•  • 1- The following is consider as liver function/s• Cholesterol metabolism• Drug metabolism and detoxification• Haemoglobin degradation• All of the above• None of the above•  • 2- Which of the following is corrects for bilirubin• Bilirubin is highly soluble in water at physiologic pH• Bilirubin is a potentially toxic catabolic product of haem metabolism. • Bilirubin is poorly soluble in water at physiologic pH• A and B• B and C• 3- The liver is designed to • Synthesis protein• Storage of fat soluble vitamine• Storage of glycogen• A and B• A, B and C

• 4- Wilson’s disease is an inherited condition characterized by• low blood level of the copper-binding protein ceruloplasmin• low blood level of the iron-binding protein ceruloplasmin• Copper accumulates in the liver (leading to cirrhosis) and in the CNS, resulting in 

neuropsychiatric symptoms• A and C• B and C•  • 5- Bile acids perform different physiologically function/s such as:• Bile acids and phospholipids solubilize cholesterol in the bile• They inhibit the digestion of dietary triacylglycerols by acting as emulsifying 

agents.• They inhibit the intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.• A and B• A and C•  • 6- Which of the following consider as Albumin Functions?

– Binding and transport. (Such as fatty acids and bilirubin). – Maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure. – Free radical scavenging.– A and B

• A, B and C 

• 7- Hepatitis: refers to any swelling, inflammation which could be caused by• Any swelling, inflammation which could be caused by Viruses• Any swelling, inflammation which could be caused by Alcohol• Any swelling, inflammation which could be caused by enzyme deficiencies• A, B and C• None of the above•  • 8- Real liver function test/s includes the following/s• ALT: alanine aminotransferase (SGPT)• AST: aspartate aminotransferase • Prothrombin Time • A and B         • A, B and C•  • 9- Which of the following is correct/s for ALT: • Found primarily in hepatocytes heart, muscle, intestine, pancreas• Released when cells are hurt or destroyed• rises with obstruction or infiltrative diseases • A and B• A and C•  

• 10- 5 Picometer equal to • 0.5x 10-11    B) 5x 10-15     C) 5x 10-12    D) 5x 10-10    E) None of the above• • 11- Which of the following is correct/s for Darkfield microscope• Darkfield condenser is replaced with regular condenser• Used to identify Treponema pallidium  • In the dark field we see the light from the object itself not the reflection 

from the object. • A and B• A and C• 12- Pediatric urine collection can be obtained by the following/s: • Use mid-stream collection procedure• Pediatric bags ( u Bag)• squeeze urine from diaper• A and C• A and B•  

Q # Answer Statements

T HCV is an RNA virus: does not incorporate into host

T The risk of progression to chronic HBV infection varies with age

F Vein blood: used to measure blood gases (partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide) and pH

T Microscope Resolution ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together

T Whole Blood must be collected in anticoagulant vessels.

T A heel sticks from the outer area of the bottom of the foot.

T Pasturella mutlicidia is obtain from wound site and rarely from other types of specimen

F Sputum: is pus that accumulates in the lungs of patient with gastrointestinal tract infection.

T Mid stream urine: refers to the fact that initial portion of the urine stream is directed into a toilet and then the urine stream is directed into a sterile container.

T Bacteremia May occur during certain stages of many infectious diseases such as: Bacterial Meningitis.

Fecal (Stool) Specimen • Fecal Specimen should be collected at the 

laboratory and processed immediately to prevent a decrease in the temperature which allows pH to drops causing the death of many Shigella and Salmonella.

• Otherwise specimen pH should be maintained at pH=7.

• Regardless that the colon is anaerobic and the bacteria are obligate anaerobe or aero-tolerant or facultative anaerobes, they cultured under aerobic condition.

• Only relatively small quantities of bile acids are lost from the body; approximately 95% of bile acids delivered to the duodenum are absorbed back into blood within the ileum.

• Each bile salt molecule may be reused up to 20 times, and often 2 or 3 times during a single digestive phase (Figure 6.1).

• Assay of systemic levels of bile acids is used clinically as a sensitive• indicator of hepatic disease.• Bile acids are steroids, characterised by a carbon skeleton with four fused 

rings. • Primary bile acids are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (Figure 6.2). 

Within the intestines, bacteria convert primary bile acids to secondary bile acids.

• Both primary and secondary bile acids are re-absorbed by the intestines and delivered back to the liver via the portal circulation.

• In some cases such as glucose, continued metabolism will occur if the serum or plasma remains in contact with cell for any periods.

• Plastic gel can be incorporated within the collection vessels to ensure separation of the cell from the Plasma and Serum.

• Some time these gel may interfere with some analytes notably trace metals and drugs such as the tricyclic antidepressants.

• Any preservative required before analytical testing can also be incorporated into the collection tubes.  

HBV Structure & Antigens   Dane Dane particleparticle

HBsAg = surface (coat) protein ( 4 phenotypes : adw, adr, ayw and ayr)

HBcAg = inner core protein (a single serotype) 

HBeAg = secreted protein; function unknown