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THE URINARY SYSTEM
Objectives1. Identify the components of the urinary system, and describe the functions it
performs.2. Describe the location and structural features of the kidneys, identify major blood
vessels associated with each kidney, trace the path of blood flow through a kidney, describe the structure of a nephron, and outline the processes involved in urine formation.
3. Discuss the major functions of each portion of the nephron and collecting system, and describe the primary factors responsible for urine production.
4. Describe the factors that influence glomerular filtration pressure and the rate of filtration formation.
5. Identify the types and functions of transport mechanisms found along each segment of the nephron, explain the role of countercurrent multiplication, describe hormonal influence on the volume and concentration of urine, and describe the characteristics of a normal urine sample.
6. Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, discuss the voluntary and involuntary regulation of urination, and describe the micturation reflex.
7. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system.8. Give examples of interactions between the urinary system and each of the organ
systems.
Functions of Urinary System
Regulate blood ______________ and blood
____________________
Regulate ______________________
concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and
other _____________
Help stabilize blood _________________
_______________________________
valuable nutrients
Assist ___________________ in detoxifying
poisons
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Position of Kidney
Dorsal body wall
_______________________________________
Position maintained by:
Peritoneum
Other visceral organs
Supporting connective tissues
Renal _________________________
________________________ capsule
Renal fascia
Kidney
_____________________
_______________________
Renal sinus
Renal hilus
Calyces
major and minor
Columns
____________________________
Blood Supply to Kidneys
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The Nephron (vessels)
Interlobular artery
_____________________________ arteriole
___________________________ ___________________________
Efferent arteriole
________________________________ capillaries
Vasa recta
Interlobular vein
Histology of Nephron and Collecting System Glomerulus Proximal CT Loop of Henle or Nephron Loop Distal CT Collecting Duct
The Renal Corpuscle
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillary
_________________________________
Efferent arteriole
_________________________________ CT
_________________________ apparatus
Urine Formation
_________________________________
Filtration membrane
Fenestrated capillaries
Lamina densa
Podocytes (pedicels)
Pressure forces fluid and solutes out of blood
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99% of filtrate is ____________________________________ by the peritubular
capillary bed that arises from the efferent arterioles
_____________________________________
Filtration
_____________________________ __________________________
(Fenestration)
Pores ranging from 60-100 nm
Prevent passage of blood cells
Lamina densa (____________________ _____________________________-)
Smaller openings
Small plasma proteins, nutrients and ions
Filtration ______________________________ (Podocyte foot processes)
Gaps only 6-9 nm
Block all but very small plasma proteins (albumins)
Filtration Pressures Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure (GHP) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) NHP=GHP-CsHP = 50 mmHg-15 mm Hg Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) Filtration Pressure FP=NHP-BCOP = 35 mmHg- 25 mm Hg
Glomerular Filtration Rate
125 mL/min
Generates an average of 180 Liters/day (_______________ gallons)
Can be measured using __________________ Clearance Test (More accurate
inulin)
_________________ is reabsorbed
Regulation of GFR
__________________________________
Dilation of afferent arteriole
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Relaxation of supporting cells and dilation of glomerular capillaries
Constriction of efferent arteriole
___________________________________ regulation
Renin-angiotension system
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
___________________________________ regulation
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, decreasing the GFR.
Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport A specific substrate binds to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across the membrane A given carrier protein normally works in one direction only The distribution of carrier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another The membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier protein Carrier proteins, like enzymes, can be saturated
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorption of
________________________ nutrients
(___________________________, amino acids,
vitamins)
_________________________________ reabsorption of ions (Na+, K+, HCO3-)
Reabsorption of water (____________________________________)
_____________________________ reabsorption of ions (urea, Cl-, lipid-
soluable)
Secretion of H+ ions
Loop of Henle
_________________________________ Multiplication
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Sodium and chloride are pumped ______________________ of the thick
______________________ limb and into peritubular fluid
This pumping elevates the ________________________ concentration in the
peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb.
The result is an osmotic flow of water __________________ of the thin
descending limb and into the peritubular fluid, ______________________________ the
solute concentration in the thin descending limb
The arrival of the highly concentrated solution in the thick ascending limb
_____________________________ the _________________________ of sodium and
chloride ions into the peritubular fluid of the medulla
Distal Convoluted Tubule
__________________________
Active transport of Sodium and Chloride ions
_________________________________ influenced water reabsorption
Calcium reabsorption influenced by parathyroid and calcitrol hormones
____________________________
Potassium ion
Hydrogen ion
Toxins
________________________________________
Collecting System
__________________________________
Sodium ion reabsorption
Bicarbonate reabsorption
Urea reabsorption
_________________________________ ( ________________________ of pH)
Hydrogen ions, Bicarbonate ions
Renin-angiotension Control
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Peripheral capillary beds – brief, but powerful vasoconstriction
______________________________ – constriction of the efferent arteriole
_____________________________ glands –secretion of aldosterone (accelerates
sodium reabsorption)
CNS
Sensation of _________________________________
Release of __________________________________
Sympathetic motor tone causing vasoconstriction
Control of Urine Volume
______________________________________
Water conserver
______________________________________
Salt and water conserver
________________________________________
Salt and water loser
Urine Color Yellow color due to urochrome Odor Ammonia odor due to bacterial metabolism of urea pH Usually about 6, but varies between 4.5-8 Specific gravity Between 1.001 to 1.035 Chemical composition 95% water, urea, Na, K, P & S ions, creatinine, uric acid, Ca, Mg, CO3-
Ureters
Conveys urine from kidneys to
bladder
Consists of four layers:
Mucosa
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Submucosa
Muscularis
Fibroserosa
Renal
___________________________
= kidney stones
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Thin-walled muscular tube
______________________________ _________________________________
___________________________________________
_______________________________ urethral sphincter
_________________________________
________________________________ urethral sphincter
Voluntary
Urinalysis Routine Color Turbidity Odor Specific gravity Volume Microscopic Sediment from being centrifuged Blood Abnormal cells Chemical pH Glucose Acetone albumin
Disorders
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________________________________________ disorders
Renal calculi
Renal colic
Neurogenic bladder
Tumors
Hematuria
________________________________________ tract infections UTI
Urethritis
Gonorrhea
Chlamydial infections
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
___________________________________________ disorders
Glomerulornephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Edema
Artificial Kidney
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