1 The Cold War Chapter 26 (1945-1960) 2 I. Former Allies Clash.
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Transcript of 1 The Cold War Chapter 26 (1945-1960) 2 I. Former Allies Clash.
1
The Cold War
Chapter 26 (1945-1960)
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I. Former Allies Clash
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A. Situation, post-War
1) Soviet Union– most devastated by war, spread communism
2) Germany– Devastated by war, defeated, occupied by US, USSR
3) Berlin– Occupied by allies
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• 4)United States– least devastated by war, strongest nation in world, atomic bomb
• 5) England– broke, lost colonies, still thinks it’s a world power
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B. United Nations
• Created 1945, San Francisco
• Note the organization of the Council– Permanent members do not include Germany
or Japan… Why?
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The United Nations
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C. Yalta Conference
• Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, 1945
• Agreed on United Nations, Stalin would hold free elections in occupied Europe
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D. Harry Truman
• 1) problems– Japan, atomic bomb, finishing the war, ill-informed
• 2) important decisions– post-war Europe and Japan, problems with Stalin, atomic bomb
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E. Potsdam Conference
• Stalin refused to hold free elections
• US-USSR problems started
• Truman not experienced enough to stand up to Stalin
Atlee, Truman, Stalin– The New Big Three
12The Potsdam Conference
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II. Tension Mounts
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1) United States’ Goals
• Spread democracy
• Rebuild Europe to promote stability and prevent war
• Remember what happened after WWI?
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2) USSR’s Goals
• Create “buffer states” between itself and Germany
• Keep Germany occupied
• Spread communism
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B. Satellite nations
• Nations controlled by Soviet Union in all but name
• Occupied by Soviet armies
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C. Contaiment
• George Kennan– author of containment, 1947
• What’s it mean to contain something?– Keep it from spreading
• What would such a policy eventually mean?
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D. Churchill’s Iron Curtain
• Speech, Fulton, MO, the world is divided, “iron curtain,” democracy vs communism
• To the West? The free world of Democracy
• To the East? Soviet influence of Communism
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Churchill’sIron CurtainSpeech
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III. Cold War in Europe
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A. What is a Cold War
• 1) What’s a hot war?
• Cold war is fighting in other ways other than direct confrontation
• Economic, political, diplomatic, etc.
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B. Truman Doctrine
• 1) definition– the US will aid the fight for democracy around the world
• 2) nations– US, USSR, the “freedom movements”
• 3) what could this lead to?– Direct confrontation? Nuclear War?
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C. Marshall Plan• Plan for US to finance rebuilding of western Europe
• Why? What would it do?– Rebuild economies
• Why would we want that?– Democracies do not crumble when
everything is going well
• Effect?– Very successful… The $13 billion was
used to quickly restore the economies and open strong trade markets
• George Marshall– US Secretary of State
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IV. Superpowers Struggle over Germany
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A. Status of Germany
• Divided, East vs West, joint occupation of Berlin
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POST-WARGERMANY
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B. Status of Berlin
• Controlled by US, France, England, Soviet Union
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DIVIDED BERLIN
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C. Berlin Air Lift
• Stalin cuts off Berlin
• US Airforce flies in supplies for one year
• Stalin quits
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BERLINAIRLIFT MAP
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D. Division of Germany
• East and West Germany
• East– Communist
• West– Democratic
• Effect--
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E. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• US and western allies
• Attack on one=attack on all
• Soviet Response– Warsaw Pact
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Today
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V. The Cold War Heats Up
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A. China
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Location next to North Korea
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1) Mao Zai Dong (Zedong)
• Leader of the Chinese Communists
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2) Chaing Kai Shek
• Leader of the Nationalists (American ally)
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Chinese Civil War
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4) Losing China
• What is lost?– “Free China”… China becomes Communist
• Who will get the blame?– The U.S.
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5) Effect on Containment
• What is containment?
• What will happen with containment now?– People doubt it? – Will it become more forceful?
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1) Location of Korea
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2) 38th Parallel
• US troops– occupy the south
• Soviet troops– occupy the north
• What will this do in the future?
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3) South Korea
• Becomes democratic, American ally
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C. War Breaks Out
• June, 1950
• North Korea invades South Korea
• American response
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Why FightIn Korea?
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2) UN Response
• What should the UN response be?
• What will it be?
• Who leads the UN in Korea?
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3)TheInchonLandings
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C. Enter the Chinese
• 1) Yalu River– border between North Korea and China
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The US has problemsWith China!!!
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2) Macarthur and China
• Drop the atomic bomb on China!!!
• Invade China!!
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3) Truman’s reaction
• Directly orders MacArthur to avoid contact with the Chinese
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Macarthur’s reaction
• Tells newspapers he is being kept from winning the war
• Truman gets mad, and….
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Situation, July 1953
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THEKOREANWAR
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MACRetiresBefore Congress
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THEDMZ TODAY
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VI. The Cold War at Home
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A. Fear of Communist Influence
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1) Communist groups
Existence of American Communist organizations
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2) Military secrets
ATOMIC BOMB
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3) The government
OVERTHROWAMERICAN
DEMOCRACY?
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B. Loyalty Review Board
• purpose– investigate government workers for “loyalty”
• Problems?
• What is loyalty?
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C. The House Committee on Un-American Activity (HUAC)
• 1) purpose—investigate communist sympathizers
• 2) tactics—
• Investigate, incriminate, smear tactics
• 3) problems–
• Is this what America is all about?
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D. The Hollywood Ten
• 1) importance of Hollywood to America—
• PROPAGANDA FOR COMMUNISTS?
• 2) 10 producers/writers who refused to testify about their communist friends
• 3) problems– • Is this what America is about? What happened
to these people?
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BLACKLISTED?
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THE HOLLYWOODTEN
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E. Spy Cases
WHAT WILL THESE SPYCASES SHOWUS?
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1) Alger Hiss
• Worked in the state department, a top-ranking diplomat
• Nobody would suspect him
• Secretly giving information to the Soviets
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ALGER HISS
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2) Whittiker Chambers
• Implicated Hiss in espionage charges
• Microfilm on a typewriter, in a pumpkin
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WHITTIKAR CHAMBERS
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3) Richard Nixon
• Senator who helped put away Hiss
• Future president of the US
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RICHARDNIXON
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E. The Rosenbergs
• Convicted of smuggling atomic secrets to the Soviets
• Executed for their spying
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F. McCarthy’s Witch Hunt
• What’s a witch hunt, anyway?
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1) Senator from Wisconsin
• Said that he had the names of communists in the government
• Number kept getting bigger
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SenatorJosephMccarthy
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2) McCarthyism
• Term used now for using smear tactics to hurt someone’s reputation
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3) tactics
• Accusation, recrimination, smearing of reputation
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4) Right or wrong?
• Were there any communists in the government?
• What if there were none?
• Does it matter how many there were?
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5) witchhunt
• Tactic of smearing someone’s reputation
• “blacklisting”– they would be “ostracized”
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6) Why wasn’t he stopped?
• Fear on the part of politicians
• It’s a lot easier to “give names” then to face smear tactics
• Politicians got ahead that way (Nixon)
• Some Did
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7) McCarthy and the Army
• Went too far in accusing the army, 1952
• Army stood up to him– “how could you go so low?”
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VII. Two Nations Live on the Edge
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A. Brinksmanship
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1) definition
• Two nations pushing each other to the edge, then backing off
• Is this a smart way to behave?
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2) Importance of the H-Bomb
• The US develops a bomb 67 times more powerful than the atom bomb
• What will the Soviets think? What will they do?
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3) John Foster Dulles
• Dwight Eisenhower’s Secretary of State
• Author of “brinksmanship”
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4) Dwight Eisenhower
• Who’s he?
• Is he qualified to be president during these times? Does he know what’s going on?
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IKE
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5) Effect of Brinksmanship
• Americans live in constant fear of destruction
• Compare with recent history
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B. Covert Actions
• Secret actions on the part of the US government to win the war against communism
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1) CIA
• Central Intelligence Agency
• The nation’s spies
• Try to overthrow unfriendly, keep friendly governments
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2) Middle East, Central America
• This is what the CIA does in these two regions
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C. The Geneva Summit
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1) Warsaw pact
• Soviet response to NATO
• What do you think this does to problem?
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2) Open skies proposal
• Ike proposes mutual open skies for monitoring
• Rejected– why?
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3) Spirit of Geneva
• Was the Geneva Summit a success?
• A “thawing” of the cold war?
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C. More problems
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1) Soviets and Hungary, 1956
• Remember containment
• Soviet tanks roll, 1956
• result for the cold war?
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2) Suez Canal
• US almost goes to war in defending the Suez Canal, Egypt
• What would that lead to?
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3) Eisenhower Doctrine
• US would go to war to defend the Middle East if necessary
• Why is the middle east important to the US?
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D. Sputnik
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1) definition
• First satellite to go into orbit, USSR
• What does this mean?
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2) importance
• US now vulnerable to Soviet missile strikes!
• US behind in technology
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3) US Reaction
• More money for technology
• Math, sciences to catch up with soviets
• NASA
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E. Gary Powers, U-2 Flight
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1) definition
• U-2 flights were US Spy Planes, over USSR
• Shot down with Gary Francis Powers, 1959
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2)importance
• US denies that it was a spy plane
• USSR irate
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3) Nikita Kruschev
• Denounces Ike, walks out of the second Geneva Summit
• “spirit of Geneva” is over
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4) long-term effect
• Propels the cold war forward
• Destroys developing trust between the two nations