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• today’s topic: tense• group work: revising the tenses• evaluating classroom activities;

BREAK • developing teaching activities;• discussion and feedback;• self evaluation (Learning Log).

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the form of the simple present tense is the same as the base (dictionary) form of the verb with all Subjects except

3rd person singular (pronouns or nouns referring to a 3rd party) e.g. I read regularly we read regularlyyou read regularly you read regularlyshe reads regularly they read regularly

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the verb “to be”

Subject be form

I am hungry

you are hungry

she is hungry

we are hungry

you are hungry

they are hungry

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the simple present tense is used when the event expressed by the verb is:

•timeless, e.g. The sun rises in the east.•typical, e.g. He lives in Singapore.

I like sweets.

•habitual, e.g. I walk to work every day.

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certain kinds of con/texts also use this form:

•sports commentary, e.g. He shoots! He scores! It’s a goal!

•newspaper headlines, e.g. Minister quits job.•dramatic recounts, e.g. I creep forward and a cat rushes out.

•stage directions, e.g. Curtain rises. Chorus enters from stage

left.

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a future event may be expressed using the simple present tense on condition that some other element in the sentence shows that the event lies in the future, e.g.

•I begin work next week.

•When she rings I’ ll answer.

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the present continuous tense consists of:

I am reading a good book at the moment.

(You are reading…She is reading…)

1. the present tense of the verb be as auxiliary

2. the -ing form of the lexical verb e.g. writing

be + V-ing

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the event is in progress

but not* She is knowing all about

grammar.* She is being hungry* He is having black hair

the event expressed by the lexical verb must belong to the category – doing or saying e.g.

They’re watching the clock.She’s studying grammar this term.

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as with the simple present tense, a future event may be expressed using the present continuous tense on condition that some other element in the sentence shows that the event lies in the future, e.g.

We’re visiting Sentosa in the holidays.

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1. simple past tense consists of:

the base form + -ed (for regular verbs)

meaning: the event

i) is completed or

ii) was habitual in the past

e.g. They walked to school.

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2. past continuous tense consists of:

be (past) + V-ing (pres. part.)e.g. They were walking to

school

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meaning: a past event is related to some other event that also occurred around this time.

past nowwalksaw

※ ※

e.g. They were walking to school when they saw an accident.

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the present perfect tense is formed by:

e.g. I have/ she has been ill since last Saturday.

have (pres.) + V-ed (past participle)

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I have / she has lived in Singapore since 1990

meaning: an event which began in the past continues into the present

※ ※ 1990 NOW

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formed by:

have (pres.) + been + V-ing (pres. part.)

some verbs do not occur in the present perfect continuous (only in the present perfect), i.e. sensing verbs and verbs of being /having (poss.) e.g.

I have been knowing her for a long time.

I have been having a cat for two weeks.

e.g. He has been living in Singapore for one year

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I have been waiting for two hours.

meaning: the event began in the past and is not necessarily complete, i.e. it may continue into the present.

※ ※ 6 p.m. now (8 p.m.)

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formed by:

had + V-ed (past participle)

e.g. By 8.45 everyone had arrived so the class began.

distant past pastarrive begin

present

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When she had finished she poured herself a drink.※ ※ ※ more distant past past present

finish pour

meaning: a past event is related to an event that occurred even earlier in the past.

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formed by:

distant past past present living moved

e.g. He had been living in Singapore before he moved to Hong Kong.

had been V-ing (pres. part.)

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※ ※ ※

period in the past past event present

walk begin

meaning: a past event is related to an earlier event which continued for some time.

It began to rain after I had been walking for an hour

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the forms of tenses

present tense past tense pres.part past. part pres. part

-s -ed -ing -ed

works

worked

is working

was working

has worked

had worked

has been working

had been working

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tense present past

simple event is usual -s event is completed -ed

continuous event is currently ongoing:is V-ing

event is ongoing in the past: was V-ing

perfect event began in the past & continues presently:has -ed

event is related to an even earlier past event: had -ed

perfect continuous

event began in the past and is not necessarily complete; i.e. it may continue into the present: has been V-ing

event is related to an earlier event which went on for some time: had been V-ing

meaning of the tenses

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• sequences of tenses:We had a police force whose duty is to protect us.

We have a police force whose duty is to protect us.

We had a police force whose duty was to protect us.

OR

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• using have in the continuous (present or past)

e.g. *She’s having a cold.*They were having lots of money.

She has a cold.

They had lots of money.

Generally speaking, continuous tenses are not permitted with verbs of being (including have =possess)

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• using past perfect tense where no earlier event in the past is implied,

e.g. I had read that book years ago.

I read that book years ago.

When no event earlier in the past is relevant, then the simple past tense should be used, i.e.

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Greenbaum & Quirk, pp.47-69

Rediscover Grammar by David Crystal London: Longman. (nd.) pp.76-83

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1. complete summary sheet (p.7)

2. complete Unit 5 (p.21 ff)

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simple present

• Ships regularly cross the Atlantic.

•If it becomes at all doubtful…

•The tale of the Titanic is one that never

ceases to fascinate.

•The unsinkable sinks!

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simple past

• The White Star liner Titanic…set out from…

•…it was normal for ships to travel at full speed…

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past continuous

• …he was trying to send messages to the wireless station in Newfoundland…

•Frederick Fleet was looking from the crow’s nest when he saw something…

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exercise (c)

had been excited past perfect were excited simple past (completed event)

they fish simple present they fished simple past (completed event)

had .. been able past perfect were..able to simple past

to continuous

have arrived present perfect arrived simple past (completed event)

They was no S-V concord They were S-V concord

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exercise (c)

must dig present + obligation had to dig past + obligation

they thanks simple present they thanked simple past

give simple present gave simple past

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• will + infinitive (‘simple future’) • going to + infinitive• about to + infinitive• expressions of time (adverbials)

used with present tense

ways of telling about the future:

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• to plan or predict events

• to make offers (inclination)

• to make suggestions (inclination)

• for emphasis (determination)

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infinitive = (to+) the base form of the lexical verb

e.g. The class will finish soon.

The class’ll finish soon.

I shall wait for you / I’ll wait for you

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present continuous form of go

+

infinitive form of lexical verbthis form is typically used

for events that are imminent:e.g.We’re going to crash!

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He’s going to be a train driver when he grows up.

However, it may be used with a distant event on condition that an adverbial expression of time is added, e.g.

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expresses immediacy, i.e. an event that is on the point of happening, e.g.

The plane is about to leave.

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• time adverbial + simple present tense,

e.g. I begin my holiday tomorrow.

•time adverbial + present continuous, e.g. I am beginning my holiday tomorrow.

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forms of the future tensefuture will / be going to

simple • will take

• be going / about to take

continuous

will + be + V -ing

is going to + V-ing

• will be taking

• is going to be taking

•perfect

•will have + V-ed

•is going to have + V-ed

• will have taken

• is going to have taken

perfect contin.

will have been + V-ing

is going to have been + V-ing

• will have been taking;

• is going to have been taking

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meaning of the future formsform meaning

simple * will work

* be going to

•announce plans /predictions;

•future fulfillment of present intention or cause

continuous

•will be working

•is going to be working

future fulfillment of present intention or cause

perfect

•will have worked

•is going to have worked

the past viewed from a future perspective

perfect contin

•is going to have been working

the past viewed from a perspective of filfillment in the future

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• Use of would instead of will to express future:

e.g. A meeting is planned for tomorrow.

It would begin at 10 a.m.

It will begin at 10 a.m.

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forms of the tenses

present

-s

past

-ed

future

will / be going to

simple works worked will work

continuous

be + V-ing

is working was working •will be working

•is going to work

perfect

have + V-ed

has worked had worked •will have worked

•is going to have..

perfect contin.

have + be + V-ing

has been working

had been working

•will have been working;

•is going to have been working

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Dear Guests,During the Lunar New Year period from 4th-7th

February we would be showing movies on the Big Screen in the lobby. Please refer to the front desk for the movies and screening times. Tea, coffee and soft drinks would be served.

The café and restaurant would operate on the following days: Friday 4th Feb: 7.00am-3.00pm

Saturday 5th Feb: closedAs both café and restaurant would be closed in

the evenings may we invite you to join us for a meal in the lobby.

Yours sincerely

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tense usage in the extract from Kate Atkinson’s

Behind the Scenes at the Museum

simple present simple future future continuous

conditional

1 goes, fades, are left, lie

would happen, would recognise

2 reappears, puts,

pins, sleeps

3 are, sails, hangs will creep, will suck

4 spatters, am, is,

takes, spend

will disappear

will be extinguished

going to wake, going to save, going to take

key: facts; possibilities; fears; hopes

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• Customer: Waiter, there's only one piece of meat on my plate.

• Waiter: Just a minute, Sir.

I’m going to cut it in two.

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• Patient: Doctor, help me. My heart is beating very fast and I feel

terrible. I think I’m going to die.

• Doctor: Nonsense. That's the last thing you'll do.

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Two fish were swimming together in a river.

• Fish A: Look, it's starting to rain.

• Fish B: Quick. Let's swim under the bridge, or we’ll get wet.