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THEORIES AND CONCEPTS OF

AGING

REYNALDO S. ALIPIO,RN ,MD ,MHA ,MAN

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AGING

Aging results from the features of geneticinstructions that characterize a species.

Aging is a universal law of life, however itsonset can be advanced or delayeddepending; upon our systems of controllingits occurrence.

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Our tissues and body function

deteriorate with passing of time but a

lot of its rate is dictated by theindividuals make-up and personality.

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The real sense of aging starts at birth,processing slowly up to 25, then goinghead strong from 26 to 50.

From 50 to 75, the aging process goesdownhill.

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Growing old is the pattern that followfamily tree tendency.

Some families are gifted to reach the 8thand 9th decade so easily without illnessare misfits in temper. Some otherfamilies send to go short in their life

span.

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THE THEORIES OF AGING

The Cell Theory

The Hetchnikoffs Theory

The Marinesco Theory The Toxic Accumulation Theory

The Lansing Theory

The Mckellair Theory

The Nutritional Theory

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The Hormonal Theory

The Exercise Factor Theory

The Wear and Tear Theory

The Cellular-Interaction Theory The Collagen Theory

The Waste Products Theory

The Auto - Immune Theory The Somatic Mutation Theory

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How can we delay the onset of old age?Here are a few tips to practice:

Maintain average weight for yourheight and age do not be

overweight, neither be underweight. Agood 5 to 8 lbs. are allowed to beover the average weight but not

more.

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Keep yourself physically trim exercisedaily for 5 to 30 minutes using thedancing movements, swimming,calisthenics, jogging sports, walking,skipping rope.

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Keep a healthy mind read and devoteeveryday for intellectual work andexchange of ideas with your friends.

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Do active in activities feel helpful anduseful in any way you can givingcharitable nods and sailes are activities

too.Avoid excessive exposure to carbon

dioxide, sun, wind radiations, dust

sprays, smoke. Avoid heavy make-up.Be grateful in your thoughts and

gestures.

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Wellness and Well-being

Wellness: a stale of well-being, asubjective perception of balance, harmonyand vitality.

Different dimensions or wellness:

1. Physical: the ability to carry out dailytasks (grooming, mobility, etc) and to

achieve fitness of the different organsystems of the body (ADL performanceand optimum functioning. of body organs)

.

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2. Social:

a. ability to interact successfully withpeople and within the environment to

which each person is a partb. to develop and maintain intimacy with

significant others

c. to develop respect and tolerance forthose with different beliefs.

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3. Emotional: the ability to managestress and to express emotionsappropriately

4. Intellectual: the ability to learn anduse information effectively for personal,family and career development.

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5. Spiritual: the belief in some force(nature, science, religion or higherpower) that serves to unite humanbeings and provide meaning andpurpose to life (faith and respect ofother people's faith)

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Health purposeful, adaptive responsephysically, mentally emotionally andsocially, to the external stimuli in order to

maintain stability and comfort.

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Health: WHO definition (1947)

is a state of complete physical, mentaland social well-being, and not merelythe absence of disease or infirmity.

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1. Concern for the individual as a totalperson functioning physically,psychologically and socially.

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3. Focus on the productive and creativeliving state rather than on categories ofdisease that may cause illness or death.

4. Health is an ongoing process, a wayof life.

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Models of Health and Wellness Leavell and Clark's Agent-Host-Environment

Model or Ecologic Model: Three dynamic interactive elements used in

this model:

1. Agent: any environmental factor or stressorwhose presence or absence can lead toillness or disease:

a. biologic

b: chemical c. mechanical d. physical e. psychosocial.

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2. Host: persons who may or may not

be at risk of acquiring a disease basedon family history of diseases, lifestylehabits and age.

3. Environment: all factors external tothe host that may or may not predispose

the' person to the development ofdisease.

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General Concepts: Experience of HealthIllness

Health-Illness Continuum - it includes states ofhigh level of wellness, health, precursors to

illness, illness, and severe illness.

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Health - Illness Continua

Dunn's High: Level Wellness Grid: bfour (4)health/wellness quadrants:

1. High-level wellness in a favorable

environment: example is a person whoimplements healthy lifestyle behaviors andhas economic resources to support thislifestyle and a family or social environmentwho also practices or encourages thepractice of healthy lifestyle.

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High level Wellness an integratedmethod of functioning that is orientedtoward maximizing the potential of which

the individual is capable within theenvironment where he or she isfunctioning.

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2: Emergent high-level wellness in anunfavorable' environment: example is aperson who knows the importance of

implementing a healthy lifestyle butcould not do so because of familyresponsibilities, job demands or lack ofresources to do so.

Ex.: health workers exposed to riskfactors.

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3. Protected poor health in a favorableenvironment: example is an ill personconfined in a hospital and whose needsare met by the hospital personnel, whocan afford' appropriate medication,proper diet and other treatments

needed.

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4. Poor health in an unfavorableenvironment: example is a starvingyoung child in a refugee camp inMindanao.

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Illness - defined as the maladaptationto internal and externalenvironments. A disease or health

problems are more objectivedescription of illness.

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SUCHMANs Five Stages of

Illness

Stage 1 symptoms experience

(+) physical experience of symptoms

(+) cognitive response interpretationof symptoms

(+) emotional reaction

Stage 2 assumption of sick role

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Stage 3 medical care contact

(+) client seeks medical advice for the

following reasons:validate real illness

explanation of symptoms

prediction of the outcome of symptoms (+) client accept and deny diagnosis

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Stage 4 dependent clientrole/dependency role

(+) client gives up independence andbecome dependent on the professionalfor the treatment plan

(+) client accepts treatment plan

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Stage 5 recovery or rehabilitation

(+) client relinquishes dependency

roles and resume former role (+) for permanent disability therapy is

needed

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Determinants of Health and Illness:

a. Heredity

b. Lifestyle

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Iguns Stages of Health seeking

illness behavior who feels ill to definethe state of health and diseases asuitable remedy to it.

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Stage 1 Systems experience

Stage 2 Self treatment or selfmedication

Stage 3 Communication of other

Stage 4 Assessment of symptoms

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Stage 6 Concern

Stage 7 Efficacy and Treatment

Stage 8 Selection and treatmentStage 9 - Treatment

Stage 10 Assessment and

effectiveness of treatmentStage 11 Recovery and Rehabilitation

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5 Stages of SICK ROLE in client:

Experiences symptoms

Decides he is ill and he needs healthcare

Seeks health care services to validatediagnosis and obtain treatment

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Assumes dependent-patient role duringthe treatment, in which responsibilityand control are delegated to a health

care professional and

During recovery, relinquishes the sickrole of rehabilitation

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Adaptation adjustment of an organismto a changing environment.

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Maladaptation - from ineffective use ofadaptive mechanism. Maladaptiveresponses can be physiological,

psychological, or sociological.

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Feedback System the fundamentalqualities of open system. If a factor

becomes excessive or inadequate inthe body, alteration in function will be

initiated to decrease or increase the

factor in an attempt to bring intonormal range.

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Feedback the process of self

regulation by which open systems

determine and control the amount ofinput and output of the systems.

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Kinds of Feedbacks:

- Negative

- Positive

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Negative feedback a process ofreturning to a state of equilibrium.

Positive feedback movements awayfrom equilibrium.

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Stress as the nonspecific response tobody to any demand placed on it orphysical, chemical or emotional factor to

which an individual fails to make asatisfactorily adaptation.

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Stressorsare the stress producingfactors which may be physiologic orpsychological or both. (Emotions)

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Eustress positive type of stress

Distress negative type of stress

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2. Psychologic:

- Emotional pressure

- Vocational pressure- Social Pressure

- Cultural pressure

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Physical:- Trauma

a. Thermal changes

b. Physical trauma

c. Atmospheric changes

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- Biochemical

a. Drugs

b. Organismsc. Hormones

d. Abnormal secretions

e. Dietaryf. Piosons

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- Environmental

a. Pollutants

b. Organismsc. Deprivation or excess

oxygen or substances

S f h G l Ad i

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Stages of the General Adaptation

Syndrome

Stimuli to GAS:

- physiologic

- psychogenic- sociocultural

- environmental

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Stages of GAS

Alarm

Response

Exhaustion

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Alarm a stressor causes an initialactivation of the defensive abilities ofthe body.

- the hypothalamus is activated,releasing corticotropin releasinghormone which stimulates the

adenohypophysis to release ACTH.Then the glucocorticoid s from theadrenal cortex are then released.

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Fight or flight mechanism is activatedmainly through the sympathetic nervoussystem (SNS) which releases two

cathecolamines in the from ofepinephrine and norepinephrine(Effects).

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Resistance levels of corticosteroids ,thyroid hormones, glucagon andaldosterone are increase. The adrenal

cortex enlarges and secretescorticosteroids.

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Exhaustion caused by the lack ofimmunologic defense and isconsidered to be immunodeficiencysecondary to stress.

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STRESSORS

Increase secretion ofadrenocorticotropic hormone

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ALARM Increase secretion of

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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RESISTANCE

Increase secretion corticosteroids

Decrease inflammatory response Increase blood glucose

Altered protein and fat metabolism

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EXHAUSTIONDecreased immune response

Decreased resistance to stressors

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STRESSORS

Increase sympathetic nervous systemactivity and secretion of epinephrineand norepinephrine

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ALARM

Vasodilatation in heart and skeletalmuscle

Vasoconstriction in the skin

Increase heart rate

Increase force of cardiac contraction Increase BP

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4. Increase rate and force of cardiaccontraction

5. Vasodilatation skeletal muscle andcardiac muscle

6. Bronchial dilatation

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Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) it isthe localized reaction to stressors like ininflammation.

HORMONE EFFECTS OF STRESS

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HORMONE EFFECTS OF STRESS

Increase releasing factor (RF)

Increase ACTH Increase TSH

Increase cortisol Increase Thyroxine

Increase Blood sugar Increase BMR

Decrease inflammation

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Increase ADH Increase Aldosterone

from Post. Pituitary

Conservation of water Retention of Sodium

Increase blood volume

Immune effects of stress

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Immune effects of stress

Increase secretion of adrenal cortex

Hyperthrophy of adrenal cortex

Increase circulating glucocorticoids

Thymic atrophy

Decrease number of T lymphocytes

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Increasing glucocorticoids:

a. Decrease lymphocytes

b.Decrease eosinophiles

c. Decrease aasophiles

d. Decrease activity of macrophages

e. Decrease Inflammationf. Increase spread of infection

Selyes Classification of Stress Induced

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Selye s Classification of Stress Induced

Diseases

1. Hypertension2. Heart and blood vessel disease

3. Kidney disease

4. Eclampsia

5. Arthritis

6. Skin and eye inflammation7. Infections

8. Allergic and hypersensitive disease

Selyes Classification of Stress

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Selye s Classification of Stress

Induced Diseases

9. Nervous and mental disease

10. Sexual derangements

11. Digestive disease12. Metabolic disease

13. Cancer

14. Immune deficiency

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DAKAL PUNG SALAMAT