of “plasma” from glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, primarily a function of hydrostatic pressure on blood within glomerulus and “leaky” condition of visceral Bowman’s capsule.
• Product of this process is a dilute glomerular filtrate, similar to plasma without proteins or formed elements.
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SecretionSecretion
• Movement from capillaries into tubule via active transport of materials not filtered or added to filtrate.
• Secreted products include H+, nitrogenous waste, some drugs, etc.
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ReabsorptionReabsorption
• Movement from tubules into capillaries or vasa recta.
• 99% of H2O filtered is reabsorbed.
• Other products reabsorbed include amino acids, glucose, ions, water soluble vitamins.
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ReabsorptionReabsorption
• ~180 liters glomerular filtrate produces per day, 1-2 liters actually becomes urine.
• ADH stimulates H20 reabsorption, primarily at DCT.
• Aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and indirectly, H20 at the DCT.
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Counter-current ExchangeCounter-current Exchange
• Method by which ions are secreted and reabsorbed to allow for concentration of glomerular filtrate
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Counter-current ExchangeCounter-current Exchange
• Tubes are “leaky”
• Tubes pass close together
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Counter-current ExchangeCounter-current Exchange
• Flow in opposite directions
• Ions secreted on one side are reabsorbed on the other
• Provides surface area, time for H20 reabsorption without loss of essential ions (Na+)
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UretersUreters
• Exit kidney at renal hilus
• Retroperitoneal
• 25-30 cm
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UretersUreters
• Transport urine from kidney to bladder via peristalsis, gravity, hydrostatic pressure
• 3 layers (deep to superficial)– Tunica mucosa
• Transitional epithelium• Lamina propria
– Tunica muscularis• Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
– Tunica adventitia• Fibrous CT, continuous with renal capsule
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Kidney StonesKidney Stones
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
• Functions as urine storage site
• Variable size and shape dependent on condition
• Posterior to symphysis pubis, anterior to rectum
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
• Held in place by ligaments and peritoneum– Lateral umbilical ligaments (remnants of
hypogastric arteries of fetus)– Middle umbilical ligament
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
• Three openings for inferior triangular region = trigone– 2 ureters– 1 urethra
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Urinary BladderUrinary Bladder
• Three layers (deep to superficial)– Tunica mucosa
• Transitional epithelium• Submucosa
– Tunica muscularis• Smooth muscle
– Tunica Adventitia/serosa• Peritoneum only on superior aspect• Lower 2/3 CT only, attaching bladder to surrounding
structures
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MicturitionMicturition
• Reflex mechanism to allow elimination of urine involves:
• Internal sphincter - smooth muscle, involuntary
• External sphincter - skeletal muscle, voluntary
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UrethraUrethra• Male and female differ in structure and
function
• Female
• For elimination of urine only
• 4-5 cm
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Female UrethraFemale Urethra
• Anterior to vagina
• Lined with transitional epithelium proximally, becoming squamous distally
• Smooth muscle
• Opens at external urethral meatus
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Female UrethraFemale Urethra
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Male UrethraMale Urethra
• Carries urine and semen (not simultaneously)• ~20 cm• Three portions (proximal to distal)
– Prostatic ~3 cm, surrounded by prostate– Membranous ~2cm, receives bulbourethral gland
secretions– Cavernous/penile ~15 cm, surrounded by corpus
spongiosum
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Male Male UrethraUrethra