11

The Past, Present, and Future The Past, Present, and Future of the NATC’s Public of the NATC’s Public

Radiation Safety Research Radiation Safety Research ProgramProgram

Jason T. HarrisJason T. Harris

David W. Miller, Ph.D.David W. Miller, Ph.D.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/NATCUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/NATC

Dept. of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Dept. of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological EngineeringEngineering

22

BackgroundBackground• The North American The North American

Technical Center (NATC) was Technical Center (NATC) was established in 1995 by U.S., established in 1995 by U.S., Canadian and Mexican utility Canadian and Mexican utility radiation managersradiation managers

• Located in the Department of Located in the Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering at Radiological Engineering at the University of Illinois the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign)(Urbana-Champaign)

• David W. Miller, Ph.D. – NATC David W. Miller, Ph.D. – NATC Regional DirectorRegional Director

• Host utility is D.C.Cook, Host utility is D.C.Cook, American Electric Power, American Electric Power, Bridgman, MichiganBridgman, Michigan

33

Background (cont.)Background (cont.)• Original purpose was to manage, analyze data, and Original purpose was to manage, analyze data, and

disseminate information for the ISOE (Information disseminate information for the ISOE (Information System on Occupational Exposure) DatabasesSystem on Occupational Exposure) Databases

• The ISOE program was created by the OECD Nuclear The ISOE program was created by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency in 1992 and subsequently co-sponsored Energy Agency in 1992 and subsequently co-sponsored by the IAEA for non-NEA Member countriesby the IAEA for non-NEA Member countries

• ISOE is a data collection and communications network ISOE is a data collection and communications network for nuclear electric utilities and national regulatory for nuclear electric utilities and national regulatory agencies.agencies.

• The objective of the program (and that of NATC) is:The objective of the program (and that of NATC) is:

to provide a worldwide dose reduction information to provide a worldwide dose reduction information exchange network to reduce occupational exposure at exchange network to reduce occupational exposure at

nuclear power plantsnuclear power plants

44

Participation in ISOEParticipation in ISOE

Plus 26 national regulatory authorities Plus 26 national regulatory authorities

Nuclear Power Plants:• in operation • in cold-shutdown or some phase of decommissioning

• TOTAL

Nuclear Power Plants:• in operation • in cold-shutdown or some phase of decommissioning

• TOTAL

End of 2000 397

53

450

End of 2000 397

53

450

Operating Nuclear Power Plants92%

8%

participating in ISOE Not participating in ISOE

72 utilities from 27 countries

72 utilities from 27 countries

In 2000: Russian Federation joined ISOE with 14 reactors

In 2000: Russian Federation joined ISOE with 14 reactors

55

ISOE Data Collection and ISOE Data Collection and CommunicationCommunication

ISOE Database onMicrosoft ACCESS

includingData Input Software

ISOE Database onMicrosoft ACCESS

includingData Input Software

Distributed twice ayear on CD-ROM

Distributed twice ayear on CD-ROM

All ParticipatingNuclear Power

Plants• Full use of data base

• Input/correct NPP data

All ParticipatingNuclear Power

Plants• Full use of data base

• Input/correct NPP data

Updated specific NPP data (using export module)

Update ISOE Data in the database(twice a year)

RelevantTechnical Center

collects data from all associated NPPs

RelevantTechnical Center

collects data from all associated NPPs

EuropeanTechnical Center

collects data from all other Technical Centers

EuropeanTechnical Center

collects data from all other Technical Centers

Transfer of collected data

Transfer of collected data

66

ISOE ProductsISOE Products

Yearly overview of the achievements of the ISOE Program

Information Sheets

Annual Reports

Workshops and Topical meetings

• Detailed studies and analyses of the ISOE Databases

• Information on current issues in operational radiation protection

International ISOE Workshops on Occupational Exposure Management in Nuclear Power Plants (ALARA)

Alternating in Europe and in North AmericaInternational ALARA Symposium

World’s largest database on occupational exposure data in nuclear power plants

ISOE Database

77

NATC Public Radiation NATC Public Radiation Research ProgramResearch Program

• Public Radiation Safety Research Program officially Public Radiation Safety Research Program officially started in 1995 when the NRC asked the NATC to started in 1995 when the NRC asked the NATC to take over the task of collecting and tabulating US take over the task of collecting and tabulating US NPP effluent data (formerly BNL).NPP effluent data (formerly BNL).

• The NATC has been designated as the lead The NATC has been designated as the lead scientific organization to collect, tabulate, analyze, scientific organization to collect, tabulate, analyze, and distribute the US effluent databaseand distribute the US effluent database

• This role began in 1998 starting with the 1994 This role began in 1998 starting with the 1994 effluent data.effluent data.

88

NATC Public Radiation NATC Public Radiation Research Program GoalsResearch Program Goals

• Developed by NATC staff with technical support Developed by NATC staff with technical support from US NRC, US EPA and US DOE staff.from US NRC, US EPA and US DOE staff.1.1. Development of US gaseous and liquid Development of US gaseous and liquid

effluent effluent database for use by US NPP, US NRC, database for use by US NPP, US NRC, CEPN (France) CEPN (France) and UNSCEAR (UN-Austria)and UNSCEAR (UN-Austria)

2. 2. Expanded trend analysis and discussion in Expanded trend analysis and discussion in annual US annual US effluent reports since 1994 to assist the effluent reports since 1994 to assist the US industry US industry and regulatory bodies on and regulatory bodies on benchmarking effortsbenchmarking efforts

3. 3. Establishment of a North American Effluent web Establishment of a North American Effluent web site site

4. 4. Establishment of a North American Expert GroupEstablishment of a North American Expert Group5. 5. Development of a standardized electronic data Development of a standardized electronic data

entry entry form for licensee useform for licensee use

99

Effluent DatabasesEffluent Databases• Effluent data has been collected from the NRC Effluent data has been collected from the NRC

directly, utilities, and the NRC public reading room directly, utilities, and the NRC public reading room (ADAMS –post 1998)(ADAMS –post 1998)

• The data is entered into an EXCEL spreadsheet, and The data is entered into an EXCEL spreadsheet, and unit conversions are performed (both imperial and SI unit conversions are performed (both imperial and SI units)units)

• Data is broken up by unit and site totalsData is broken up by unit and site totals• The data is then normalized by using the annual The data is then normalized by using the annual

electrical energy generatedelectrical energy generated (also kept as raw data)(also kept as raw data)• Current studies now include sister plant Current studies now include sister plant

comparisons, dose evaluations (CED), and country comparisons, dose evaluations (CED), and country comparisonscomparisons

1010

Effluent DatabaseEffluent Database

Nuclear Plant Total (GBq) Total (Ci) CommentsArkansas 1 5097.009 137.757 site divided by 2Arkansas 2 1450.067 39.191 site divided by 2Beaver Valley 1 1221 33 site divided by 2Beaver Valley 2 1221 33 site divided by 2Braidwood 1 22.977 0.621 site divided by 2Braidwood 2 76.22 2.06 site divided by 2Byron 1 18.4593 0.4989Byron 2 20.6275 0.5575Callaway 1 1558.07 42.11Calvert Cliffs 1 2939.65 79.45 site divided by 2Calvert Cliffs 2 2939.65 79.45 site divided by 2Catawba 1 1248.75 33.75 site divided by 2Catawba 2 1248.75 33.75 site divided by 2Comanche Peak 1 29.4705 0.7965 site divided by 2Comanche Peak 2 29.4705 0.7965 site divided by 2Cook 1 0.5809 0.0157 site divided by 2Cook 2 0.5809 0.0157 site divided by 2

1999 Airborne-Fission Gas/Noble Gas

Nuclear Plant Electrical Energy Gen (GW a) Normal. Total (GBq/GW a) Normal. Total (Ci/GW a) Arkansas 1.477 4432.685173 119.802302Beaver Valley 1.354 1803.545052 48.74446086Braidwood 2.123 46.72491757 1.26283561Byron 2.064 18.9374031 0.511821705Callaway 1.021 1526.023506 41.24387855Calvert Cliffs 1.536 3827.669271 103.4505208Catawba 2.046 1220.674487 32.99120235Comanche Peak 1.981 29.75315497 0.804139324Cook 0 0 0Crystal River 0.727 3483.954608 94.16093535Davis-Besse 0.842 6240.783848 168.6698337D. Canyon 1.903 943.1597478 25.49080399Farley 1.381 8396.937002 226.9442433Fort Calhoun 0.409 35552.56724 960.8801956Ginna 0.395 11330.43038 306.2278481Haddam Neck 0 0 0Harris 0.827 886.7472793 23.96614268

1999 Normalized Totals

1111

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseTotal Normalized ReleasesTotal Normalized Releases

Total Gaseous Releases

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

Nor

mal

ized

Rel

ease

(GB

q/G

W

a)

Fission/Noble Gas

Tritium

Particulates

Total I-131

Total Liquid Releases

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

Nor

mal

ized

Rel

ease

(G

Bq/

GW

a) Tritium

Fission and Dissolved Gases

Total Gaseous Releases (GBq/GW a)

Year Fission/Nobel Total I-131 Tritium Particulates

1994 180511.3556 0.45039147 3497.854 0.95403187

1995 118215.8029 0.361388304 4434.41 0.35603883

1996 123637.5816 0.516663749 3502.182 0.31077416

1997 138598.571 0.228759163 4804.557 0.39013745

1998 31746.68757 0.522225712 3898.309 0.74411542

1999 14699.79196 0.362449214 4637.659 0.09490391

2000 21091.75249 0.384684698 4566.533 0.35038451Total Liquid Releases (GBq/GW a)

Year Tritium Fission/Dissolved

1994 22817.02745 78.40098977

1995 25031.43446 48.85908593

1996 27553.83412 49.33697415

1997 22077.09533 19.66059075

1998 23084.82422 23.15460004

1999 27046.37175 20.62082257

2000 30552.14508 21.09724869

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Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseTotal Releases (Country)Total Releases (Country)

2000 - Total Activity Released

             

Country # of Reactors

Gross Production (TWh)

Liquid Tritium (GBq)

Liquid Others (GBq)

Noble Gases (GBq)

Aerosols and Halogens (GBq)

Belgium 7 47.22 63965 33.89 3595 0.013

Brazil 2 6.04 18740 0.87 124 1

Czech Republic 4 13.59 15743 0.04 3853 0.22

Finland 2 7.16 11000 0.1 5400 0.06

France 58 416.16 814000 40.02 335980 2.66

Germany 12 111.58 246713 1.49 15791 0.07

Japan 21 133.89 315000 0.07 136 0.03

Slovakia 4 10.55 12681 0.12 14642 1.39

Spain 6 49.29 196900 47.27 18936 0.35

Sweden 3 15.37 25910 24.66 611 0.06

Switzerland 1 8.27 14000 0.2 5300 0.02

United States 76 504.083 1483088 823.14 378843 8.82

Total 196 1323.203 3217740 971.87 783211 14.693

1313

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseTotal Releases (Country)Total Releases (Country)

Bel

gium

Bra

zil

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Japa

n

Slo

vaki

a

Spa

in

Sw

eden

Sw

itzer

land

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Liquid Tritium (GBq)

Noble Gases (GBq)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

GBq

Country

Total Activity Released (2000)

Liquid Tritium (GBq)

Liquid Others (GBq)

Noble Gases (GBq)

Aerosols and Halogens (GBq)

1414

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseTotal Releases (Country)Total Releases (Country)

2000 - Average Normalized Activity Released

             

Country # of Reactors

Gross Production

(TWh)

Liquid Tritium (GBq/GW a)

Liquid Others (GBq/GW a)

Noble Gases (GBq/GW a)

Aerosols and Halogens

(GBq/GW a)

Belgium 7 47.22 11866.44219 6.287090216 666.925032 0.00241169

Brazil 2 6.04 27179.2053 1.261788079 179.84106 1.450331126

Czech Republic 4 13.59 10147.80574 0.025783664 2483.61148 0.141810155

Finland 2 7.16 13458.10056 0.122346369 6606.70391 0.073407821

France 58 416.16 17134.3714 0.842404844 7072.24337 0.055991926

Germany 12 111.58 19369.11525 0.116977953 1239.73078 0.005495609

Japan 21 133.89 20609.45552 0.004579879 8.89805064 0.001962805

Slovakia 4 10.55 10529.43697 0.09963981 12157.7175 1.154161137

Spain 6 49.29 34993.79184 8.400998174 3365.37553 0.062203287

Sweden 3 15.37 14767.18282 14.05475602 348.234223 0.034196487

Switzerland 1 8.27 14829.50423 0.21185006 5614.0266 0.021185006

United States 76 504.083 25773.2375 14.30460142 6583.56794 0.153274758

Total 196 1323.203 220657.6493 45.73281649 46326.8755 3.156431807

1515

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseAverage Releases (Country)Average Releases (Country)

Bel

gium

Bra

zil

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Fin

land

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Japa

n

Slo

vaki

a

Spa

in

Sw

eden

Sw

itzer

land

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Liquid Tritium (GBq/GW a)

Noble Gases (GBq/GW a)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Average Total Release (2000)

Liquid Tritium (GBq/GW a)

Liquid Others (GBq/GW a)

Noble Gases (GBq/GW a)

Aerosols and Halogens (GBq/GW a)

1616

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseSister Plant ComparisonsSister Plant Comparisons

• Sister Plant Comparisons for all release categories Sister Plant Comparisons for all release categories (1994-2000) including normalized and dose information(1994-2000) including normalized and dose information

02000400060008000

1000012000

GBq

Nuclear P lant

Average Total Release of Gaseous Tritium for Westinghouse 4 Loop Generation 1 PWR NPP

1717

Effluent DatabaseEffluent DatabaseCollective Effective DoseCollective Effective Dose

• UNSCEAR Dose estimate UNSCEAR Dose estimate methodology usedmethodology used

• Dose Coefficients assigned to release Dose Coefficients assigned to release categories (collective dose per unit categories (collective dose per unit release)release)

• Represents model site Represents model site w/representative environmental w/representative environmental conditionsconditions

• Uses average population densities Uses average population densities

• NATC is currently incorporating NATC is currently incorporating other regulatory and industry other regulatory and industry dose methodologies and codesdose methodologies and codes

0

5

10

15

20

25

CED

(m

an m

Sv/

GW

a)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

year

Total CED (BWR Liquid Tritium)

1818

Effluent DatabasesEffluent Databases

• Two organizations that use the NATC databasesTwo organizations that use the NATC databases– UNSCEAR and CEPNUNSCEAR and CEPN

1919

WebsitesWebsites

• NATCNATC– http://hps.ne.uiuc.eduhttp://hps.ne.uiuc.edu

•www.natcisoe.orgwww.natcisoe.org– ISOE, International ALARA Symposium, ALARA ISOE, International ALARA Symposium, ALARA

studies, and information sheetsstudies, and information sheets

•http://hps.ne.uiuc.edu/natcenvirohttp://hps.ne.uiuc.edu/natcenviro– Public Radiation Safety Research Program, effluent Public Radiation Safety Research Program, effluent

databases, effluent reports (separate site coming databases, effluent reports (separate site coming soon)soon)

•www.rets-remp.orgwww.rets-remp.org– Home of RETS-REMP WorkshopHome of RETS-REMP Workshop

2020

Effluent Expert GroupEffluent Expert Group

• NATC staff (David Miller and Jason Harris)NATC staff (David Miller and Jason Harris)• Utility RepresentativesUtility Representatives

– Ken Sejkora (Pilgrim NGS)Ken Sejkora (Pilgrim NGS)– Sam Kuo (D.C. Cook NP)Sam Kuo (D.C. Cook NP)– Daryl Dick (SONGS)Daryl Dick (SONGS)

• Academic advisorsAcademic advisors– Dr. Herman Cember (Purdue University)Dr. Herman Cember (Purdue University)– Dr. Tom Gesell (Idaho State University) -invitedDr. Tom Gesell (Idaho State University) -invited– Dr. Bernd Kahn (Georgia Tech.) - invitedDr. Bernd Kahn (Georgia Tech.) - invited

2121

Electronic FormElectronic Form

• Under developmentUnder development– Seeking ideas, support from regulatory Seeking ideas, support from regulatory

bodies and licenseesbodies and licensees– Must iron our reporting differences Must iron our reporting differences

between the different plantsbetween the different plants– Access database forms? (ISOE format)Access database forms? (ISOE format)– Major goal of expert groupMajor goal of expert group– Timeframe?Timeframe?

2222

Future StudiesFuture Studies

• Electronic FormElectronic Form• Solid Waste database (for NPPs - designed same Solid Waste database (for NPPs - designed same

way as effluents)way as effluents)• Evaluating other sources of man-made radiation Evaluating other sources of man-made radiation

releases (nuclear fuel cycle, research reactors, etc.)releases (nuclear fuel cycle, research reactors, etc.)• Addressing individual needs of NPPs (comparisons, Addressing individual needs of NPPs (comparisons,

failed fuel, power uprates)failed fuel, power uprates)• Polish dose studies (utilize industry codes)Polish dose studies (utilize industry codes)• Current Homeland security issues (environmental Current Homeland security issues (environmental

monitoring, whole body counters, distribution of monitoring, whole body counters, distribution of radiological instruments –civil defense meters)radiological instruments –civil defense meters)

2323

Future Home of the NATC Public Future Home of the NATC Public Radiation Safety Research ProgramRadiation Safety Research Program

• Purdue University (Sept. 2002)Purdue University (Sept. 2002)

• School of Health Sciences (Health Physics)School of Health Sciences (Health Physics)

2424

SummarySummary

• NATC Public Radiation Safety Research ProgramNATC Public Radiation Safety Research Program– Developed US gaseous and liquid effluent databases for use Developed US gaseous and liquid effluent databases for use

by US NPP, US NRC, CEPN (France) and UNSCEAR (UN-by US NPP, US NRC, CEPN (France) and UNSCEAR (UN-Austria)Austria)

– Performing trend analyses of NPP effluents since 1994 to Performing trend analyses of NPP effluents since 1994 to assist the US industry and regulatory bodies in assist the US industry and regulatory bodies in benchmarking effortsbenchmarking efforts

– North American Effluent web site North American Effluent web site – North American Expert GroupNorth American Expert Group– Currently developing a standardized electronic data entry Currently developing a standardized electronic data entry

form for licensee useform for licensee use– Homeland securityHomeland security– Many other relevant studies planned. Tell us what Many other relevant studies planned. Tell us what

is important to you!! As an industry sponsored is important to you!! As an industry sponsored scientific organization, we are here to helpscientific organization, we are here to help

2525

For More InformationFor More Information

David MillerDavid MillerDWMPhD@aol.comDWMPhD@aol.com or or dwmiller2@aep.comdwmiller2@aep.com

Jason HarrisJason HarrisJasTHarris@aol.comJasTHarris@aol.com

Phone (217) 333-1098Phone (217) 333-1098Fax (217) 333-2906Fax (217) 333-2906

hps.ne.uiuc.eduhps.ne.uiuc.edu

2626

THANK YOU!!THANK YOU!!

Questions?Questions?